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1.
分解度对草炭土结构特征及强度的影响试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
大量资料表明,草炭土是一种分解度不一的腐殖质土.针对这一特性进行了一系列的室内试验,研究草炭土的微观结构及强度随分解度的变化特征.采用灵敏度试验和常规三轴试验测定原状土与重塑土的无侧限抗压强度以及应力-应变变化规律,研究不同分解度草炭土的灵敏度及结构强度变化特征,从力学及微结构等方面对分解度在草炭土结构特征和强度变化中所起的作用进行了深入分析,并利用高压固结试验,对不同分解度草炭土的结构强度进行了测定.分析结果表明:草炭土属于中高分解度土,并且随着分解度的提高,试样的结构逐渐从架空结构发展为絮凝状结构,孔隙逐渐变小,结构灵敏度也由2.029逐渐减小为1.075.通过高压固结试验测得1#、2#、3#草炭土试样的结构强度分别为17 kPa、15 kPa和9 kPa. 相似文献
2.
大庆南部地区分布着一种颜色发黑、结构松散、成分复杂、对水极度敏感的工程性质极差的地质材料 ,它兼有湿陷性土、有机质土、碱土和分散土等诸多特殊土的劣质特性。通过野外调查、原位测试和室内各种试验研究 ,对这种黑土的野外特性、成分结构、物理力学性质、承载力和湿陷特性、地层年代等进行了较系统的阐述和分析 ,并通过综合比较 ,将其定名为湿陷性黑土. 相似文献
3.
草炭土是在地表积水环境下植物残体经氧化和部分分解作用而堆积形成的一种特殊的腐殖质土。含大量植物纤维的草炭土具有高渗透性、高孔隙比、高含水率等不良工程地质特性。为了探究草炭土的孔隙特征与其孔隙内部的渗流规律,本文以吉林省敦化地区草炭土为研究对象,通过CT扫描技术获取草炭土样的CT序列图像。采用试凑法,通过Mimics的mask体积计算功能并结合土体的真实孔隙率确定了图像二值化的最优阈值,并得到了更接近土体的细观结构的三维重构模型。同时基于Lattice Boltzmann Method原理,在PALABOS代码库的基础上改编程序进行草炭土样的单相渗流模拟,研究了恒定压差下的土体的模拟渗透率值与渗流场的性质,并结合Paraview可视化软件分析了流线与流速在孔隙内的分布情况。研究结果表明:草炭土内部孔隙孔径大小不一,大孔径孔隙与小孔径孔隙形态各异,而植物纤维的架空状分布以及根状孔隙是土体内部形成大孔径孔隙通道的主要原因;流体在其内部流动时,优先以大孔径通道渗流,流线也集中于大孔径渗流通道,流体在大孔径通道内部的流速也高于散布的细小孔径,草炭土的渗透率主要取决于其内部大孔径的数量,因此草炭土的渗透率受到土中植物纤维的含量以及分解度的影响,植物纤维的含量越多,分解度越低,草炭土的渗透率越高,反之则越低。 相似文献
4.
草炭土路基填筑过程力学特性试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用GDS应力控制三轴仪模拟实际草炭土路基填筑过程,通过控制排水阀和加载速率,研究不同排水和加载速率条件下路基草炭土孔压、变形、应力路径以及强度的变化特征.试验结果表明:不同的试验条件对初始路基填筑阶段各力学指标影响较小,认为草炭土各力学特性变化趋势依赖于初始的固结状态;比较第二剪切阶段后各曲线的变化可以看出,不排水加... 相似文献
5.
通过大量土工试验,对鹤(岗)—大(连)公路路基草炭土密度、含水量与天然孔隙比及压缩系数进行相关性研究,发现草炭土密度与天然含水量存在较好的幂函数关系;密度与天然孔隙比及压缩系数存在较好的指数函数关系;含水量与天然孔隙比及压缩系数均存在很好的指数关系。通过对比发现,各参数之间的相关关系与理论公式吻合较好。比较吉林省其他地区草炭土物理力学指标的相关关系,均与鹤大草炭土显示出很好的相似性。结果表明:本文所建立的草炭土密度、含水量分别与天然孔隙比、压缩系数的相关关系,可以为吉林地区草炭土地基参数计算及预测提供重要参考。 相似文献
6.
通过对昆明盆地粉土的物理力学性质的分析,结合昆明地区的工程实践经验,对昆明盆地粉土的高粘粒、高砂粒、低粉粒含量的特征进行分析和利用,同时为工程的设计、施工提供了参考。 相似文献
7.
非饱和膨胀土SWCC研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
研究土体吸力与含水量关系,对于非饱和土的变形和强度问题,有重要的应用价值。利用非饱和土三轴仪对膨胀土进行试验研究,比较系统地分析了矿物成分、孔隙结构、土体应力状态、应力历史等因素对土-水特征曲线的影响。尤其土的矿物成分和孔隙结构是主要的影响因素。综合考虑各种因素的影响,通过室内和野外吸力量测,对土-水特征曲线进行拟合、比较,建立了幂函数模型。由土-水特征曲线可知,室内干湿循环土-水特征曲线具有明显的差异性,野外土-水特征曲线的差异性不明显,并与室内浸湿曲线相似。将野外曲线和浸湿曲线结合起来,推算非饱和状态下土的渗透性、抗剪强度等指标,可以较好地解决岩土力学问题。 相似文献
8.
中国主要沼泽草炭土的形成环境及分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沼泽草炭土作为一种特殊的腐殖质土,其形成是多种地理因素共同作用的结果。通过对我国主要沼泽草炭土地区地形地貌、气候、水文地质和植被条件等形成环境的对比研究发现,这些地区有着共同的生成环境特征：地形平缓,多宽谷地貌和微地貌,气候湿润,水源充足,“隔板”效应显著,共同形成了积水潮湿环境;一方面使沼泽植被生长茂盛,另一方面低温环境使微生物活性受到不同程度抑制,植物残体分解能力下降,最终使沼泽草炭土不断堆积和发育并呈规模分布。 相似文献
9.
青藏高原典型冰碛土的物理力学特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在被称为世界屋脊的青藏高原,更新世全球冰河期发生了多次冰川作用,留下了大量冰川遗迹。作为冰川遗迹之一的冰碛土,属于特殊的工程岩土,具有成分复杂、结构混杂、物理力学性质变化大的特点,容易和坡积物、残积物等第四系堆积物混淆。在建的亚丁机场位于稻城海子山,场址地基土为稻城冰帽消融所形成的冰碛土,具有青藏高原冰碛土的典型性。为了掌握冰碛土的特殊物理力学性质,揭示其和冰川演化之间的关系,通过对亚丁机场场道地基的勘察,完成了典型冰碛土粒度成分分析、现场及室内物理力学性质测试,以及冰碛土ESR测年。研究表明,亚丁机场场址的冰碛土形成于375ka B.P. ; 由于大小混杂、颗粒级配良好(Cu=8.05,Cc=1.09),在后期多次冰川的压实作用下,表现出密度高、空隙比小、地基变形模量和承载力高的特性,平均前期固结压力达到290kPa,可作为高原重大工程的天然良好地基。 相似文献
10.
基于现行规范的粉土定名分析与探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据现行规范对粉土定名的规定,从工程实践角度,通过对粉土、黏性土的室内试验、原位测试和野外鉴别结果进行综合分析,论述了在不同的液限标准下,同一种土可能定出不同的名称.因不同类型土的物理力学性质存在较大差异,如粉土具有流变性和触变性等对工程极为不利的特性,因此土层定名错误会误导设计和施工,危及工程安全. 相似文献
11.
12.
内地核成分与结构的确定一直是地球深部研究的重要课题。目前地核的公认成分是铁和少量的镍。但由于地核密度低于纯粹的铁镍合金(固态内核2%～3%,液态外核6%～7%),其中必定掺杂有一定量的轻元素,其种类与浓度有待确定。除成分外,地核条件下铁的晶体结构也存在争议。根据地震学观测,声波沿地轴方向的传播速度比赤道平面方向快大约3%～4%。这意味着内地核是各向异性的;但在极端高压下,晶体结构中的原子应该按致密的密排六方结构(h.c.p)排列,而h.c.p结构对声波传输是高度各向同性的,这就需要确定地核条件下铁的晶体结构。根据第一性原理计算得到的高压下体系能量以及爱因斯坦谐振子模型,本项研究估算了给定结构的自由能以及掺杂轻元素后的影响。根据计算结果可以定性的分析得出,在高压OK下致密的h.c.p结构显然比疏松的体心立方(b.c.c)更稳定;而随着温度的升高,原子核的振动造成b.c.c结构的自由能比h.c.p结构下降得更快,因此在高温下b.c.c结构更稳定;掺杂轻元素后,这种优势变得更加明显,而3.6at.%的Si则恰好同时解释了2%～3%的密度缺失和b.c.c结构在内地核条件下的稳定性。因此我们建议内地核的基本结构与成分应为以体心立方结构存在的铁,掺杂约3.6at.%的硅元素,内地核温度至少在5500K以上。这一结论与其它更复杂的方法得到的结果一致。 相似文献
13.
J.J. Peucat P. Ruffault E. Fritsch M. Bouhnik-Le Coz C. Simonet B. Lasnier 《Lithos》2007,98(1-4):261-274
Using ICP-MS–LA analyses, we demonstrate that the use of the Ga/Mg ratio, in conjunction with the Fe concentration, is an efficient tool in discriminating between “metamorphic” and “magmatic” blue sapphires. Magmatic blue sapphires found in alkali basalts (e.g. southeastern Asia, China, Africa) are commonly medium-rich to rich in Fe (with average contents between 2000 and 11000 ppm), high in Ga (> 140 ppm), and low in Mg (generally < 20 ppm) with high Ga/Mg ratios (> 10). Conversely, metamorphic blue sapphires found in basalts (e.g. Pailin pastel) and in metamorphic terrains (e.g. Mogok, Sri Lanka, Ilakaka) are characterized by low average iron contents (< 3000 ppm), low Ga contents (< 75 ppm), and high Mg values (> 60 ppm) with low average Ga/Mg ratios (< 10). Basaltic magmatic sapphires have Fe, Ga and Mg contents similar to those obtained for primary magmatic sapphires found in the Garba Tula syenite. This suggests that these both sets of sapphires have a possible common “syenitic” origin, as previously proposed from other criteria. In addition, plumasite-related sapphires and metamorphic sapphires also exhibit similar composition in trace elements. Based on results from the present study, we suggest that fluid circulations during a metamorphic stage produced metasomatic exchanges between mafic and acidic rocks (plumasite model), thus explaining the high Mg contents and converging Ga/Mg ratios observed in metamorphic sapphires. 相似文献
14.
Leping coal is known for its high content of “barkinite”, which is a unique liptinite maceral apparently found only in the Late Permian coals of South China. “Barkinite” has previously identified as suberinite, but on the basis of further investigations, most coal petrologists conclude that “barkinite” is not suberinite, but a distinct maceral. The term “barkinite” was introduced by (State Bureau of Technical Supervision of the People's Republic of China, 1991, GB 12937-91 (in Chinese)), but it has not been recognized by ICCP and has not been accepted internationally.In this paper, elemental analyses (EA), pyrolysis-gas chromatography, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and optical techniques were used to study the optical features and the hydrocarbon-generating model of “barkinite”. The results show that “barkinite” with imbricate structure usually occurs in single or multiple layers or in a circular form, and no definite border exists between the cell walls and fillings, but there exist clear aperture among the cells.“Barkinite” is characterized by fluorescing in relatively high rank coals. At low maturity of 0.60–0.80%Ro, “barkinite” shows strong bright orange–yellow fluorescence, and the fluorescent colors of different cells are inhomogeneous in one sample. As vitrinite reflectance increases up to 0.90%Ro, “barkinite” also displays strong yellow or yellow–brown fluorescence; and most of “barkinite” lose fluorescence at the maturity of 1.20–1.30%Ro. However, most of suberinite types lose fluorescence at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.50% Ro, or at the stage of high volatile C bituminous coal. In particular, the cell walls of “barkinite” usually show red color, whereas the cell fillings show yellow color under transmitted light. This character is contrary to suberinite.“Barkinite” is also characterized by late generation of large amounts of liquid oil, which is different from the early generation of large amounts of liquid hydrocarbon. In addition, “barkinite” with high hydrocarbon generation potential, high elemental hydrogen, and low carbon content. The pyrolysis products of “barkinite” are dominated by aliphatic compounds, followed by low molecular-weight aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene), and a few isoprenoids. The pyrolysis hydrocarbons of “barkinite” are mostly composed of light oil (C6–C14) and wet gas (C2–C5), and that heavy oil (C15+) and methane (C1) are the minor hydrocarbon.In addition, suberinite is defined only as suberinized cell walls—it does not include the cell fillings, and the cell lumens were empty or filled by corpocollinites, which do not show any fluorescence. Whereas, “barkinite” not only includes the cell walls, but also includes the cell fillings, and the cell fillings show bright yellow fluorescence.Since the optical features and the hydrocarbon-generating model of “barkinite” are quite different from suberinite. We suggest that “barkinite” is a new type of maceral. 相似文献
15.
为了定量研究自生绿泥石对储集层质量的影响,在限定控储因素前提下,通过常规岩心分析、扫描电镜、薄片鉴定、激光粒度分析和黏土矿物X衍射等资料,以北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲12-X油田古近系涠洲组三段碎屑岩储集层为例,探讨了自生绿泥石对石英次生加大、孔隙结构及储集层物性的影响,并提出了综合得分评价法,定量评价自生绿泥石对储集层物性的控制作用。研究结果表明,当溶蚀作用积极意义大于绿泥石沉淀的消极影响时,石英加大和方解石含量较高(7.3%)及自生绿泥石相对含量较低(20%~30%)的细砂“控孔喉”作用,等同于石英加大和方解石含量较低(2.4%)及自生绿泥石含量较高(30%~40%)的细砂,二者的“控孔喉”作用具有互补性。自生绿泥石的“控孔、控渗”作用与碎屑颗粒粒度、分选、胶结物及泥质含量等因素的“控孔、控渗”作用相互制约,存在互补性和差异性,绿泥石相对含量较低的中砂“控孔、控渗”作用等同于绿泥石相对含量较高的细砂(互补性);泥质含量较低的细砂岩中绿泥石“控孔、控渗”作用弱于泥质含量较高的细砂岩(差异性)。总之,在岩相一定的情况下,包膜或衬里状绿泥石与孔渗呈正相关关系,孔隙充填状绿泥石与孔渗呈负相关关系。 相似文献
16.
Petrological and geochronological constraints on high pressure, high temperature metamorphism in the Snowbird tectonic zone, Canada 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The upper deck of the East Athabasca mylonite triangle (EAmt), northern Saskatchewan, Canada, contains mafic granulites that have undergone high P–T metamorphism at conditions ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 GPa, 890–960 °C. Coronitic textures in these mafic granulites indicate a near‐isothermal decompression path to 0.9 GPa, 800 °C. The Godfrey granite occurs to the north adjacent to the upper deck high P–T domain. Well‐preserved corona textures in the Godfrey granite constrain igneous crystallization and early metamorphism in the intermediate‐pressure granulite field (Opx + Pl) at 1.0 GPa, 775 °C followed by metamorphism in the high pressure granulite field (Grt + Cpx + Pl) at 1.2 GPa, 860 °C. U–Pb geochronology of zircon in upper deck mafic granulite yields evidence for events at both c. 2.5 Ga and c. 1.9 Ga. The oldest zircon dates are interpreted to constrain a minimum age for crystallization or early metamorphism of the protolith. A population of 1.9 Ga zircon in one mafic granulite is interpreted to constrain the timing of high P–T metamorphism. Titanite from the mafic granulites yields dates ranging from 1900 to 1894 Ma, and is interpreted to have grown along the decompression path, but still above its closure temperature, indicating cooling following the high P–T metamorphism from c. 960–650 °C in 4–10 Myr. Zircon dates from the Godfrey granite indicate a minimum crystallization age of 2.61 Ga, without any evidence for 1.9 Ga overgrowths. The data indicate that an early granulite facies event occurred at c. 2.55–2.52 Ga in the lower crust (c. 1.0 GPa), but at 1.9 Ga the upper deck underwent high P–T metamorphism, then decompressed to 0.9–1.0 GPa. Juxtaposition of the upper deck and Godfrey granite would have occurred after or been related to this decompression. In this model, the high P–T rocks are exhumed quickly following the high pressure metamorphism. This type of metamorphism is typically associated with collisional orogenesis, which has important implications for the Snowbird tectonic zone as a fundamental boundary in the Canadian Shield. 相似文献
17.
The fate of subducted continental margins: Two-stage exhumation of the high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region, Norway 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Thermobarometry suggests that ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) to high‐pressure (HP) rocks across the Western Gneiss Region ponded at the Moho following as much as 100 km of exhumation through the mantle and before exhumation to the upper crust. Eclogite across the c. 22 000 km2 study area records minimum pressures of c. 8–18 kbar and temperatures of c. 650–780 °C. One orthopyroxene eclogite yields an UHP of c. 28.5 kbar, and evidence of former coesite has been found c. 50 km farther east than previously known. Despite this widespread evidence of UHP to HP, thermobarometry of metapelite and garnet amphibolite samples reveals a surprisingly uniform ‘supra‐Barrovian’ amphibolite‐facies overprint at c. 11 kbar and c. 650–750 °C across the entire area. Chemical zoning analysis suggests that garnet in these samples grew during heating and decompression, presumably during the amphibolite‐facies event. These data indicate that the Norwegian UHP/HP province was exhumed from mantle depths of c. 150 km to lower crustal depths, where it stalled and underwent a profound high‐temperature overprint. The ubiquity of late‐stage supra‐Barrovian metamorphic overprints suggests that large‐scale, collisional UHP terranes routinely stall at the continental Moho where diminishing body forces are exceeded by boundary forces. Significant portions of the middle or lower crust worldwide may be formed from UHP terranes that were arrested at the Moho and never underwent their final stage of exhumation. 相似文献
18.
生物扰动对塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩“基质储集体”储集性能的改造效应具有重要影响。以塔河油田奥陶系岩心为研究对象,利用Adobe® Photoshop® CS6软件提供的生物扰动数字图像分析软件包,对岩心数字图像中生物扰动区域进行了识别和定量表征。结果表明: (1)在生物扰动数字图像分析软件包提供的方法中,“相似像素选择法”和“魔棒法”是对生物扰动识别与定量表征最为有效的方法,但二者适用范围不同;(2)“相似像素选择法”适用于生物扰动程度较大,单个形体相对较小且离散度相对较高的情况:当生物扰动充填物和围岩基质边界对比度较大时,应用“选取相似”操作效果最好;而当生物扰动充填物和围岩基质边界对比度较小时,应用“色彩范围”操作识别效果最好;这2种操作都仅能执行1次;(3)“魔棒法”对于识别生物扰动区域形体大而分布连续,且充填物颜色不同的情况具有独到优势;该方法可以通过多次重复操作以及调整“容差”来提高生物扰动区域与围岩基质的识别度。该研究对从生物成因角度解释碳酸盐岩“基质储集体”的非均质性与分布规律、实现增强储集性能生物扰动属性表征、丰富海相碳酸盐岩储集层地质学理论、指导该类油气藏远景勘探和储量计算以及选择合理的开发方案等具有重要意义。 相似文献
19.
西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究 总被引：23，自引：3，他引：20
殷跃平 《水文地质工程地质》2000,27(4):8-11
2000年4月9日晚,西藏林芝地区波密县易贡藏布河发生巨型高速滑坡。滑坡经历了高位滑动-碎屑流-土石水气浪-泥石流-次级滑坡等过程,具复合性。滑坡由5520m高程的雪山向下高速滑动,历时约10min,滑程8km,堆积于约2190m高程的易贡藏布江,形成坝高54m,长约2500m,库容可达288×108m3,体积约2.8×108～3.0×108m3的滑坡堰塞湖。为了减轻水位上涨对湖区4000多人员的淹没危害和防止滑坡“溃坝”对下游318国道及雅鲁藏布江大峡谷地区的危害,采用了在坝体开渠引流降低溃坝高程和湖水库容的减灾措施。 相似文献
20.
Herv Martin 《Lithos》1993,30(3-4):373-388
The petrographic and chemical composition of magmatic rocks generated during the Archaean appears to be different from that of post-Archaean rocks. Komatiites are widespread before 2.5 Ga and rarely occur afterwards. In addition the Archaean continental crust is primarily TTG (Tonalitic, Trondhjemitic and Granodioritic) in composition, exhibiting typical trondhjemitic differentiation trends; whereas modern equivalents are granodioritic to granitic following classical calc-alkaline differentiation trends. This distinction becomes more prominent when rare-earth elements (REE) are taken into account: Archaean TTG are Yb-poor (YbN < 8.5) and have high (La/Yb) ratios (5 < (La/Yb)N < 150), in comparison, the post-2.5 Ga granitoids, emplaced in subduction-zone geodynamic environments have high Yb content (4.5N<20) with very low (La/Yb)N ratios ( 20). Theoretical calculations and experimental petrology have shown that the TTG can be produced by partial melting of an Archaean tholeiite transformed into garnet-bearing amphibolite. Consequently, the low heavy REE content of the TTG is explained by the influence of both residual garnet and hornblende in their source. After 2.5 Ga the role of these minerals in calc-alkaline magma genesis becomes progressively less important, which is interpreted in terms of a cooling Earth model.
In modern subduction zone environments the subducted oceanic slab is relatively “old and cold” and the geothermal gradient along the Benioff plane in low (ca. 10°C/km). Consequently, the down-going lithosphere undergoes dehydration before partial melting is able to occur. The liberated fluids are light REE and LILE-enriched and ascend into the overlying mantle wedge where they induced partial fusion. The produced magmas separate from their mantle source region leaving a residue mainly composed of olivine and pyroxenes. Mantle derived magmas typically exhibit high Yb contents due to low KDYb values for olivine and pyroxenes. During the Archaean, the subducted lithosphere was relatively “young and hot” providing high geothermal gradients along the Benioff zone. Thus, partial melting of the subducted slab was possible at lower temperatures before dehydration would take place. Garnet and hornblende are the main residual phases accounting for the low Yb contents of the Archaean TTG.
This model can be tested using a modern analogue of Archaean-like subduction processes. In south Chile an oceanic ridge has subducted and all thermodynamic calculations indicate that this creates locally high geothermal gradients along the Benioff zone. Thus in very small areas, Archaean-like environments may be simulated in modern subduction zones. The modern andesites produced in this environment show Archaean geochemical characteristics with low YbN (<5), whereas the majority of andesites along the Andean arc have modern patterns with YbN ranging from 8 to more than 17. This conclusion was generalised to all young subducted lithospheres all over the world.
In conclusion, it appears that since the Archaean there has been a change in the site of continental crust genesis. The location of calc-alkaline magma source in subduction-zone environments has migrated through time from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. This is a direct consequence of the progressive cooling of the Earth. 相似文献