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1.
沉积岩系互稀释混合元素丰度关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
汪云亮  刘峰 《沉积学报》1995,13(3):137-146
二元混合成国岩石元素丰度（ｘ，ｙ）遵守分式线性函数定律:式中ａ，ｂ，ｃ，ｄ为丰度关系常数，它们只和岩系中两个已知岩石（１和２）中元素丰度（ｘ１，ｙ１；ｘ２，ｙ２）有关，并等于其镜像∑变换（混合变换）（ａ，ｂ，ｃ，ｄ）＝∑∑|ｘ１，ｙ１；ｘ２，ｙ２|（２）元素丰度关系常数中，如果ｂ与Ｃ之比值小于零时，元素丰度ｙ＝Ｘ呈互稀释混合关系。  相似文献   

2.
青海湖沉积物中的甾醇及其演化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Ｃ２７，Ｃ２８和Ｃ２９甾醇（△５.２２，△２２，△５和△５.２４（２８）和５α－甾烷醇）在青海湖三孔近代沉积物（ＱＨ，ＱＥ和ＱＯ）中被检出。其中以Ｃ２９甾醇占优势。在ＱＥ和ＱＧ孔沉积物中还检出了低浓度的三个Ｃ３０甾醇（４α，２３，２４－三甲基－５α－胆甾－２２Ｅ－烯醇（甲藻甾醇），４α－甲基－２４－乙基－５α－胆甾－２２Ｅ－烯醇和４α－甲基－２４－乙基－５α－胆甾烷醇］。在ＱＨ和ＱＧ孔上部层段沉积物中，Ｃ２７，Ｃ２９.饱和的和不饱和的甾醇的碳数分布的平行性，甾烷醇/△５－甾醇及△２２－/△５.２２－甾醇的比值随沉积物埋深而增加提供了甾酸氢化作用的间接证据。青海湖沉积物中的甾醇主要来自湖区丰富的高等植物和湖中的藻类等。在ＱＧ孔８０～１００ｃｍ和１２０～１４０ｃｍ层段沉积物中，５ａ－胆甾烷醇浓度迅速增加可能反映特殊的生物（介形类）对该二层段沉积物中高浓度的胆甾烷醇的贡献。  相似文献   

3.
青海湖沉积物中的长链不饱和脂肪酮（长链烯酮）   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
在青海湖沉积物中检出了含有２～４个双键的长链（Ｃ37－Ｃ40）甲基和乙基脂肪酮。这是世界沉积于碱性环境和各种不同盐度条件下（耳海，淡水；青海湖，半咸水；尕海，咸水）的近代湖泊沉积物中的长链不饱和脂肪酮的首次详细报导。许多地球化学家广泛用这些化合物经过计算公式来估算海洋沉积物的古温度。如果对这些化合物估算海洋沉积物古温度的计算公式进行适当校正，那么也可用这些化合物来推知湖泊沉积物的古温度。  相似文献   

4.
潘志清  林壬子 《沉积学报》1991,9(2):106-113
笔者首次在华北晋县高硫原油和含硫膏泥岩的饱和烃馏份中检测出丰富的短链甾类化合物(C20-C26),它们包括甾烷、甾烯、4-甲基甾烷和4,4-二甲基甾烷。同时,样品中还检测出C23-C25类异戊二烯烷烃。这此化合物是盐湖相沉积环境中细菌输入和降解作用的产物。  相似文献   

5.
随着石油勘探的深入和发展，煤和含煤沉积的生油问题，已经越来越引起人们的重视。为此，笔者选择了准噶尔盆地侏罗系富氢组份含量高的煤样和富镜质组的煤岩样品，采用快速热解法，对其显微组份和全煤的热解生烃潜势进行了研究。结果表明:（１）Ｒ０值为０.３７～０.３９％的未成熟煤岩样品中，壳质组和镜质组在３５０～４５０℃温度区间有最大热解峰面积Ｓ２。（２）富氢组份含量高的样品中，热解产物以正构烷烃＋正构烯烃为主，其次为芳烃化合物。（３）镜质组或富镜质组的煤岩样品中，Ａ１６００/Ｍｇ值较高时，热解产物在Ｃ６-Ｃ１５范围内，某些芳烃化合物成为主峰。（４）惰性组生烃能力最差，在较高温度下，形成含量很低的正构烷烃和烯烃，或在气态烃范畴产生少量烃类，或基本不产生热解产物。（５）随着加热时间的延长或原煤样品演化程度的升高，烯烃含量减少或消失，可能是干酪根转化过程中的残余氢为烯烃的氢化作用提供了氢源，使烯烃转化为烷烃的缘故。  相似文献   

6.
古水剖面震旦系顶部硅岩主要发育层状构造、纹理状构造、块状构造和假角砾状构造,化学成份以ＴｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和大部分微量元素亏损（相对地壳克拉克值）为特征。但Ｂａ、Ａｓ和Ｓｂ等少数已知的热水沉积特征元素显示富集。在Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ三元图上,古水硅岩投映在“热水沉积”域内。因子分析和对应分析显示了大部分金属元素在代表热水淋滤作用的因子上均有反映。稀土元素以低含量为特征,在对北美页岩组合样（ＮＡＳＣ）正规化后的稀土配分模式落在典型热水沉积的上、下限之间,而在正常沉积的之外。各种岩性和地球化学证据表明,古水硅岩具有热水成因。  相似文献   

7.
将元素地球化学行为的一般规律与Ｒ因子分析、Ｑ聚类分析和Ｑ因子分析以及其它地质特征结合起来揭示出大庆油田东部外围中白垩统泉头组第三段和第四段湖泊－三角洲（水下部分）沉积总体泥质岩中各元素丰度及其比率受到盆体性因子（还原度Ｆ1、酸度Ｆ2）和盆围性因子（母岩Ｆ3和胶体输入量Ｆ4）的控制，最突出的表现是:Ｓｒ/Ｃａ与还原度和酸度正相关，ＣａＯ/ＭｇＯ与酸度负相关，Ｎｉ/Ｃｏ（或Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ）与还原度负相关，Ｔｉ/Ｖ与偏基性母岩影响强度负相关，Ｓｒ/Ｂａ与胶体输入量负相关。这些泥质岩可分成四类，与其中所夹粉砂岩（扩散流成因单位）一起分别构成水下河道周缘细屑沉积组合、滨浅湖沉积组合、前三角洲沉积组合和较深湖沉积组合，其沉积水深依次增加，氧化性和碱性依次减弱。偏基性母岩影响在水下河道周缘和前三角洲一带相对较强，在较深湖，因有导源于三角洲前缘的重力流发生，这种影响也时有表现。胶体输入量在所有沉积组合之间无特别明显的差异。  相似文献   

8.
泥炭的热模拟研究──过渡带气形成机理探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文对现代泥炭进行了低温长时间模拟实验研究,并探讨了过渡带气的形成机理。甘南泥炭气、液态烃产率高。液态烃由热解油和残余气仿沥青“Ａ”两部分组成,热解油中以Ｃ５─Ｃ１４较轻馏分为主,残余氯仿沥青“Ａ”则以非烃、沥青质为主。随热演化程度增高,烃类增加,非烃和沥青质急剧减少。模拟气体组成以非烃气体（ＣＯ２等）为主,随温度升高,气态烃产率升高,烃类气体中以甲烷为主。２００℃～４００℃温度下产生的甲烷碳同位素δ１３Ｃ为－５３.８２～－３３.６６‰。研究表明低热演化阶段伴随腐殖物质的降解和干酪根的分子重排作用能产生甲烷同位素较轻的生物－热催化过渡带气。  相似文献   

9.
浙西石炭纪层状硅质岩地球化学特征及其意义   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
在浙西石炭纪地层中存在与地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。硅质岩中ＦｅＯ、ＭｎＯ、ＴｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＭｇＯ、ＣａＯ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２Ｏ等含量相对较高，富集Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｇａ，Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＦｅＯ、ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２／（Ｎａ２Ｏ＋Ｋ２Ｏ）、ＳｉＯ２／ＭｇＯ比值较小，稀土元素总量低，Ｃｅ弱负异常，重稀土相对富集，包裹体富含气相组份ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２、Ｎ２、ＣＯ、Ｈ２，具热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征。在Ｆｅ—Ｍｎ—（Ｎｉ＋Ｃｏ＋Ｃｕ）三角图及ＳｉＯ２—Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２—Ｆｅ２Ｏ３图上均属于热水沉积硅质岩。硅质岩中硅、氧同位素也显示其热水成因之特点。硅质岩的硅同位素和稀土元素Ｃｅ／Ｃｅ※值表明本区层状硅质岩主要是在浅海环境下沉积的。硅质岩的形成温度较高，为９８℃～１５２℃  相似文献   

10.
供试样品１０个，为准噶尔盆地马庄气藏侏罗系气源岩，埋深１８５４ｍ～２６０８ｍ，形成于沼泽－滨浅湖相沉积环境，为ⅡＢ～Ⅲ型有机质，Ｒ０值＜０.７４％，处于低演化阶段。本文就烃源岩中厌氧发酵细菌的数量及产甲烷菌的类型、分布状况进行了研究，并直接利用地质样品进行了生化模拟产气实验。样品中发酵性细菌数量分布在５×１０２个/ｇ～２.３×１０４个/ｇ之间。在３５℃～６５℃状态下，从样品中普遍富集培养出产甲烷球菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｃｏｃｕｓ）；在５５℃条件下，从７号样品中富集培养出产甲烷杆菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）。模拟产气结果表明:①３５℃时的甲烷累计产气量最高，为２９.４８ｍｌ～３９.４１ｍｌ，占总产出气体的８０％以上。（２）产出气体组份一致，以ＣＨ４和ＣＯ２为主，含极微量的乙烷和丙烷。（３）在３５℃时，产出甲烷气体的δ１３Ｃ值分布在－４０.１２‰--４３.９８‰之间，５５℃时为－５６.８２‰--６０.１０‰，６５℃时为－５８.０６‰--６５.１１‰，３５℃～５５℃时产出气体的甲烷碳同位素比值中值与实际气藏天然气的甲烷δ１３Ｃ值相近。该项研究为探讨产甲烷菌等厌氧微生物在２０００多米沉积岩中仍有活动提供了直接?  相似文献   

11.
The highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes of three batch cultures of the diatom Haslea ostrearia have been examined and the occurrence of C25 tri-, tetra- and pentaenes confirmed. Growth of cultures outside at ambient temperature, under natural sunlight, in May (6 days) and June (10 days) 1995 and monitoring of HBI concentrations in samples collected daily and stored frozen, revealed that in May greater concentrations of HBIs (ca 6500 fg cell−1) were produced than in June and at a much earlier stage of growth. Furthermore, in May the HBIs were more unsaturated (predominantly a tetraene rather than a triene). The reasons for these differences are at present unknown and future investigations of the effect of irradiance, temperature, salinity and other environmental variables are required. Such experiments may allow the various HBI distributions in the alga and in sediments to be better understood and, like some other polyunsaturated lipids, HBI alkenes may become useful environmental and palaeoenvironmental indicators. Two previously unreported alkenes, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylpent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC retention index, 2201DB-1) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylene pent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC RI, 2248DB-1) from a batch culture of Haslea ostrearia grown in October/November 1993 and stored frozen for over a year, have also been isolated and characterised by 13C and 1H NMR, epoxide derivatisation and mass spectrometry. Such structural characterisation studies of HBI alkenes should also aid our understanding of the geochemical fate of these widely distributed hydrocarbons.  相似文献   

12.
Visible light induced, type II (i.e. involving singlet oxygen, 1O2) photosensitized oxidation of mono-, di-, tri- and tetraunsaturated C25 highly branched (HBI) alkenes in solution was investigated. The photodegradation rate was shown to be dependent on the number and nature of the double bonds, especially the number of trisubstituted ones. HBI alkenes with at least one trisubstituted double bond were photodegraded at similar or higher rates than some other lipids (e.g. vitamin E) known to be very reactive towards 1O2. The 1O2 mediated photo-oxidation of HBI alkenes likely involves direct reaction of 1O2 with the trisubstituted double bond via a concerted ‘ene’ addition, leading to formation of a hydroperoxide at each carbon of the original double bond. The enhanced photoreactivity of HBI alkenes with at least one trisubstituted double bond was confirmed in dead cells of the diatom Haslea ostrearia. In addition, since HBI alkenes with such double bonds were photodegraded at similar or higher rates compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E and chlorophyll a, they should be significantly photochemically altered within the euphotic zone of the ocean. In contrast, HBIs with only di- and monosubstituted double bonds seem to be relatively inert with respect to type II photoprocesses. The results support the apparent good preservation of the monoene IP25 in sediments, while the interpretation of sedimentary occurrences of HBI trienes may need further consideration.  相似文献   

13.
C25 HBI alkenes of the diatom, Haslea ostrearia, have been examined in experiments in which the algae were cultured for up to 10 days at 14–15°C at nine different salinities (15 to 40 per mil). H. ostrearia proved to be an osmotolerant organism and growth was observed at all salinities. After 10 days growth at the lowest and highest salinities of 15 and 40 per mil, the concentrations of 2,10,14-trimethyl-6-methylene-7-(3-methylpent-1-enyl)pentadec-9-ene, which was the only HBI present in any of the samples, averaged 1.2±0.7 and 2.1±0.7 pg cell−1, respectively. These were slightly lower than the HBI concentrations at 25 to 35 per mil (2.8±0.5 pg cell−1). The data indicate that although salinity has an influence on HBI production in H. ostrearia, factors other than salinity are probably more important in controlling the large variations of HBI alkene concentrations and distributions found in sedimentary environments.  相似文献   

14.
沉积有机质中通常可检测到C21（孕甾烷）、C22（升孕甾烷）和C27~C29甾烷,但C19、C20和C23~C26甾烷并不常见。在三塘湖盆地芦草沟组黑色页岩中检出了完整的C19~C29甾烷系列和25 降藿烷系列。如此完整且丰度较高的此类化合物,尚无文献报道。这一新的资料可能蕴含着丰富的油气地球化学信息。初步认为这2个系列的化合物指示:其古环境为干旱和咸化水体环境;有机质以藻类和浮游生物等低等水生生物来源为主,在沉积初期遭受强烈的生物降解作用;原始有机质与细菌降解的产物共存,成为生烃先质。  相似文献   

15.
The occurrence of a novel C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) mono-unsaturated hydrocarbon in Arctic marine sediments from the Fram Strait is described. The structure was determined following synthesis from a closely related diene and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The position of the double bond was confirmed by oxidation (RuO4) and comparison of the mass spectrum of the resulting C19 ketone with that of an authentic sample synthesised previously. The same C19 ketone was also present following oxidation of the Fram Strait sediment extracts. The source of the novel HBI monoene biomarker is not known, but is believed to be certain marine diatoms on the basis of structural similarities with other HBIs from such sources. It does not, however, appear to be biosynthesised by Arctic sea ice diatoms, unlike its regio isomer, IP25, an established proxy for Arctic sea ice. Alternatively, it may represent a diagenetic product of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25; this seems unlikely, however, on the basis of their respective structures. Since the new HBI monoene and IP25 possess similar gas chromatographic and mass spectral properties, but probably have contrasting sources, we suggest that future paleo sea ice reconstruction studies based on the occurrence of IP25 should pay further attention to the rigorous assignment of this biomarker in marine sediment extracts. Some suggestions for achieving this, based on analytical purification and mass spectrometric measurements, are provided.  相似文献   

16.
Concentration profiles of five C25 and C30 biogenic alkenes in a sediment core collected from the upper anoxic basin of the Pettaquamscutt River have been determined. The five alkenes were identified usin gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as three isomeric C25 dienes, a C25 triene and a bicyclic C30 diene. All five compounds exhibit subsurface concentration maxima, thought to result from either preservation of a past increase in alkene production or a current bacterial in situ production at depth. Similarities exist in the concentrations of two alkenes common to this core and a core from upper Narragansett Bay, despite significant differences in the origin and content of sedimentary organic matter (as inferred from organic carbon and δ 13C measurements) at each location. These observations support the proposed bacterial in situ synthesis of alkenes. Other alkenes, whose concentration in sediments had been previously correlated with the incidence of marine organic matter, were not detected in the upper basin sediments. Their absence is consistent with the range of organic carbon δ 13C values measured, which indicate that the component originating from marine sources is small. A comparison of organic carbon and δ 13C values in this core with those previously reported from a core collected in an adjoining basin indicate that the sedimentary regimes at the two sites differ despite their close proximity and similar hydrography.  相似文献   

17.
European settlement and drought have significantly impacted the hydrology of the Coorong, a shallow coastal lagoon complex in South Australia, which is part of a terminal wetland at the mouth of the River Murray. An increased salinity associated with lower water levels and progressive isolation from ocean flushes contributed to a severe decline in ecological diversity over the past decades. Here we have conducted a molecular and stable isotopic study of a sedimentary core from the northern Coorong Lagoon spanning more than 5000 years to investigate the recent palaeoenvironmental history of the ecosystem. Major alterations were evident in many biogeochemical parameters in sediments deposited after the 1950s coinciding with the beginning of intensified water regulations. The most prominent shift occurred in δ13C profiles of C21–C33 n-alkanes from average values of −23.5‰ to an average of −28.2‰. Further changes included decreases in carbon preference index (CPI) and average chain length (ACL) of the n-alkane series as well as significant increases in algal (e.g. C20 HBI, long chain alkenes and C29-alkadiene) and bacterial (e.g. 13C depleted short chain n-alkanes and hopanoids, δ13C: −35.9‰ to −30.1‰) derived hydrocarbons. Long chain n-alkanes with a strong odd/even predominance as observed here are typically attributed to terrigenous plants. In the Coorong however, terrigenous input to sedimentary OM is only minor. Therefore changes in the before mentioned parameters were attributed to a source transition from a major contribution of macrophytes towards predominantly microalgae and bacteria.δD values of C21–C33 n-alkanes showed a general trend towards more enriched values in younger sediments, indicating an overall rising salinity. However, the most pronounced positive shift in these profiles again occurred after the 1950s. Altogether this study demonstrates that the recent human induced changes of the Coorong hydrology, compounded by a severe drought led to an increase in salinity and alterations of primary production which have been much more significant than natural variations occurring throughout the Holocene over several thousands of years.  相似文献   

18.
The biomarker composition and stable isotope (C, O) ratio values of organic matter (OM) and carbonate from sediment cores from the oligotrophic Lake Brienz and the eutrophic Lake Lugano (both in Switzerland) are compared, in order to obtain information about OM sources and transformation processes. Eutrophic conditions at Lake Lugano are reflected in elevated total organic carbon (TOC) content and hydrogen index (HI) values, as well as higher lipid concentrations. Parallel down core trends in δ13C values of TOC and calcite in the Lake Lugano sediments reflect bioproductivity cycles. Variations in δ18O values of calcite are consistent with changes in mean summer temperature over the time interval covered by the core. In contrast, such a correlation does not exist for Lake Brienz and there the stable isotope composition of calcite reflects its allochthonous origin. In the sediments of both lakes, fatty acid (FA) distributions and the composition of n-alkanols and n-alkanes indicate highly variable proportions of autochthonous OM sources (algae, zooplankton, bacteria) and OM from land plants. Enhanced in situ microbial synthesis during sediment deposition in Lake Lugano is suggested by the higher TOC-normalised concentrations of branched chain FAs (C15–C17), hopanoic acids and triterpenoid alcohols (i.e. tetrahymanol, diplopterol). Variations in the concentrations of cholesterol are related to contributions from zooplankton and/or green algae, while sitosterol concentrations reflect the input of vascular plants. Periods of increased input of OM from diatoms are evidenced by high 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (either epibrassicasterol or brassicasterol) and/or highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes concentrations. High relative concentrations of diplopterol in Lake Lugano sediments are consistent with the predominance of cyanobacteria commonly observed in eutrophic lakes. The presence of archeol and hydroxyarcheol in very low concentrations in the Lugano sediments argues for the activity of methanogens and/or anaerobic methanotrophs.Differences in OM degradation processes are reflected in higher chlorin index values in the Brienz sediments but higher saturated vs. unsaturated n-FAs in the core from Lugano. Higher concentrations of branched chain FAs and 16:1ω7 n-FA, as well as enhanced 18:1ω7/18:1ω9 n-FA, are consistent with enhanced bacterial biomass in the Lugano water column or sediments. The preservation of phytol seems to be enhanced in sediments with a high relative contribution of land plant OM. Major factors affecting OM accumulation in the lakes are differences in OM sources (i.e. terrestrial OM vs. autochthonous production), extent of bacterial activity and most likely oxygen availability in the water column.  相似文献   

19.
The distributions of a series of structurally related C25 and C30 biogenic alkenes in sediments of the Narragansett Bay estuary have been determined. The suite of alkenes detected differs both quantitatively and qualitatively from those previously reported in other estuanne and coastal regions. Four C25 mono- and dienes and one C30 diene comprise 73–91% of the total alkenes in all surface (upper 2.5–5 cm) sediments analyzed. However, significant geographic variations exist in the relative abundance of these five compounds throughout the estuary. A comparison of alkene concentrations with δ13C of the bulk sedimentary organic matter has shown that the geographic variations of some alkenes reflect the distribution of marine organic matter, suggesting a marine source for these compounds. The distributions of other alkenes are not similarly correlated. In particular, concentrations of the C30 diene are relatively constant and exhibit no dependence on the origin of organic matter in these sediments. This distribution implies an in situ production of this alkene throughout the estuary. Analysis of several sediment cores reveals that alkene concentrations are generally highest at the surface and decrease to low, constant values within the upper 25 cm. An exception is the subsurface concentration of one C25 diene, which exhibits an increase at the same depth in two separate upper bay cores.  相似文献   

20.
Lein  A. Yu.  Rusanov  I. I.  Zakharova  E. E.  Flint  M. V.  Ivanov  M. V. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2010,432(1):687-689
Within the mass of recent (unit-I) and ancient Black Sea (unit-II) sediments on the outer shelf of the Russian sector of the Black Sea, the rates of anoxic processes participating in diagenetic transformations of carbon and sulfur compounds were first measured using 35S and 14C radioactive tracers. The main energy source for biogeochemical processes in (unit-I) sediments is the organic matter (OM) supplied to the bottom from the water mass. In (unit-II) sediments, this is methane in a migratory form proved by the excess of its oxidation rate over that of its generation. In recent silt, the primary microbial process is sulfate reduction; in unit-II, this is methane anoxic oxidation by the consortium of archeides and sulfate reductants. The organic matter produced in methane oxidation, in turn, acts as an energy source for the community of anaerobic heterotrophic microorganisms in the bottom sediments, which are remote from the water-sediment interface.  相似文献   

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