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1.
The internal wave-field of a Y-shaped lake (Lake Como, North Italy) was investigated over a 3-year long period applying wavelet time–frequency analysis to temperature and wind data time series, recorded at the edge of each of the three arms. The comparison with the results from a modal model allowed to identify the presence of both first and second vertical modes of oscillations. The field data analysis underlined a heterogeneous baroclinic response with the eastern arm decoupled from the remaining part of the lake constituted by the northern and western arms (north–south west transect). This disjoined response is expected to enhance the water exchange between the northern and the western arm, with relevant consequences on the inter-basins water exchanges and on the distribution of chemical and biological species. In the north–south west transect the analysis of the low power signals in winter underlined a residual internal wave activity ascribed to the first vertical free mode of oscillation (V1H1). 相似文献
2.
The response of a closed basin to wind forcing has been studied extensively, but the role of turbulence anisotropy coupled with spatial wind inhomogeneity has never been considered explicitly. An analytical solution is presented for steady state hydrodynamics, considering the central part of a constant-depth, elongated basin with a laterally varying wind, and a homogeneous, yet anisotropic, eddy viscosity tensor. The solution is derived both for a single-layer and for a two-layer basin, which is representative of a stratified lake with a well-developed thermocline. Since the focus is on the short-term barotropic reaction to wind forcing, which determines the type of lake circulation, baroclinic effects are neglected as a first approximation. In this case, the development of planimetric (depth-averaged) circulation superimposed on circulation in the vertical plane can be determined as a function of wind lateral variation and a few dimensionless parameters. The relevance of such an analytical solution is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of the prevailing circulation can help in the choice of the best type of numerical model (three-dimensional vs. two-dimensional, depth- or lateral-averaged). Secondly, it shows the importance of correct estimates of both vertical and horizontal eddy viscosity, whereas the latter is not usually considered as an important parameter in lake hydrodynamics modeling. 相似文献
3.
A modal analysis procedure based on an FE–BE method in the time domain is first formulated and then applied to a dam–foundation system. In the application, horizontal and vertical impulsive responses are calculated for the system having six different impedance ratios. Modal characteristics such as natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes are evaluated from the Fourier spectra of the responses. The proposed procedure allows analysis of not only the underdamped but also the overdamped modes. According to the analysis, the radiation damping pertinent to the vertical vibration is half of that pertinent to the horizontal vibration and the interaction effect on the modes is not negligibly small when the impedance ratio exceeds 0·3. 相似文献
4.
Atsushi Kubokawa 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(2):119-137
Although the study of topographic effects on the Rossby waves in a stratified ocean has a long history, the wave property over a periodic bottom topography whose lateral scale is comparable to the wavelength is still not clear. The present paper treats this problem in a two-layer ocean with one-dimensional periodic bottom topography by a simple numerical method, in which no restriction on the wavelength and/or the horizontal scale of the topography is required. The dispersion diagram is obtained for a wavenumber range of [?π/L b , π/L b ], where L b is the periodic length of the topography. When the topographic?β?is not negligible compared to the planetary β, the Rossby wave solutions around the wavenumbers which satisfy the resonant condition among the waves and topography disappear and separate into an infinite number of discrete modes. For convenience, each mode is numbered in order of frequency. As topographic height is increased, the high frequency barotropic Rossby wave (mode 1) becomes a topographic mode which can exist even on the f plane, and the highfrequency baroclinic mode (mode 2) becomes a surface intensified mode. Behaviors of low frequency modes are somewhat complicated. When the topographic amplitude is small, the low frequency baroclinic modes tend to be bottom trapped and the low frequency barotropic modes tend to be surface intensified. As topographic amplitude further increases, the relation between the mode number and vertical structure changes. This change can be attributed to the increase of the frequency of the topographic mode with the topographic amplitude. 相似文献
5.
应用边界层理论研究了多层电流片中m≥2的双撕裂模的耦合发展行为．在一阶近似下,解析求得了环位形中撕裂模的外区匹配参数Δ,所得结论对撕裂模的线性和非线性发展均有意义．结果表明,两有理面模之间的耦合总是使双撕裂模更不稳定．耦合的强度不仅与两有理面之间的距离和平衡状态有关,而且与模在两有理面发展的相对强弱有关．两有理面相距愈远,耦合相对愈弱;发展强的有理面处的模对另一有理面处的模影响更大．本文用所得结论对双撕裂模的初始非统性发展行为进行了分析．多层电流片中撕裂模不稳定性引起的自发重朕,可能对太阳耀斑、日冕加热、太阳风和磁层耦合等有重要影响． 相似文献
6.
Energy distributions of the large-scale horizontal currents caused by wind in the baroclinic ocean 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
ZHOU Lei TIAN Jiwei & WANG Dongxiao . Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Qingdao China . Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Environmental Dynamics South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(12):2267-2275
Wind is the main energy source for the generation of the internal waves and the ocean mixing. Wunsch[1] estimated that about 1 TW (1 TW = 1012 W) energy was transported into the ocean from the winds by us-ing the altimeter data. Watanabe et al.[2] numerically calculated that the mixing processes obtained 0.7 TW energy from the global wind, which afforded most of the energy needed by the maintenance of the Merid-ional Overturning Circulation (MOC). During the past 50 years, in the Norther… 相似文献
7.
目前大量景观类湖泊在人工布局下呈现形状不规整的特点,容易造成湖湾水体滞留形成死水区,水质恶化问题日益突出,本文以星湖为研究区域,建立基于环境流体生态动力学(EFDC)模型的星湖水动力—风场耦合模型,以水龄作为衡量水体交换速率的指标,设计12种工况模拟计算不同出入湖通道布局及流量配比、"引江济星"工程和风场对星湖水龄时空分布的影响.结果表明:星湖水龄存在季节性和空间性分布差异,春季主导风向与湖体流动主方向互斥,抑制了波海湖水体交换,导致水龄在春季较长,而秋季南西南季风促进中心湖等水体交换,致使水龄偏短,也反映出风向的影响存在湖区空间异质性,风向为南东南时星湖整体水龄最小;入湖口通道布局及流量配比对湖区水体交换速率存在影响,以外坑为波海湖入湖口且波海湖、中心湖、仙女湖入流比为4∶3∶3时,星湖整体水龄最小,拟建的青莲湖出水口和仙女湖出水口能有效加快青莲湖东北部和仙女湖东南部的水体交换速率;综合考虑调水引流效益、经济投资、生态开发和占地的成本,方案二为最优调水引流方案.本研究强调入湖口布局、流量大小和比例、及风场等因素对城市内湖水体置换的影响,为人为干扰下的景观湖泊的治理和管控提供科学支撑. 相似文献
8.
Lake Vostok, isolated from direct exchange with the atmosphere by about 4 km of ice for millions of years, provides a unique
environment. This inaccessibility raises the importance of numerical models to investigate the physical conditions within
the lake. Using a three-dimensional numerical model and the best available geometry, we test different parameter settings
to define a standard model configuration suitable for studying flow in this subglacial lake. From our model runs we find a
baroclinic circulation within the lake that splits into three different parts: Along a topographic ridge in the northern part
of Lake Vostok, bottom water masses are transported eastward, diverging away from the ridge. In the lake’s surface layer,
the flow in these two vertical overturning cells has opposite directions. In the southern part of the lake, where freezing
occurs across about 3,500 km2, two opposing gyres split the water column vertically. The general flow is stronger in the southern basin with horizontal
velocities in the order of 1 mm/s. The strongest upwelling, found in the eastern part of this basin, is about 25 μm/s. We estimate the lower limit of the overturning timescale to be about 2.5 years vertically and 8.6 years horizontally.
The basal mass loss of ice from the ice sheet floating on the lake is 5.6 mm/year (equivalent to a fresh water flux of 2.78 m3/s, or a basal ice loss of 0.09 km3/year). This imbalance indicates either a constant growth of the lake or its continuous (or periodical) discharge into a subglacial
drainage system. 相似文献
9.
The scattering of first mode linear baroclinic Rossby waves by a top-hat ridge in a continuously stratified ocean, with Brunt-Väisälä frequency that decays exponentially with depth below a surface mixed layer, is the subject of this study. A numerical mode matching technique is used to calculate the transmission coefficients for the propagating modes over the ridge. It is found that the scattered field depends crucially upon the stratification. For example, when the majority of the density variation is confined to a thin thermocline, corresponding to a small e-folding scale, gamma ?1, for the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, a large amount of the incident wave energy is reflected by a small amplitude ridge. Appreciable energy conversion between the propagating barotropic and baroclinic modes takes place in this case. An asymptotic analysis for a small amplitude ridge is presented that confirms these numerical results. In the limit gamma ?1→ 0, it is demonstrated that the scattered field in the continuously stratified ocean model differs markedly from the two-layer solution. The latter does not exhibit appreciable reflection of the incident wave energy for a small amplitude ridge. In conclusion, the application of a two-layer ocean model to describe Rossby wave scattering by ridges in place of a continuously stratified model cannot be recommended. 相似文献
10.
“引江济淮”工程对安徽菜子湖水龄分布的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
菜子湖是"引江济淮"工程的重要输水通道,其水体输运和物质交换将因输水工程发生改变.本文基于环境流体水动力学模型（EFDC）建立了菜子湖水龄模型,在将模型与实测水文数据验证满足精度的前提下,设计14种方案计算菜子湖在季风影响下的水龄,工程实施期间菜子湖在丰、平、枯季的水龄与流场,以及枯水季调水情景下同风速8种风向和强风向3种风速时的水龄.数值试验的模拟结果表明：菜子湖湖体水龄分布具有时空差异性,无风条件下,春、夏、秋、冬季的湖体的平均水龄分别为120.93、33.19、92.92、101.48 d,而在季风影响下,春、夏、秋、冬季平均水龄分别为75.23、32.45、81.80、66.16 d;西部L2湖水龄较长,东部L1湖和南部L3湖水龄较短;输水工程将改变L1和L3湖的流场,对L2湖流场几乎无影响;输水工程实施后,菜子湖水龄分布主要受风场及输水影响,不同风向对菜子湖各湖区影响不同,西南风有助于L1湖水体交换,北风有助于L2湖水体交换,东风有助于L3湖水体交换,而当风向为东北风时,3个湖区水龄均较小;枯水季调水有利于L1湖和L3湖水体交换,但对L2湖水体交换作用不明显. 相似文献
11.
《Advances in water resources》2003,26(3):277-294
Two subgrid-scale modeling techniques––Smagorinsky’s postulation for the horizontal eddy viscosity and the Mellor–Yamada level-2 model for the vertical eddy viscosity––are applied as turbulence closure conditions to numerical simulations of resolved-scale baroclinic lake circulations. The use of the total variation diminishing (TVD) technique in the numerical treatment of the advection terms in the governing equations depresses numerical diffusion to an acceptably low level and makes stable numerical performances possible with small eddy viscosities resulting from the turbulence closure parameterizations. The results show that, with regard to the effect of an external wind stress, the vertical turbulent mixing is mainly restricted to the topmost epilimnion with the order of magnitude for the vertical eddy viscosity of 10−3 m2 s−1, whilst the horizontal turbulent mixing may reach a somewhat deeper zone with an order of magnitude for the horizontal eddy viscosity of 0.1–1 m2 s−1. Their spatial and temporal variations and influences on numerical results are significant. A comparison with prescribed constant eddy viscosities clearly shows the importance of subgrid-scale closures on resolved-scale flows in the lake circulation simulation. A predetermination of the eddy viscosities is inappropriate and should be abandoned. Their values must be determined by suitable subgrid-scale closure techniques. 相似文献
12.
Charles A. Lin 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(4):227-259
Abstract A high vertical resolution model is used to examine the instability of a baroclinic zonal flow and a finite amplitude topographically forced wave. Two families of unstable modes are found, consisting of zonally propagating most unstable modes, and stationary unstable modes. The former have time scale and spatial structure similar to baroclinic synoptic disturbances, but are localized in space due to interaction with the zonally asymmetric forcing. These modes transport heat efficiently in both the zonal and meridional directions. The second family of stationary unstable modes has characteristics of modes of low frequency variability of the atmosphere. They have time scales of 10 days and longer, and are of planetary scale with an equivalent barotropic vertical structure. The horizontal structure resembles blocking flows. They are maintained by available potential energy of the basic wave, and have large zonal heat fluxes. The results for both families of modes are interpreted in terms of an interaction between forcing and baroclinic instability to create favoured regions for eddy development. Applications to baroclinic planetary waves are also considered. 相似文献
13.
For super high-rise buildings,the vibration period of the basic mode is several seconds,and it is very close to the period of the fluctuating wind.The damping of super high-rise buildings is low,so super high-rise buildings are very sensitive to fluctuating wind.The wind load is one of the key loads in the design of super high-rise buildings.It is known that only the basic mode is needed in the wind-response analysis of tall buildings.However,for super high-rise buildings,especially for the acceleration response,because of the frequency amplification of the high modes,the high modes and the mode coupling may need to be considered.Three typical super high-rise projects with the SMPSS in wind tunnel tests and the random vibration theory method were used to analyze the effect of high modes on the wind-induced response.The conclusions can be drawn as follows.First,for the displacement response,the basic mode is dominant,and the high modes can be neglected.Second,for the acceleration response,the high modes and the mode coupling should be considered.Lastly,the strain energy of modes can only give the vibration energy distribution of the high-rise building,and it cannot describe the local wind-induced vibration of high-rise buildings,especially for the top acceleration response. 相似文献
14.
Integrated observations were made on the South China Sea shelf at 19°37’ N, 112°04’ E, under strong wind and heavy raining weather conditions in August 2005. Current data were obtained using a moored 150-kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate were measured with TurboMapII, and temperature was recorded by thermistor chains. Both the mixed layer thickness and the corresponding mean dissipation rate increased after the strong wind bursts. Average surface mixed layer thickness was 13.4 m pre-wind and 22.4 m post-wind, and the average turbulent dissipation rate in the mixed layer pre-wind and post-wind were 4.26 × 10?7 and 1.09 × 10?6 Wkg?1, respectively. The post-wind dissipation rate was 2.5 times larger than the pre-wind dissipation rate in the interior layer and four times larger in the intermediate water column. Spectra and vertical mode analysis revealed that near-inertial motion post-wind, especially with high modes, was strengthened and propagated downward toward the intermediate layer. The downward group velocity of near-inertial current was about 8.1 × 10?5 ms?1 during the strong wind bursts. The mean percentage of wind work transmitted into the intermediate layer is about 4.2 %. The ratio of post-wind high-mode energy to total horizontal kinetic energy increased below the surface mixed layer, which would have caused instabilities and result in turbulent mixing. Based on these data, we discuss a previous parameterization that relates dissipation rate, stratification, and shear variance calculated from baroclinic currents with high modes (higher than mode 1) which concentrate a large fraction of energy. 相似文献
15.
In this study, a three‐dimensional (3D) non‐hydrostatic circulation model was applied to study the thermal structure, its evolution and water circulation of Yachiyo Lake in Hiroshima, Japan. The simulations were conducted for 1 month during July 2006. The meteorological forcing variables such as wind stress, surface atmospheric pressure and heat flux transfer through the lake surface were provided by an atmospheric mesoscale model run. The vertical mixing process of the lake was calculated using the Mellor‐Yamada turbulence model. The 1‐month numerical simulation revealed the wind‐induced currents of the lake, two gyres in the mid‐layer, and depth‐averaged monthly mean currents. Further numerical experiments studying the mechanism of the two gyres in the lake showed the important role of topography in gyre formation. The thermal structure of the lake and its evolution both in space and in time as predicted by the model showed very good agreement with the observed values and characteristics of Yachiyo Lake. The internal gravity waves, which are crucial for mixing in the stratified lake, are depicted by the vertical fluctuation of isotherms. Using the non‐dimensional gradient Richardson number, Yachiyo Lake was determined to be stable under strong stratification during the study period, and therefore very sensitive to wind stress. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Ambient accelerations due to dynamic excitation by wind and traffic were measured on the deck, towers, cables and hangers of the Fatih suspension bridge. From these measurements it was possible to obtain natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios for vertical, lateral, torsional and associated modes in the deck and tower up to a maximum of 2 Hz. The objective of the test was to validate the mathematical modelling used in seismic analyses of the bridge. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical modes was acceptable for vertical modes below 1 Hz, and for torsional modes, but it was difficult to identify the lateral modes due to low levels of response. The dynamic behaviour of this bridge and two other major European suspension bridges is discussed in relation to the differences in loading and structural design. 相似文献
17.
湖泊藻华问题已成为全球水生态环境领域面临的长期挑战,风力条件变化和引调水工程的水力调度能改变湖体水动力结构,对藻类的生长和聚集过程产生影响,进行该过程的精细化监测和机制分析对于湖泊藻华预报预警和应急处置具有重要意义。本研究基于Hiamwari-8/AHI卫星遥感高频监测数据,对比分析了归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)和浮游藻类指数(FAI) 3种不同指数对太湖藻华的反演效果,开展了典型风力条件下和水力调度下太湖藻华生消过程的持续监测分析。结果表明,FAI对藻华区域和非藻华区域的区分更加明显,其阈值提取的藻华面积与基于MODIS图像解译的藻华面积的相对误差最低,为-2.27%。当营养盐充足且水温持续保持在蓝藻大量生长增殖的阈值以上时,风力条件是导致太湖藻类迁移聚集的关键因子,风向主要影响藻类的水平迁移,使其进行方向性迁移并逐渐形成大面积藻华区域。风速主要影响藻类的垂向迁移并存在临界阈值,当风速低于约2.5 m/s的临界风速时,藻华面积随风速增加而增加;当风速高于临界风速时,藻华面积随风速增加而降低。水力调度对距离较近的贡湖湾区域具有显著影响,主要通过水动力扰动来影响... 相似文献
18.
采用原位观测平台,研究分析了太湖竺山湾风速、湖流流速、波高以及藻类水平漂移特征及其影响因素,结果表明日间藻类水平漂移速率呈锯齿式交替特征,日内藻类水平漂移速率变化幅度大;藻类水平漂移速率与风速之间呈显著线性正相关;当0.02 m < 有效波高 < 0.1 m时,藻类水平漂移速率与有效波高呈显著线性负相关,当有效波高 > 0.1 m时,波浪会显著改变藻类运动方式,破坏藻类表层聚集形态;湖流对藻类水平漂移速率无显著性影响;藻类水平漂移方向受湖流流向和风向的共同作用;藻类水平漂移速率与风速、波高、湖流流速间关系可用多元线性方程表达,且拟合度良好,可为藻类水华预测模型构建提供依据. 相似文献
19.
Fei Dong Chenxi Mi Michael Hupfer Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt Wenqi Peng Xiaobo Liu Karsten Rinke 《水文研究》2020,34(5):1131-1143
Vertical turbulent diffusivity (Kz), which can be estimated from water temperature, is a key factor in the evolution of water quality in lentic waters. In this study, we analysed the capability of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (EFDC) to capture water temperature and vertical diffusivity in Lake Arendsee in the Northern German plain. Of particular interest to us is to evaluate the model performance for capturing the diffusion minimum within the metalimnion and analyse the response of the metalimnetic Kz to meteorological forcing, namely changing wind speed and warming. The comparison confirmed that the calibrated model could reproduce both stratification dynamics and vertical diffusion profiles in the lake. The model was also shown to be able to capture the duration and vertical extent of the metalimnetic diffusion minimum. The scenario results illustrate that, compared to air temperature, wind velocity appeared to be the more influential meteorological variable on the vertical exchange within the metalimnion. While increasing wind velocities mostly affected the minimum values of Kz in the metalimnion and thus led to intensified vertical exchange, the reduction of wind velocity mostly affected the depth of minimal Kz, but not its absolute value. 相似文献
20.
The paper presents and analyzes, from the point of view of smooth dynamic systems theory, a two-layer baroclinic model of
the troposphere in geostrophic approximation. The model describes airflow in β-channel within the tropospheric part of the
main Hadley circulation cell. It enables to obtain, after application of the Galerkin method, a fairly simple low-parametric
dynamic system describing the phenomena of non-linear interactions, bifurcations and blocking in the atmosphere. This enables
to take into consideration such basic factors influencing the atmospheric dynamics like the heat exchange within the surface,
orography, vertical variability of zonal wind and hydrostatic stability.
Impact of zonal thermal variability of the surface and vertical shear of zonal wind in the troposphere on the orographic bifurcation
was investigated and the oscillation character in the dynamic system after Hopf bifurcation of the second kind was analyzed.
Additionally, the model dynamics was investigated in conditions including momentum forcing in the upper and lower parts of
the troposphere and excluding orographic interaction, as well as in the conditions of thermal interaction between the troposphere
and the surface for the vertical shear of zonal wind in both tropospheric layers. Impact of the mean zonal wind in the troposphere
on the properties of model dynamics was assessed.
It was proved that zonally varied surface temperature and layered mean zonal wind in the atmosphere are the parameters that
have basic influence on the model dynamics. They cause numerous bifurcations and strongly influence the periods of oscillations
of the model variables. They are often Hopf bifurcations of the second kind during which tropospheric states fairly distant
from the ones before the bifurcations are generated. This significantly influences the model predictability. 相似文献