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1.
基于单相介质中地震波理论的高频面波法已广泛应用于求取浅地表S波的速度.然而水文地质条件表明,普遍的浅地表地球介质富含孔隙.孔隙中充填的流体会显著地影响面波在浅地表的传播,进而造成频散和衰减的变化.本文研究了地震勘探频段内针对含流体孔隙介质边界条件的面波的传播特性.孔隙流体在自由表面存在完全疏通、完全闭合以及部分疏通的情况.孔隙单一流体饱和时,任何流体边界条件下存在R1模式波,与弹性介质中的Rayleigh波类似,相速度稍小于S波并在地震记录中显示强振幅.由于介质的内在衰减,R1在均匀半空间中也存在频散,相速度和衰减在不同流体边界下存在差异.Biot固流耦合系数(孔隙流体黏滞度与骨架渗透率之比)控制频散的特征频率,高耦合系数会在地震勘探频带内明显消除这种差异.介质的迂曲度等其他物性参数对不同流体边界下的R1波的影响也有不同的敏感度.完全闭合和部分疏通流体边界下存在R2模式波,相速度略低于慢P波.在多数条件下,如慢P波在时频响应中难以观察到.但是在耦合系数较低时会显现,一定条件下甚至会以非物理波形式接收R1波的辐射,显示强振幅.浅表风化层低速带存在,震源激发时的运动会显著影响面波的传播.对于接收点径向运动会造成面波的Doppler频移,横向运动会造成面波的时频畸变.孔隙存在多相流体时,中观尺度下不均匀斑块饱和能很好地解释体波在地震频带内的衰减.快P波受到斑块饱和显著影响,R1波与快P波有更明显关联,与完全饱和模型中不同,也更易于等效模型建立.频散特征频率受孔隙空间不同流体成分比例变化的控制,为面波方法探测浅地表流体分布与迁移提供可能性.通常情况孔隙介质频散特征频率较高,标准线性黏弹性固体可以在相对低频的地震勘探频带内等效表征孔隙介质中R1波的传播特征,特别在时域,可在面波成像反演建模中应用. 相似文献
2.
The receiver function method was originally developed to analyse earthquake data recorded by multicomponent (3C) sensors and consists in deconvolving the horizontal component by the vertical component. The deconvolution process removes travel path effects from the source to the base of the target as well as the earthquake source signature. In addition, it provides the possibility of separating the emergent P and PS waves based on adaptive subtraction between recorded components if plane waves of constant ray parameters are considered. The resulting receiver function signal is the local PS wave's impulse response generated at impedance contrasts below the 3C receiver.We propose to adapt this technique to the wide‐angle multi‐component reflection acquisition geometry. We focus on the simplest case of land data reflection acquisition. Our adapted version of the receiver function approach consists in a multi‐step procedure that first removes the P wavefield recorded on the horizontal component and next removes the source signature. The separation step is performed in the τ?p domain while the source designature can be achieved in either the τ?p or the t?x domain. Our technique does not require any a priori knowledge of the subsurface. The resulting receiver function is a pure PS‐wave reflectivity response, which can be used for amplitude versus slowness or offset analysis. Stack of the receiver function leads to a high‐quality S wave image. 相似文献
3.
Nagendra Pratap Singh Mitsuru Utsugi Tsuneomi Kagiyama 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(12):2037-2058
In the present research, an attempt is made to derive the generalized expressions for the transient electromagnetic response of a large loop source over the surface of a homogeneous earth model for arbitrary receiver positions inside or outside the source loop. Expressions are derived for the impulse as well as step excitations of the source loop. As a cross check for validity of expressions, the step response expression is obtained from the impulse response expression and vice versa. Computations are performed for the TEM response over a homogeneous earth model for source-receiver offset (r = 0) pertinent to the central loop configuration and the results are compared with the published results for the central loop TEM responses. The results are in well coincidence with each other and thus provide the check for the authenticity of the expressions. To exemplify the nature of TEM response at various source receiver offsets, results are presented for the TEM response at source receiver offsets r = 0, r = a/2, r = a and r = 2a, 6a, 12a pertaining to the central loop, in-loop, on-loop and offset loop configurations, respectively. The results depict their characteristic variations. At receiver positions inside the loop source, both the impulse as well as step responses are of same sign, whereas at the receiver positions outside the loop source, both the curves exhibit a change of sign that shifts towards the later times with increase in the offset distances. The change of sign in impulse response occurs at a relatively later time than that in the step response. This is the initial presentation of TEM response expressions for the large loop source over a homogeneous earth model for arbitrary receiver position inside and/ or outside the loop source except for the case of receiver at the center of the loop and at the coincident loop point. This research would be of immense use in the development and use of the large loop TEM method in its various configurations and thus would enhance the applicability and cost effectiveness of the large loop source TEM method. 相似文献
4.
本文根据考虑大气热传导和黏滞的重力波复色散关系,采用传输函数的概念,基于重力波的线性理论,构建了用于研究对流层内重力波激发源与电离层响应之间的传输函数数值模式.在相空间中讨论了传输函数振幅的分布特性,并以地面单位脉冲源为例,分析了从地面到300 km高空的响应,得到了物理量的时空分布特征.结果表明：（1）对内重力波的传播而言,大气相当于一个滤波器,只有波动周期在15～30 min,水平波长在200～450 km之间的重力波扰动才最容易到达300 km电离层高度;（2）电离层的响应主要在与地面的激发源之间相隔较远的水平距离上发生;（3）黏滞和热传导系数在低层对上传重力波的影响较小,随着高度的增加它们对重力波的影响越来越大;（4）在低层计算的波动频率与Row理论的计算结果比较一致,然而到了高层却相差较大. 相似文献
5.
We propose a new method for removing sea-surface multiples from marine seismic reflection data in which, in essence, the reflection response of the earth, referred to a plane just above the sea-floor, is computed as the ratio of the plane-wave components of the upgoing wave and the downgoing wave. Using source measurements of the wavefield made during data acquisition, three problems associated with earlier work are solved: (i) the method accommodates source arrays, rather than point sources; (ii) the incident field is removed without simultaneously removing part of the scattered field; and (iii) the minimum-energy criterion to find a wavelet is eliminated. Pressure measurements are made in a horizontal plane in the water. The source can be a conventional array of airguns, but must have both in-line and cross-line symmetry, and its wavefield must be measured and be repeatable from shot to shot. The problem is formulated for multiple shots in a two-dimensional configuration for each receiver, and for multiple receivers in a two-dimensional configuration for each shot. The scattered field is obtained from the measurements by subtracting the incident field, known from measurements at the source. The scattered field response to a single incident plane wave at a single receiver is obtained by transforming the common-receiver gather to the frequency–wavenumber domain, and a single component of this response is obtained by Fourier transforming over all receiver coordinates. Each scattered field component is separated into an upgoing wave and a downgoing wave using the zero-pressure condition at the water-surface. The upgoing wave may then be expressed as a reflection coefficient multiplied by the incident downgoing wave plus a sum of scattered downgoing plane waves, each multiplied by the corresponding reflection coefficient. Keeping the upgoing scattered wave fixed, and using all possible incident plane waves for a given frequency, yields a set of linear simultaneous equations for the reflection coefficients which are solved for each plane wave and for each frequency. To create the shot records that would have been measured if the sea-surface had been absent, each reflection coefficient is multiplied by complex amplitude and phase factors, for source and receiver terms, before the five-dimensional Fourier transformation back to the space–time domain. 相似文献
6.
B. A. Hobbs 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(2-3):393-407
Six magnetic storms investigated byJady andMarshall (1984) are here analysed in the frequency domain to yield global response estimates in the range 0.09–0.75 cpd. These responses are presented as the potential ratioQ, depth of penetrationc and apparent resistivityp
a. The data are compared to, and included with, other global response estimates and the combined data used to derive model earth conductivity profiles by linear, nonlinear and Monte-Carlo inversion techniques. 相似文献
7.
利用逆重复M序列伪随机信号良好的自相关特性,提出相关检测地电传输特性的编码电磁勘探法.分析了编码电磁测深原理及参数提取方法.同时记录发送电流信号和多收发距电磁场响应,对源信号和场信号进行相关运算,解卷积分离接收系统响应后可得到大地的频率特性或时间特性,以此实现地电断面的精细探测.在时间域,大地冲激响应和阶跃响应含有丰富的地电信息.通过冲激响应的峰值时间或阶跃响应的晚期渐近值可估计地电阻率分布.基于层状模型的大地冲激响应和阶跃响应正演计算结果表明,编码电磁测深法对大埋深薄层目标体有精细的分辨能力.可应用于能源、矿产资源、水资源、环境地质及工程地质勘察,有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
8.
由于套管的厚度小于目前声波测井仪器工作频率下的波长,声波仪器工作时可在套管中激发Lamb波或SH模式波.目前评价水泥胶结质量的声波测井仪器主要是利用套管中的对称Lamb波(拉伸波,S0模式)或反对称Lamb波(泄漏弯曲波,A0模式)的相对幅度或衰减评价套管与水泥之间的胶结程度.Lamb波可看作是纵波和横波在套管边界的耦合形成的,在套管中还存在另一种非耦合的SH横波,偏振方向与套管轴向平行沿着周向传播.本文基于定向声源辐射技术,实现了对称Lamb波、反对称Lamb波的分波模拟技术,数值研究了套管后耦合不同声阻抗介质时,对称Lamb波、反对称Lamb波以及SH横波的测井响应,通过频散衰减曲线以及模式波的波形响应幅度的直观显示表明,由于套管中的SH波仅向固体水泥中辐射剪切波,这一传播特征与套管中的Lamb波相比可以极大提高套管-水泥界面胶结状况的测量灵敏度.Lamb波的固有缺陷是套管与两侧介质的较大声阻抗反差使得在井中测量套管后面水泥界面的灵敏度受到相当大的限制. 相似文献
9.
High-frequency (≥ 2 Hz) Multi-channel Analysis of Love Waves (MALW) provides a practical way to determine velocity of horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves for a layered earth model up to 30 m below the ground surface in many geological settings. The information used in the MALW method is phase of Love waves. Information on amplitude of Love waves is not utilized in the MALW method. In this paper we present a method that uses information on amplitude of high-frequency Love waves to estimate quality factors (Qs) of near-surface materials. Unlike Rayleigh waves, attenuation coefficients (amplitude) of Love waves are independent of quality factors for P waves and are function of quality factors of Love waves. In theory, a fewer parameters make the inversion of attenuation coefficients of Love waves more stable and reduce the degree of nonuniqueness. We discussed sensitivity of an inversion system based on a linear relationship between attenuation coefficients and dissipation factors (1/Qs). The sensitivity analysis suggested that damping and constraints to an inversion system are necessary to obtain a smooth and meaningful quality factor model when no other information is available. We used synthetic and real-world data to demonstrate feasibility of inversion of attenuation coefficients of high-frequency Love-wave data acquired with the MALW method for quality factors with a linear, damped and constrained system. 相似文献
10.
Summary An irregular wave group (here called pseudospherical), the existence of which is connected with the velocity boundary at which the velocity decreases discontinuously, is investigated. A schlieren modelling device was chosen for a model investigation of this wave since it permits the investigation of wave fields inside the measured models. The model consisted of two layers of transparent gels, the source lay in the layer of higher velocity. The measurements have shown that an irregular wave in the layer of lower velocity exists only in a certain region along the boundary; its wave front has a spherical form and its intensity decreases rapidly with increasing distance of the source from the boundary. The wave always comes only after the regular refracted wave which conforms with the ray theory. These properties correspond to the properties of a wave first described byOtt [1]3) andBrekhovskikh [2]. In the conclusion of the present paper the possibilities of recording pseudospherical waves in seismology are outlined. 相似文献
11.
本文针对随钻声波测井中钻铤波干扰地层声波测量的问题,设计了小尺寸随钻声波测井探头,在实验室内开展了多极源(单极源、偶极源和四极源)随钻声波测井实验研究.先在水池中对裸露的探头进行了随钻测量,记录到了沿钻铤传播的直达钻铤波,并获得了不同声源激发的钻铤波速度.之后在砂岩和有机玻璃模型中进行了随钻声波测井实验,观测到多极源随钻测井的全波波形,并通过与水池中实验结果的对比,分析了井中钻铤波的传播特性.特别地,在偶极随钻测井实验中不仅记录到了偶极一阶钻铤波,还观测到对弯曲波干扰较大的偶极二阶钻铤波,进而研究了不同声源频率下该波群的响应特性及其对弯曲波测量的影响.此外,基于单极源和偶极源随钻声波测井实验数据,本文发现:随着声源频率的增加,单极和偶极钻铤波的传播特性不同,但它们在测井全波中的相对幅度均降低,进而可从测井全波中较好地提取地层的声波速度.本文实验结果对随钻声波测井仪器设计及测井数据解释具有重要意义. 相似文献
12.
Most amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis and inversion techniques are based on the Zoeppritz equations for plane‐wave reflection coefficients or their approximations. Real seismic surveys use localized sources that produce spherical waves, rather than plane waves. In the far‐field, the AVO response for a spherical wave reflected from a plane interface can be well approximated by a plane‐wave response. However this approximation breaks down in the vicinity of the critical angle. Conventional AVO analysis ignores this problem and always utilizes the plane‐wave response. This approach is sufficiently accurate as long as the angles of incidence are much smaller than the critical angle. Such moderate angles are more than sufficient for the standard estimation of the AVO intercept and gradient. However, when independent estimation of the formation density is required, it may be important to use large incidence angles close to the critical angle, where spherical wave effects become important. For the amplitude of a spherical wave reflected from a plane fluid‐fluid interface, an analytical approximation is known, which provides a correction to the plane‐wave reflection coefficients for all angles. For the amplitude of a spherical wave reflected from a solid/solid interface, we propose a formula that combines this analytical approximation with the linearized plane‐wave AVO equation. The proposed approximation shows reasonable agreement with numerical simulations for a range of frequencies. Using this solution, we constructed a two‐layer three‐parameter least‐squares inversion algorithm. Application of this algorithm to synthetic data for a single plane interface shows an improvement compared to the use of plane‐wave reflection coefficients. 相似文献
13.
Analytical expressions for the borehole seismic signatures excited by an explosive source buried in an elastic half‐space 
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下载免费PDF全文 Andrei M. Ionov 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(Z1):161-174
Borehole guided waves that are excited by explosive sources outside of the borehole are important for interpreting borehole seismic surveys and for rock property inversion workflows. Borehole seismograms are typically modelled using numerical methods of wave propagation. In order to benchmark such numerical algorithms and partially to interpret the results of modelling, an analytical methodology is presented here to compute synthetic seismograms. The specific setup is a wavefield emanating from a monopole point source embedded within a homogeneous elastic medium that interacts with a fluid‐filled borehole and a free surface. The methodology assumes that the wavelength of the seismic signal is much larger than the borehole radius. In this paper, it is supposed that there is no poroelastic coupling between the formation and the borehole. The total wavefield solution consists of P, PP, and PS body waves; the surface Rayleigh wave; and the low‐frequency guided Stoneley wave (often referred as the tube wave) within the borehole. In its turn, the tube wave consists of the partial responses generated by the incident P‐wave and the reflected PP and PS body waves at the borehole mouth and by the Rayleigh wave, as well as the Stoneley wave eigenmode. The Mach tube wave, which is a conic tube wave, additionally appears in the Mach cone in a slow formation with the tube‐wave velocity greater than the shear one. The conditions of appearance of the Mach wave in a slow formation are formulated. It is shown that the amplitude of the Mach tube wave strongly depends on Poisson's ratio of the slow surrounding formation. The amplitude of the Mach tube wave exponentially decreases when the source depth grows for weakly compressible elastic media with Poisson's ratio close to 0.5 (i.e., saturated clays and saturated clay soils). Asymptotic expressions are also provided to compute the wavefield amplitudes for different combinations of source depth and source‐well offset. These expressions allow an approximate solution of the wavefield to be computed much faster (within several seconds) than directly computing the implicit integrals arising from the analytical formulation. 相似文献
14.
Transient response of three dimensional dipping layers of different shapes subjected to incident P, SV, SH and Rayleigh waves is investigated. The time domain response is constructed from steady state solutions through the Fourier synthesis. An indirect boundary integral equation method is applied to calculate the required steady state solutions. The material of the half-space and the layer is assumed to be linear, weakly inelastic, homogeneous and isotropic. Numerical results show that the maximum amplification of motion is strongly dependent upon the type of incident wave, the shape of the basin and signal frequency. The change in the shape of the valley from hemispherical to semi-prolate causes a significant increase in the amplitude of surface waves near the edges; however, the maximum amplification of motion near the centre of the valley decreases. This phenomenon is especially apparent for the case of an incident P wave. In comparison to the corresponding two dimensional responses, the amplitude of motion near the centre of the valley is in general higher for three dimensional models. 相似文献
15.
The influence of errors in the source wavelet on inversion‐based surface‐related multiple attenuation 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 We investigate the influence of source wavelet errors on inversion‐based, surface‐related multiple attenuation, in order to address how the inverted primary impulse response, estimated primaries, and predicted multiples are affected by the estimated wavelet. In theory, errors in estimated wavelet can lead to errors in the upgoing waves. Because of smoothness and the band‐limitedness characteristics of the estimated wavelet, errors in the upgoing waves are usually not white and random. Theoretical analysis and two synthetic examples demonstrate that (i) when the overall amplitude scalar of the estimated wavelet is underestimated, the inversion of the primary impulse response suffers from instability, which will distort the estimation of primaries, and (ii) when the wavelet is overestimated, the estimated primaries will simply mimic the recorded upgoing waves. Nevertheless, the quality of the estimated primaries in the region above the first‐order, water‐bottom multiples is independent of the estimated wavelet. Synthetic results illustrate that inversion‐based, surface‐related multiple attenuation with a known wavelet is stable, since slight inaccuracy in amplitude spectrum and/or phase spectrum of the given wavelet or the corresponding upgoing waves will not lead to considerable deviation in the waveforms of the inverted results from those of the references. Furthermore, shot‐to‐shot wavelet variations, with maximum amplitude difference of 5% and maximum phase difference of 10°, create just slight artefacts in both the inverted primary impulse response and the estimated primaries. Moreover, the sensitivity test of estimation of primaries by sparse inversion method involving wavelet estimation shows that this method can stably and alternately update the wavelet and the primary impulse response; however, different choices of the initial wavelet can lead to different final inverted results. 相似文献
16.
Numerical modelling ofSH wave seismograms in media whose material properties are prescribed by a random distribution of many perfectly elastic cavities and by intrinsic absorption of seismic energy (anelasticity) demonstrates that the main characteristics of the coda waves, namely amplitude decay and duration, are well described by singly scattered waves in anelastic media rather than by multiply scattered waves in either elastic or anelastic media. We use the Boundary Integral scheme developed byBenites
et al. (1992) to compute the complete wave field and measure the values of the direct waveQ and coda wavesQ in a wide range of frequencies, determining the spatial decay of the direct wave log-amplitude relation and the temporal decay of the coda envelope, respectively. The effects of both intrinsic absorption and pure scattering on the overall attenuation can be quantified separately by computing theQ values for corresponding models with (anelastic) and without (elastic) absorption. For the models considered in this study, the values of codaQ
–1 in anelastic media are in good agreement with the sum of the corresponding scatteringQ
–1 and intrinsicQ
–1 values, as established by the single-scattering model ofAki andChouet (1975). Also, for the same random model with intrinsic absorption it appears that the singly scattered waves propagate without significant loss of energy as compared with the multiply scattered waves, which are strongly affected by absorption, suggesting its dominant role in the attenuation of coda waves. 相似文献
17.
根据成层介质中面波的传播理论,考虑到介质的吸收、地球介质与763地震仪所组成的线性滤波器对面波振幅和周期的影响,并假定面波最大振幅对应于Airy相,则可从理论上导出测定面波震级的量规函数为: 763（△）=3.9+0.16（△/TP）+1/3 Ig△+1/2 lg（sin△）+IgTP （1p为Airy相对应的周期。该量规函数在震中距△=20——160范围内,与IASPEI所推荐的量规函数相一致,与实际观测资料在2——178范围內都拟合得很好。 763（△）推广了IASPEI推荐的量规函数使用的震中距和周期范围,这点对我国特别重要,因为发生在中国而又被中国台网记到的地震,震中距大部分在1——20范围内。 用我国763长周期地震仪台网所观测到的垂直向面波最大振幅、周期资料,测定了103个地震的面波震级MS,763,其台网震级误差为0.14,比SK仪台网的（0.20）要小。与NEIS使用世界标准台网测定的真MSZ相比较,发现MS,763与MSZ之间,在统计上无系统差,即△MS=MS,763——MSZ的均值接近于零,而△MS的标准误差为0.21级。 相似文献
18.
We present a new method for the extraction and removal of the source wavelet from the reflection seismogram. In contrast to all other methods currently in use, this one does not demand that there be any mathematically convenient relationship between the phase spectrum of the source wavelet and the phase spectrum of the earth impulse response. Instead, it requires a fundamental change in the field technique such that two different seismograms are now generated from each source-receiver pair: the source and receiver locations stay the same, but the source used to generate one seismogram is a scaled version of the source used to generate the other. A scaling law provides the relationship between the two source signatures and permits the earth impulse response to be extracted from the seismograms without any of the usual assumptions about phase. We derive the scaling law for point sources in an homogeneous isotropic medium. Next, we describe a method for the solution of the set of three simultaneous equations and test it rigorously using a variety of synthetic data and two types of synthetic source waveform: damped sine waves and non-minimum-phase air gun waveforms. Finally we demonstrate that this method is stable in the presence of noise. 相似文献
19.
Abstract The generation of stationary Rossby waves by sources of potential vorticity in a westerly flow is examined here in the context of a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic, β-plane model. The response in each layer consists of a combination of a barotropic Rossby wave disturbance that extends far downstream of the source, and a baroclinic disturbance which is evanescent or wave-like in character, depending on the shear and degree of stratification. Contributions from each of these modes in each layer are strongly dependent on the basic flows in each layer; the degree of stratification; and the depths of the two layers. The lower layer response is dominated by an evanescent baroclinic mode when the upper layer westerlies are much larger than those in the lower layer. In this case, weak stationary Rossby waves of large wavelengths are confined to the upper layer and the disturbance in the lower layer is confined to the source region. Increasing the upper layer flow (with the lower layer flow fixed) increases the Rossby wavelength and decreases the amplitude. Decreasing the lower layer flow (with the upper layer flow fixed) decreases the wavelength and increases the amplitude. Stratification increases the contribution from the barotropic wave-like mode and causes the response to be confined to the lower layer. The finite amplitude response to westerly flow over two sources of potential vorticity is also considered. In this case stationary Rossby waves induced by both sources interact to reinforce or diminish the downstream wave pattern depending on the separation distance of the sources relative to the Rossby wavelength. For fixed separation distance, enhancement of the downstreatm Rossby waves will only occur for a narrow range of flow variables and stratification. 相似文献
20.
除介质各向异性之外,地球内部介质的横向非均匀性也是控制面波速度变化的重要因素.本文基于振型耦合和多重散射的地震波传播理论,数值模拟并分析了在具有均匀介质背景的三维异常体——上地幔横向非均匀介质中传播时,地震面波的振幅与偏振等动力学响应参数;其中分别模拟了不同周期入射、不同角度入射和不同尺度非均匀介质模型等多种情形下面波波场,并对横向非均匀性诱导的面波偏振异常进行了分析.结果表明,相对于长周期面波而言,短周期面波的振幅和偏振方向受横向非均匀性的影响更大,特别是偏振方向对地球结构的非均匀性更为敏感;切向分量存在横向非均性引起的Rayleigh与Love面波耦合现象;异常体边界处表现出强的面波波场响应. 相似文献