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1.
《Oceanologica Acta》1998,21(4):521-532
A sediment trap experiment was carried out in the West Caroline Basin, located in the equatorial western Pacific between influences of the Asian monsoon and the open ocean. Annual mass flux at the shallow trap at Site 1 was 57.10 g m-2 yr-1. Generally, the higher flux of organic matter was associated with higher activities of biogenic opal-producing and carbonate-producing plankton communities. In addition, as the organic matter content increases, the organic carbon/carbonate carbon ratio shows a tendency to increase. Carbonate-producing plankton was predominant during periods 1 and 3 (May to July and November to the beginning of December), which could be due to limited silica supply to the euphotic zone. On the other hand, surface sea water was more nutrient-rich during periods 2 and 4 (August to October and the end of December to April) at Site 1. These high total mass fluxes could be stimulated by wind.The amount of biogenic components collected in the sediment traps and the accumulation in surface sediments at Site 1 could be compared with primary productivity values. Carbonate and biogenic opal fluxes were 99% and 90% less, respectively, in the surface sediments compared to those in the shallow sediment trap. This could be due to the reaction of sinking particles with undersaturated deep sea water just above the sea floor, rather than with the water column during sinking. About 20% of the organic matter was decomposed between the shallow and deep sediment traps and more than 98% between the deep sediment trap and final burial in the surface sediments. The relative amount of organic carbon preserved in surface sediments was about 0.10% of annual primary productivity.  相似文献   

2.
Fluxes of particulate carbon, nitrogen, phytoplankton pigments, biogenic silica and dry mass were measured using free-floating and moored sediment trap arrays in the Santa Monica Basin during the period from October 1985 to August 1990 as part of the California Basin Study (CaBS) Program. In field testing for potential sources of sediment trap biases, we found little significant or consistent difference in rate estimates between short-term drifting traps and long-term moored traps, between preserved and unpreserved traps in short-term experiments, between different preservatives (mercury or formalin) in long-term experiments, between different designs of small cylindrical traps, and between deep-moored cylindrical traps and large conical traps. We did, however, find that sediment trap samples collected and analyzed on 0.45 μm silver filters gave estimates of carbon and nitrogen fluxes about 25% higher than samples collected on GF/F glass-fiber filters. Concurrent trap deployments at two stations 18km apart revealed low mesoscale variability in flux estimates. Seasonal patterns in carbon and nitrogen flux were not evident in our data, but strong seasonality, with spring maxima and summer minima, were observed for fluxes of phaeopigments and biogenic silica out of the euphotic zone.Time-averaged rates of particulate flux for long-term trap deployments from January to August 1990, were 121, 18.8, 1.5, 67 and 633mg m−2d−1 at 110–135m for carbon, nitrogen, phaeopigment, biogenic silica and mass, respectively. Flux estimates to the basin floor (835–860m) were 50, 6.5, 0.64, 41.6 and 575mg m−2d−1 for the same parameters. The former estimates are constrained by and in good agreement with independent assessments of new production from nitrate uptake in the euphotic zone. The latter agree with rates previously inferred from the sedimentary record using 210Pb as a tracer. In addition, the difference in carbon estimates in the water column between the euphotic zone and the basin floor is consistent with the requirements for bacterial growth and metabolism at intermediate depths as measured by the thymidine method.  相似文献   

3.
The Northwest Atlantic margin is characterized by high biological productivity in shelf and slope surface waters. In addition to carbon supply to underlying sediments, the persistent, intermediate depth nepheloid layers emanating from the continental shelves, and bottom nepheloid layers maintained by strong bottom currents associated with the southward flowing Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), provide conduits for export of organic carbon over the margin and/or to the interior ocean. As a part of a project to understand dynamics of particulate organic carbon (POC) cycling in this region, we examined the bulk and molecular properties of time-series sediment trap samples obtained at 968 m, 1976 m, and 2938 m depths from a bottom-tethered mooring on the New England slope (water depth, 2988 m). Frequent occurrences of higher fluxes in deep relative to shallower sediment traps and low Δ14C values of sinking POC together provide strong evidence for significant lateral transport of aged organic matter over the margin. Comparison of biogeochemical properties such as aluminum concentration and flux, and iron concentration between samples intercepted at different depths shows that particles collected by the deepest trap had more complex sources than the shallower ones. These data also suggest that at least two modes of lateral transport exist over the New England margin. Based on radiocarbon mass balance, about 30% (±10%) of sinking POC in all sediment traps is estimated to be derived from lateral transport of resuspended sediment. A strong correlation between Δ14C values and aluminum concentrations suggests that the aged organic matter is associated with lithogenic particles. Our results suggest that lateral transport of organic matter, particularly that resulting from sediment resuspension, should be considered in addition to vertical supply of organic matter derived from primary production, in order to understand carbon cycling and export over continental margins.  相似文献   

4.
Optical transmissometer measurements were coupled with particulate organic matter (POM) observations to understand suspended sediment composition and distribution in the eastern Cariaco Basin during the rainy seasons of September 2003 and 2006. Our results suggest that nepheloid layers originating at the mouth of small mountainous rivers discharging into the eastern Basin are a major delivery mechanism of terrigenous sediments to the Basin interior. Intermediate nepheloid layers (INL) were observed near the shelf break (～100 m) and appear to effectively transport terrigenous material laterally from the shelf to deep waters, thereby providing a plausible supply mechanism of the terrestrial material observed in sediment traps. These findings highlight the importance of small, local rivers in the Cariaco Basin as sources of terrestrial material. In contrast, these nepheloid layers contained only limited POM. When this information is combined with published sediment trap POM data, it suggests that nepheloid layers may not be a primary mechanism for delivering terrigenous POM to the deeper waters of the basin during the rainy season. Rather, BNL may redistribute marine-derived POM from shallow waters to the Basin's interior by providing ballast materials, particularly during episodic events driven by wind and precipitation. Though we have determined that nepheloid layers play an important role in the seaward transport of particulate material in the Cariaco Basin, their composition and temporal variability have not been fully characterized. This is critical to understand lateral particle transport, since nepheloid layers constitute a significant source of sediment to the deep Cariaco Basin.  相似文献   

5.
Fluxes of amino acids and hexosamines to the deep South China Sea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Settling particles collected by sediment traps deployed between 1987 and 1999 in the northern, central and southwestern South China Sea (SCS) were analysed to study seasonal, interannual and spatial variations in the composition and flux of labile particulate matter. Results were combined with remote-sensing and surface-sediment data in order to describe the factors controlling the preservation of organic matter en route from the upper ocean to the seafloor. Organic carbon, amino acid and hexosamine fluxes generally follow the fluxes of total particulate matter, with maxima during the SW and NE monsoon periods. During non-El Niño conditions spectral amino acid distributions show that degradation of organic matter in the water column decreases as the flux rates increase. This is suggested to be the combined result of enhanced primary productivity, greater input of lithogenics serving as ballast to increase settling rates, and sorption of labile components to clay minerals. During El Niño conditions, in contrast, the degree of organic matter degradation is at very high and comparable levels at all trap sites. Flux component seasonality is strongly reduced except for the coastal upwelling areas, particularly off central Vietnam, which show significantly higher fluxes of organic carbon and lithogenic matter as compared to the open SCS. This suggests that the fluxes are affected by lateral advection of reworked organic matter from riverine sources or resuspended sediments from the nearby shelf/slope. Comparison of the measured organic carbon fluxes in 1200 m depth with those accumulating in surface sediments results in a more than 80% loss of organic matter before final burial in the sediments. The degree of organic matter preservation in the surface sediments of the deep SCS is distinctly lower than in other monsoonal oceans. This may be due to varying lithogenic input and almost complete dissolution of protective biogenic mineral matrices at greater water depth.  相似文献   

6.
Settling particles and surface sediments collected from the western region of the Sea of Okhotsk were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), long-chain n-alkanes and their stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) to investigate sources and transport of total and terrestrial organic matter in the western region of the sea. The δ13C measurements of TOC in time-series sediment traps indicate lateral transport of resuspended organic matter from the northwestern continental shelf to the area off Sakhalin via the dense shelf water (DSW) flow at intermediate depth. The n-alkanes in the surface sediments showed strong odd carbon number predominance with relatively lighter δ13C values (from −33‰ to −30‰). They fall within the typical values of C3-angiosperms, which is the main vegetation in east Russia, including the Amur River basin. On the other hand, the molecular distributions and δ13C values of n-alkanes in the settling particles clearly showed two different sources: terrestrial plant and petroleum in the Sea of Okhotsk. We reconstructed seasonal change in the fluxes of terrestrial n-alkanes in settling particles using the mixing model proposed by Lichtfouse and Eglinton [1995. 13C and 14C evidence of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry 23, 969–973]. Results of the terrestrial n-alkane fluxes indicate that there are two transport pathways of terrestrial plant n-alkanes to sediments off Sakhalin, the Sea of Okhotsk. One is lateral transport of resuspended particles with lithogenic material from the northwestern continental shelf by the DSW flow. Another is the vertical transport of terrestrial plant n-alkanes, which is independent of transport of lithogenic material. The latter may include dry/wet deposition of aerosol particles derived from terrestrial higher plants possibly associated with forest fires in Siberia.  相似文献   

7.
Results are presented from particle flux studies using sediment trap and current meter moorings along a transect at the European continental margin at 49°N within the EU-funded Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX) project. Two moorings were placed, at the mid- and outer slope in water depths of 1500 and 3660 m, with traps at 600 and 1050 m and at 580, 1440 and 3220 m, respectively. Residual currents at the mid-slope follow the slope contour, whereas seasonal off-slope flow was registered at the outer slope. At 600 m on the slope fluxes are similar to those in the abyssal North Atlantic. The flux of all components (bulk dry weight, particulate organic and inorganic carbon, lithogenic matter and opal) increased with water depth. Highest fluxes were recorded at 1440 m at the outer slope, where off-slope residual currents mediate particle export. The injection of biogenic and lithogenic particles below the depth of winter mixing results in the export of particles from shallower waters. Calculated lateral fluxes of particulate organic carbon exceed the primary flux by over a factor of 2 at 1440 m on the outer slope. Estimated lateral fluxes of suspended particulate matter in the water column and intermediate nepheloid layers at the outer slope are potentially large compared to sinking fluxes measured by sediment traps. A comparison is made of particle flux at three continental margin sites and two sites in the adjacent open North Atlantic, from which it is seen that bulk and organic matter flux increases exponentially with proximity to the shelf break. The percentage contribution of particulate organic carbon to biogenic fluxes increases from a mean of 5.7% in the abyssal N. Atlantic to 13.9% at the continental margins.  相似文献   

8.
The DYFAMED time-series station, located in the open Ligurian Sea, is one of the few pluriannual flux programs in the world and the longest in the Mediterranean Sea. The trap data series is one of only three multi-decadal data sets in existence, and it provides flux information for an environment that is distinct from the other long-term data sets. At DYFAMED, downward fluxes of particles, carbon and other major elements have been regularly measured with sediment traps since 1986 at fixed depths of 200 and 1000 m. An overview is presented of the main trends of particle and carbon fluxes observed during the period 1988–2005, period when the mooring was located on the northern side of the Ligurian Sea. In spite of considerable interannual variability, fluxes displayed a marked seasonal pattern with the highest fluxes occurring during winter and spring and lowest fluxes throughout the stratified season (summer–autumn). Organic carbon fluxes measured at both depths were highly variable over time, ranging from 0.3 to 59.9 (mean 6.8) mg C m−2 d−1 at 200 m, and from 0.2 to 37.1 (mean 4.3) mg C m−2 d−1 at 1000 m. Mass fluxes were maximal in winter, whereas carbon fluxes were maximal in late spring. Reasonably good agreement existed between particle fluxes at both depths over the years, indicating a relatively efficient and rapid transport of particles from the upper ocean to the deep sea. However, during certain periods mass flux increased with depth suggesting lateral inputs of particles that by-pass the upper trap. Since 1999, the system has apparently shifted towards an increasing occurrence of extreme flux events in response to more vigorous mixing of the water column during the winter months. Although annual mass fluxes have increased in the last years, mean POC fluxes have not substantially changed over time, due mainly to lower carbon contents of the sinking particles during maxima of mass flux.  相似文献   

9.
Investigations of lithogenic and biogenic particle fluxes using long-term sediment traps are still very rare in the northern high latitudes and are restricted to the arctic marginal seas and sub-arctic regions. Here data on the variability of fluxes of lithogenic matter, CaCO3, opal, and organic carbon and biomarker composition from the central Arctic Ocean are presented for a 1-year period. The study was carried out on material obtained from a long-term mooring system equipped with two multi-sampling traps, at 150 and 1550 m depth, and deployed on the southern Lomonosov Ridge close to the Laptev Sea continental margin from September 1995 to August 1996. In addition, data from surface sediments were included in the study. Annual fluxes of lithogenic matter, CaCO3, opal, and particulate organic carbon were 3.9, 0.8, 2.6, and 1.5 g m−2 y−1, respectively, in the shallow trap and 11.3, 0.5, 2.9, and 1.05 g m−2 y−1, respectively, in the deep trap.Both the shallow and the deep trap showed significant variations in vertical flux over the year. Higher values were found from mid-July to the end of October (total mass flux of 75–130 mg m−2 d−1 in the shallow trap and 40–225 mg m−2 d−1 in the deep trap). During all other months, fluxes were fairly low in both traps (most total mass flux values <10 mg m−2 d−1). The interval of increased fluxes can be separated into (1) a mid-July/August maximum caused by increased primary production as documented in high abundances of marine biomarkers and diatoms and (2) a September/October maximum caused by increased influence of Lena River discharge indicated by maximum lithogenic flux and large amounts of terrigenous/fluvial biomarkers in both traps. During September/October, total mass fluxes in the deep trap were significantly higher than in the shallow trap, suggesting a lateral sediment flux at greater depth. The lithogenic flux data also support the importance of sediment input from the Laptev Sea for the sediment accumulation on the Lomonosov Ridge on geological time scales, as indicated in sedimentary records from this region.  相似文献   

10.
Downward fluxes of labile organic matter (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) at 200 (trap A) and 1515 m depth (trap B), measured during a 12 months sediment trap experiment, are presented, together with estimates of the bacterial and cyanobacterial biomasses associated to the particles. The biochemical composition of the settling particles was determined in order to provide qualitative and quantitative information on the flux of readily available organic carbon supplying the deep-sea benthic communities of the Cretan Sea. Total mass flux and labile carbon fluxes were characterised by a clear seasonality. Higher labile organic fluxes were reported in trap B, indicating the presence of resuspended particles coming from lateral inputs. Particulate carbohydrates were the major component of the flux of labile compounds (on annual average about 66% of the total labile organic flux) followed by lipids (20%) and proteins (13%). The biopolymeric carbon flux was very low (on annual average 0.9 and 1.2 gC m−2 y−1, at trap A and B). Labile carbon accounted for most of the OC flux (on annual average 84% and 74% in trap A and B respectively). In trap A, highest carbohydrate and protein fluxes in April and September, corresponded to high faecal pellet fluxes. The qualitative composition of the organic fluxes indicated a strong protein depletion in trap B and a decrease of the bioavailability of the settling particles as a result of a higher degree of dilution with inorganic material. Quantity and quality of the food supply to the benthos displayed different temporal patterns. Bacterial biomass in the sediment traps (on average 122 and 229 μgC m−2 d−1 in trap A and B, respectively) was significantly correlated to the flux of labile organic carbon, and particularly to the protein and carbohydrate fluxes. Cyanobacterial flux (on average, 1.1 and 0.4 μgC m−2 d−1, in trap A and B, respectively) was significantly correlated with total mass and protein fluxes only in trap A. Bacterial carbon flux, equivalent to 84.2 and 156 mgC m−2 y−1, accounted for 5–6.5% of the labile carbon flux (in trap A and B respectively) and for 22–41% protein pool of the settling particles. These results suggest that in the Cretan Sea, bacteria attached to the settling particles represent a potential food source of primary importance for deep-sea benthic communities.  相似文献   

11.
Results of organic carbon, total nitrogen, amino acid and hexosamine analyses of samples collected during time-series sediment trap investigations in the Arabian Sea are presented. Samples were taken over a period of years at two depths at each of three locations in the western, central and eastern part of the basin. Seasonal changes in amino acid contents and their spectral distributions show that degradation of organic matter in the water column is reduced during the monsoons, which are the high-flux periods in the western and central Arabian Sea. At the eastern site more degraded material of possibly recycled marine or terrestrial origin reaches the traps during the late summer peak fluxes. The results of hexosamine analyses suggest that bacterial biomass is relatively enriched on particles sinking in the water column and, to a larger extent, at the sediment-water interface. Decomposition between intermediate and deep water results in a loss of 30–40% of total organic carbon and more than 40% of amino acids. Comparison of the measured accumulation rates of organic carbon in sediment traps with those of organic carbon preserved in sediments show that more than 85% is lost before final burial in the sediments. Organic matter preservation in the Arabian Sea is higher than the average for the open ocean; this maybe due to the abundance of refractory organic matter of recycled marine or terrestrial origin.  相似文献   

12.
With the aim of improving the knowledge of the open ocean carbon cycle, we present a budget of particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes carried out in the deep central part of the Algero-Balearic Basin (ABB) at 2850 m water depth based on a single mooring equipped with five automated sediment traps deployed from April 2001 to May 2002 at depths of 250, 845, 1440, 2145 and 2820 m. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and superficial sediments were also used as indicators of hydrodynamics and carbon burial, respectively. The data reveal that the fraction of primary production buried in the sediment, which finally leads to the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, is 0.16%, lower than the values found in the nearby continental margin regions such as the Alboran Sea (0.48–0.89%) but of the same order as recorded at other Mediterranean sites at similar depths, such as the Ionian Sea (0.11%). As they sink through the water column, the particles exhibit decreases in flux that are similar to those observed elsewhere, but also show variations that appear to correlate with hydrological features of the water masses present in the basin, as revealed by SPM concentrations and compositions. The input of the tyrrhenian deep water (TDW) into the ABB at 800–1500 m of water depth exhibits low suspended POC concentrations and low sinking POC fluxes were also observed in this depth range. Gulf of Lions water mass formation appears to also contribute to elevated suspended POC concentrations and perhaps POC accumulation in the traps and sediments by spreading of dense cold water along the whole ABB that supplied POC at depths higher than 2000 m.  相似文献   

13.
This study investigated the organic carbon accumulation rates (OCARs) and sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in slope and basin sediments of the Ulleung Basin, East/Japan Sea. These sediments have high organic contents at depths greater than 2,000 m; this is rare for deep-sea sediments, except for those of the Black Sea and Chilean upwelling regions. The mean organic carbon to total nitrogen molar ratio was estimated to be 6.98 in the Ulleung Basin sediments, indicating that the organic matter is predominantly of marine origin. Strong organic carbon enrichment in the Ulleung Basin appears to result from high export production, and low dilution by inputs of terrestrial materials and calcium carbonate. Apparent sedimentation rates, calculated primarily from excess 210Pb distribution below the zone of sediment mixing, varied from 0.033 to 0.116 cm year−1, agreeing well with previous results for the basin. OCARs fluctuated strongly in the range of 2.06–12.5 g C m−2 year−1, these rates being four times higher at the slope sites than at the basin sites. Within the top 15 cm of the sediment, the integrated SRRs ranged from 0.72 to 1.89 mmol m−2 day−1, with rates approximately twice as high in the slope areas as in the basin areas. SRR values were consistently higher in areas of high sedimentation and of high organic carbon accumulation, correlating well with apparent sedimentation rates and OCARs. The sulfate reduction rates recorded in the basin and slope sediments of the Ulleung Basin are higher than those reported for other parts of the world, with the exception of the Peruvian and Chilean upwelling regions. This is consistent with the high organic carbon contents of surface sediments of the Ulleung Basin, suggesting enhanced organic matter fluxes.  相似文献   

14.
Settling particles play an important role in transporting organic carbon from the surface to the deep ocean. It is known that major components of settling particles are biogenic silicates (opal), biogenic carbonate (CaCO3), lithogenic clays and organic matter. Since each component aggregates and/or takes in organic carbon, all of these components have the ability to transport particulate organic carbon (POC) to the interior of the ocean. In this study, sediment trap experiments were carried out in four areas of the western North Pacific (including a marginal sea). Factors are proposed that correlate the composition of settling particles with POC flux. Annual mean organic carbon fluxes at 1 km depth in the western North Pacific Basin, Japan Sea, Hidaka Basin and northern Japan Trench were found to be 14.9, 18.1, 13.0 and 6.6 mg/m2/day, respectively. Organic carbon flux in the western North Pacific was greater than that in the Eastern North Pacific (7.4), the Equatorial Pacific (4.2), the Southern Ocean (5.8) and the Eastern North Atlantic (1.8). In the western North Pacific, it was calculated that 52% of POC was carried by opal particles. Opal is known to be a major component even in the Eastern North Pacific and the Southern Ocean, and the opal fluxes in these areas are similar to those in the western North Pacific. However, the organic carbon flux that was carried by opal particles (OCopalflux) in the western North Pacific was greater than that in the Eastern North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. These results indicate that the ability of opal particles to transport POC to the deep ocean in the western North Pacific is greater than that in the other areas.  相似文献   

15.
Hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) may be used as tracers of particle dynamics in aquatic systems. Internal cycling of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay to assess the role of resuspension in maintaining particle and contaminant inventories in the water column, and to compare settling and suspended particle characteristics. Direct measurements of sediment resuspension and settling conducted in conjunction with one of the sediment trap deployments indicate reasonable agreement between measurements of particle flux using the two different methods. Organic carbon and PCB concentrations in settling solids collected in near-surface sediment traps were remarkably lower than concentrations in suspended particles collected by filtration during the trap deployments, but higher PAH concentrations were found in the settling particles. The different behaviors of PAHs and PCBs in the settling particles are due to their different source types and association to different types of particles. Sediment trap collections in near bottom waters were dominated by resuspension. Resuspension fluxes of HOCs measured 2 m above the bay bottom were as high as 2.5 μg/m2 day for total PCBs and 15 μg/m2 day for fluoranthene, and were 25 and 10 times higher than their settling fluxes from surface waters, respectively. HOC concentrations in the near bottom traps varied much less between trap deployments than HOC concentrations in the surface traps, indicating that the chemical composition of the resuspended particles collected in the near bottom traps was more time-averaged by repeated resuspension than the surface particles.  相似文献   

16.
To establish the relative importance of terrigenous and marine organic matter in the southern Beaufort Sea, we measured the concentrations and the stable isotopic compositions of organic carbon and total nitrogen in sediments and in settling particles intercepted by sediment traps. The organic carbon content of surface sediment in the Chukchi and southern Beaufort Seas ranged from 0.6 to 1.6% dry wt., without a clear geographical pattern. The CORG:NTOT ratio ranged from 7.0 to 10.4 and did not vary significantly downcore at any one station. Values of δ13CORG and δ15NTOT in the sediment samples were strongly correlated, with the highest values, indicative of a more marine contribution, in the Amundsen Gulf. In contrast, the organic matter content, elemental (CORG:NTOT ratio) and isotopic (δ13CORG and δ15NTOT) composition of the settling particles was different from and much more variable than in the bottom sediments. The isotopic signature of organic matter in the Beaufort Sea is well constrained by three distinct end-members: a labile marine component produced in situ by planktonic organisms, a refractory marine component, the end product of respiration and diagenesis, and a refractory terrigenous component. A three-component mixing model explains the scatter observed in the stable isotope signatures of the sediment trap samples and accommodates an apparent two-component mixing model of the organic matter in sediments. The suspended matter in the water column contains organic matter varying from essentially labile and marine to mostly refractory and terrigenous. As it settles through the water column, the labile marine organic matter is degraded, and its original stable isotope signature changes towards the signature of the marine refractory component. This process continues in the bottom sediment with the result that the sedimentary organic matter becomes dominated by the refractory terrigenous and marine components.  相似文献   

17.
The southwestern-most Okinawa Trough (SOT), characterized by high sedimentation rates (>0.1 cm/yr), has the potential for recording high-resolution episodic events, such as storm floods and seismic activities, at least on a regional scale. To retrieve data on past climate change from nearby sediment cores and quantitatively reconstruct it, particularly with respect to precipitation (or typhoon-induced flood events), a linkage between fluvial sediment discharge and terrigenous sediment flux is warranted. Apparent sediment fluxes, observed with four arrays of sediment traps deployed in the SOT, were found to vary with fluvial sediment discharges. Empirical equations for individual arrays of sediment traps are site-dependent and related to the scenario of initial supply, transport and final deposition of terrigenous sediments (i.e. land–sea interaction). Using these equations and hydrological data from 1950 to 2000, the long-term temporal and spatial variations of settling sediment fluxes were simulated. Simulation results agree well with sediment mass accumulation rates derived from literature data on 210Pb and 137Cs chronology. The simulated spatial patterns of sediment fluxes along a slope–trough section illustrate that sediment plumes can disperse concurrently in two manners, namely near-bottom and mid-depth plumes, and the flood-driven plumes can travel very long distances, approaching 125°E or beyond. The sediment burial budget in the SOT was estimated to be approximately 5.2 Mt/yr, representing about 80% of riverine exports from the Lanyang Hsi, Taiwan. This is the first study dealing qualitatively and quantitatively with two parameters, namely terrigenous sediment flux and fluvial sediment discharge.  相似文献   

18.
Chemistry of organic materials of the suspended and sinking particles, and the evaluation of the particulate materials for the carbon cycle of the ocean are described in this paper. Organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) of the suspended particles collected from various areas of the North through South Pacific were determined with considerably high variabilities in their concentration. Higher values of the POC and PON were obtained in the surface water of the higher latitudinal areas of both northern and southern hemispheres and the equatorial Pacific, while the lower values of these organic elements were measured in the middle latitudinal areas of the Pacific. These facts clearly indicate that inorganic nutrients supply to the surface water layers from the underlying water is primarily determinative factor to govern the concentration of the POC and PON in the surface water layer. POC and PON concentrations in the intermediate through deep waters, however, are much less variable in time and space. Carbohydrates, free and combined amino acids and lipid materials were major organic constituents of the suspended particles. The organic composition of the particles was extensively variable in region, time and depth. Such change in the organic composition was mainly caused by the production and decay of the free and combined amino acids, lipid materials and water extractable carbohydrate. Sinking particle which has high sinking rate over 100 m day−1 and can be collected only by sediment trap, also consists of carbohydrates, free and combined amino acids and lipid materials. A detailed analysis of the particle indicate that the sinking particle was much different from the suspended particle from the intermediate through deep waters in terms of the abundance of the biologically susceptible organic materials such as unsaturated hydrocarbon, fatty acid and water extractable carbohydrate often found in phytoplankton. These facts clearly indicate that the sinking particle plays an important role on the vertical transport of the biologically susceptible organic materials from the surface water to the deep water. Vertical flux of organic materials in various water depths was extensively measured in the North Pacific and Antarctic Ocean using the depth-series sediment trap system to collect the sinking particles from various depths of the waters. Regional and seasonal variabilities of the organic carbon flux at the various depths were obviously observed, however the attenuation rate of the organic carbon flux in the intermediate through deep water was not changed so much irrespective of the sampling time and region. The time-series sediment trap system was also using to determine the seasonal variation of the organic carbon flux. An average organic carbon flux at 1 km depth from this trap system was almost comparable to the amount of organic carbon degraded in the water deeper than 1 km depth, which was calculated from oxygen consumption rate of the deep water. Thus, it is clear that the sinking particle must play an important role in the carbon cycle of the deep water.  相似文献   

19.
Spatial and temporal variations in the vertical fluxes of amino acids and hexosamine were studied at coastal sites in the south of the Chukchi Sea, Otsuchi Bay, and the center and the entrance of Funka Bay. Amino acid fluxes were higher in the upper trap than in the lower trap material, but hexosamine fluxes were opposite to amino acid fluxes. The ratios between protein amino acids (Asp, Glu and Arg) and their decomposition products (β-Ala, γ-Aba and Orn) indicate that the labile organic matter was more abundant in the upper traps than in the lower ones and increased during periods of enhanced amino acid fluxes. The ratios of Ser/Gly did not vary temporally and spatially and were nearly constant, indicating that Ser and Gly were preserved in a stable form within sinking particles. Hexosamine/amino acid ratios of these particles were higher in the lower sediment trap than in the upper trap material. This implies that the sinking particles derived from zooplankton are relatively more abundant in deep layers than in the surface layer in the water column. We suggest that the difference in amino acid flux and the composition between the upper and lower trap material is influenced by the processes of microbial decomposition and zooplankton consumption of sinking particulate organic matter. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

20.
Sedimentation process of fine-grained terrigenous red soils was observed on the seafloor by coral reefs near an estuary using a paired mooring of turbidity meter and sediment trap or a mooring of sediment trap and current meter. Silty clays contained in the bottom calcareous sands were mainly resuspended and trapped in both surface and bottom layer traps, at noncatastrophic normal sedimentation periods. In addition, silty clays were supplied to this mooring site by inflowing river. Turbidity and the flux rate determined by sediment traps show certain relationship accompanied with the coefficient, which is changed by precipitation, current, and other conditions. Resuspension process caused by a typhoon was recorded as both core sequence of sediment trap and time-series data of bottom current. Maximum velocity of 49.5 cm/s was recorded from bottom currents resulting from the passing of attyphoon at the mooring site. A graded sand layer is interbedded in dark-gray, silty clay and considered to be a resuspended sediment resulting from the passing of the typhoon. Flux of the resuspended sediments by the typhoon was estimated from this core sequence and compared to the flux observed at the normal sedimentation.  相似文献   

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