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1.
北京“7.21”特大暴雨高分辨率模式分析场及预报分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2012年7月21-22日,61年以来最强降水袭击北京,北京大部分地区出现大暴雨,局部特大暴雨,过程雨量大、雨势强、范围广,造成了严重影响。此次强降水配置较为典型,业务预报提前指示出了此次过程,但预报结果存在强度偏弱,峰值偏晚等偏差。在对此次大暴雨进行综合分析的基础上,利用中国自动气象站与NOAA气候预测中心卫星反演降水资料CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique)产品融合的逐时降水量网格数据资料作为观测,着重对北京市气象局新的快速更新循环同化和预报系统(BJ-RUC v2.0)的3 km高分辨率模式分析场和预报场进行了检验与分析,以期通过对中尺度模式预报性能的了解,为暴雨可预报性问题提供进一步的参考。研究结果表明,此次特大暴雨过程水汽条件极佳,降水区域较为集中,呈现西南一东北走向的中尺度雨带特征。利用常规检验评分对预报降水的时间序列进行检验发现,预报降水在时间上滞后,降水强度偏弱,存在偏西南的位置误差,并且未能反映降水系统的线状特征。进一步利用检验连续降水区域定量降水预报的CRA(contiguous rain area)方法,对预报误差进行分解表明,整体降水(5 mm/h)的主要误差来自于位置和形状误差;而在暴雨(20 mm/h)的预报中,降水强度的偏差占误差的主要部分。最后结合对预报场大尺度环流和物理量的诊断(水汽条件和不稳定条件),分析探讨了此次极端暴雨预报不佳的原因。 相似文献
2.
The heaviest rainfall over 61 yr hit Beijing during 21-22 July 2012.Characterized by great rainfall amount and intensity,wide range,and high impact,this record-breaking heavy rainfall caused dozens of deaths and extensive damage.Despite favorable synoptic conditions,operational forecasts underestimated the precipitation amount and were late at predicting the rainfall start time.To gain a better understanding of the performance of mesoscale models,verification of high-resolution forecasts and analyses from the WRFbased BJ-RUCv2.0 model with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km is carried out.The results show that water vapor is very rich and a quasi-linear precipitation system produces a rather concentrated rain area.Moreover,model forecasts are first verified statistically using equitable threat score and BIAS score.The BJ-RUCv2.0forecasts under-predict the rainfall with southwestward displacement error and time delay of the extreme precipitation.Further quantitative analysis based on the contiguous rain area method indicates that major errors for total precipitation( 5 mm h~(-1)) are due to inaccurate precipitation location and pattern,while forecast errors for heavy rainfall( 20 mm h~(-1)) mainly come from precipitation intensity.Finally,the possible causes for the poor model performance are discussed through diagnosing large-scale circulation and physical parameters(water vapor flux and instability conditions) of the BJ-RUCv2.0 model output. 相似文献
3.
Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over Beijing During 21-22 July 2012 Based on High Resolution Model Analyses and Forecasts 
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下载免费PDF全文 JIANG Xiaoman YUAN Huiling XUE Ming CHEN Xi TAN Xiaoguang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(2):199-212
The heaviest rainfall over 61 yr hit Beijing during 21-22 July 2012.Characterized by great rainfall amount and intensity,wide range,and high impact,this record-breaking heavy rainfall caused dozens of deaths and extensive damage.Despite favorable synoptic conditions,operational forecasts underestimated the precipitation amount and were late at predicting the rainfall start time.To gain a better understanding of the performance of mesoscale models,verification of high-resolution forecasts and analyses from the WRFbased BJ-RUCv2.0 model with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km is carried out.The results show that water vapor is very rich and a quasi-linear precipitation system produces a rather concentrated rain area.Moreover,model forecasts are first verified statistically using equitable threat score and BIAS score.The BJ-RUCv2.0forecasts under-predict the rainfall with southwestward displacement error and time delay of the extreme precipitation.Further quantitative analysis based on the contiguous rain area method indicates that major errors for total precipitation（〉 5 mm h~（-1）） are due to inaccurate precipitation location and pattern,while forecast errors for heavy rainfall（〉 20 mm h~（-1）） mainly come from precipitation intensity.Finally,the possible causes for the poor model performance are discussed through diagnosing large-scale circulation and physical parameters（water vapor flux and instability conditions） of the BJ-RUCv2.0 model output. 相似文献
4.
利用2016年6—8月华北—东北地区的地基全球卫星导航系统的天顶总延迟（GNSS-ZTD）观测资料、东北区域中尺度数值预报系统,以2016年6—8月的13 d强降水为例,开展基于Desroziers等（2005） 理论的Des方法和传统方法进行观测误差确定的天顶总延迟资料同化对比试验研究,探讨Des方法相对于传统观测误差确定方法对天顶总延迟资料同化预报效果的影响,并以未做天顶总延迟资料同化的试验为对照试验,考察天顶总延迟资料在数值模式中的同化应用效果。结果表明:（1）Des方法得到的天顶总延迟观测误差诊断值较为合理,诊断值站点间差别较大,说明逐站进行观测误差诊断的必要性;（2）天顶总延迟资料同化使强降水的强度、落区预报性能得到提高,使温、湿、风等要素的预报与观测接近,Des方案同化分析、预报效果优于传统方案;（3）对2016年7月25日华北—东北强降水过程进行了同化预报分析,整体而言,天顶总延迟资料同化有效增强了对流层中低层初始湿度场,修正了积分初期水凝物含量与位置,进而改善了降水预报效果,修正了对照试验对辽宁东部地区强降水的明显漏报,且通过降水的反馈作用改进了温度与风场预报效果。基于Des方法逐站诊断观测误差相比传统方法得到的观测误差更为合理,因此能够提高天顶总延迟资料的同化预报效果,同化天顶总延迟资料能够提高降水及温、湿、风等气象要素的预报水平。 相似文献
5.
2016年6月30日至7月4日出现了当年入汛以来最强降雨过程,然而数值预报却出现了明显误差。为此,本文首先对比和分析了当今预报性能最优越的欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting,简称ECMWF）和美国环境预报中心/全球预报系统（National Centers for Environmental Prediction / Global Forecast System,简称NCEP）的确定性和集合预报差异及误差原因。结果显示,针对雨带位置,NCEP模式预报较为准确,ECMWF模式存在明显的偏北误差。基于集合预报的进一步分析表明,前者预报偏差小,源于误差在逐日变化中呈现偏北、偏南交替出现所致。而后者偏北误差却呈稳定维持的特征。接着,将集合预报成员划分为了准确组和偏差组,通过二者合成分析揭示出,当雨带位置的预报偏北时,对应降雨较强,反之亦然。最后,讨论了500 hPa层西风槽与雨带位置之间的联系。结果表明,当西风槽强度预报偏强时,雨带位置偏北、降雨强度偏强。ECMWF模式的西风槽持续偏强,因而雨带位置稳定偏北。NCEP模式的西风槽偏强、偏弱交替出现,导致了雨带位置的偏北、偏南误差。研究结果对在实际业务中开展误差订正具有很好的参考意义,也有助于提高梅汛期预报准确率。 相似文献
6.
Analysis of the surface temperature and wind forecast errors of the NCAR-AirDat operational CONUS 4-km WRF forecasting system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrzej A. Wyszogrodzki Yubao Liu Neil Jacobs Peter Childs Yongxin Zhang Gregory Roux Thomas T. Warner 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,122(3-4):125-143
Investigating the characteristics of model-forecast errors using various statistical and object-oriented methods is necessary for providing useful guidance to end-users and model developers as well. To this end, the random and systematic errors (i.e., biases) of the 2-m temperature and 10-m wind predictions of the NCAR-AirDat weather research and forecasting (WRF)-based real-time four-dimensional data assimilation (RTFDDA) and forecasting system are analyzed. This system has been running operationally over a contiguous United States (CONUS) domain at a 4-km grid spacing with four forecast cycles daily from June 2009 to September 2010. In the result an exceptionally useful forecast dataset was generated and used for studying the error properties of the model forecasts, in terms of both a longer time period and a broader coverage of geographic regions than previously studied. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the errors are investigated based on the 24-h forecasts between June 2009 and April 2010, and the 72-h forecasts between May and September 2010. It was found that the biases of both wind and temperature forecasts vary greatly seasonally and diurnally, with dependency on the forecast length, station elevation, geographical location, and meteorological conditions. The temperature showed systematic cold biases during the daytime at all station elevations and warm biases during the nighttime above 1,000 m above sea level (ASL), while below 600 m ASL cold biases occurred during the nighttime. The forecasts of surface wind speed exhibited strong positive biases during the nighttime, while the negative biases were observed in the spring and summer afternoons. The surface wind speed was mostly over-predicted except for the stations located between 1,000 and 2,100 m ASL, for which negative biases were identified for most forecast cycles. The highest wind-speed errors were found over the high terrain and near sea-level stations. The wind-direction errors were relatively large at the high-terrain elevation in the Rocky and Appalachian mountain ranges and the western coastal areas and the error structure exhibited notable diurnal variability. 相似文献
7.
Weather manifests in spatiotemporally coherent structures. Weather forecasts hence are affected by both positional and structural or amplitude errors. This has been long recognized by practicing forecasters(cf., e.g.,Tropical Cyclone track and intensity errors). Despite the emergence in recent decades of various objective methods for the diagnosis of positional forecast errors, most routine verification or statistical post-processing methods implicitly assume that forecasts have no positional error.The Forecast Error Decomposition(FED) method proposed in this study uses the Field Alignment technique which aligns a gridded forecast with its verifying analysis field. The total error is then partitioned into three orthogonal components:(a) large scale positional,(b) large scale structural, and(c) small scale error variance.The use of FED is demonstrated over a month-long MSLP data set. As expected, positional errors are often characterized by dipole patterns related to the displacement of features, while structural errors appear with single extrema, indicative of magnitude problems. The most important result of this study is that over the test period, more than 50% of the total mean sea level pressure forecast error variance is associated with large scale positional error. The importance of positional error in forecasts of other variables and over different time periods remain to be explored. 相似文献
8.
Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Evaluations Using an Alternative Verification Technique 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study, six intensity forecast guidance techniques from the East China Regional Meteorological Center are verified for the 2008 and 2009 typhoon seasons through an alternative forecast verification technique. This technique is used to verify intensity forecasts if those forecasts call for a typhoon to dissipate or if the real typhoon dissipates. Using a contingency table, skill scores, chance, and probabilities are computed. It is shown that the skill of the six tropical cyclone intensity guidance techniques was highest for the 12-h forecasts, while the lowest skill of all the six models did not occur in 72-h forecasting. For both the 2008 and 2009 seasons, the average probabilities of the forecast intensity having a small error (6 m s-1) tended to decrease steadily. Some of the intensity forecasts had small skill scores, but the associated probabilities of the forecast intensity errors > 15 m s-1 were not the highest. 相似文献
9.
对2001年4~12月5种信息源广州市区的天气预报进行预报质量检验，预报时效为24、48、72 h；检验要素针对降水、温度。对降水预报进行一般晴雨、暴雨业务评分和Ts评分；对温度预报进行方差、分级等统计检验。对预报员和模式预报产品的预报质量进行对比分析，结果表明对于一般性晴雨天气预报，热带所中尺度模式的预报质量普遍较好，并且具有良好的稳定性，预报员的24 h预报质量与模式的预报质量相当，48~72 h预报总体而言，模式预报明显优于其它预报方法；各种方法对暴雨的预报能力偏低；Ts评分表明模式对有、无降水的预报能力较强；对于温度预报，总体上，预报员的预报准确率最好，热带所中尺度模式的温度预报存在系统误差，预报普遍比实况偏低；对于降水和温度，各种预报方法质量均随预报时效的增长而下降，且最高温度的预报误差总比最低温度的预报误差大。 相似文献
10.
数值模式的热带气旋强度预报订正及其集成应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提供热带气旋强度预报产品的业务数值天气预报模式有很多,并已表现出一定的预报技巧,为提高对模式热带气旋强度预报产品的定量应用能力,分析2010—2012年7个业务数值模式的西北太平洋热带气旋强度预报,发现预报误差不仅受到模式热带气旋初始强度误差的显著影响,还与热带气旋及其所处环境的初始状况有密切关系,包括热带气旋初始强度、尺度、移速、环境气压、环境风切变、热带气旋发展潜势等。根据这些因子与各模式热带气旋强度预报误差之间的相关性,采用逐步回归方法建立热带气旋强度预报误差的统计预估模型,并通过逐个热带气旋滚动式建模来进行独立样本检验。检验结果表明,基于误差预估的模式订正预报比模式直接输出的热带气旋强度预报有显著改进,在此基础上建立的热带气旋强度多模式集成预报方案相对气候持续性预报方法在12 h有28%的正技巧,在24—72 h则稳定在15%—20%,具有业务参考价值。 相似文献
11.
Hyeong-Bin Cheong In-Hyuk Kwon Hyun-Gyu Kang Ja-Rin Park Hyun-Jun Han Jae-Jin Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(3):293-303
A new Tropical Cyclone (TC) initialization method with the structure adjustable bogus vortex was applied to the forecasts of track, central pressure, and wind intensity for the 417 TCs observed in the Western North Pacific during the 3-year period of 2005–2007. In the simulations the Final Analyses (FNL) with 1° × 1° resolution of National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were incorporated as initial conditions. The present method was shown to produce improved forecasts over those without the TC initialization and those made by Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo. The average track (central pressure, wind intensity) errors were as small as 78.0 km (11.4 hPa, 4.9 m s?1) and 139.9 km (12.4 hPa, 5.5 m s?1) for 24-h and 48-h forecasts, respectively. It was found that the forecast errors are almost independent on the size and intensity of the observed TCs because the size and intensity of the bogus vortex can be adjusted to fit the best track data. The results of this study indicate that a bogus method is useful in predicting simultaneously the track, central pressure, and intensity with accuracy using a dynamical forecast model. 相似文献
12.
致洪暴雨落区预报系统是利用差动定量输送法对动力和热力物理量进行贡献计算 ,得出暴雨落区短期 2 4h预报 ,同时应用动力螺旋轴法、低空急流轴与暴雨云团配合法及雷达回波跟踪法制作 12h、6h、3h的短时、超短时、临近暴雨落区预报 ,逐级向下订正 ,最终制作出致洪暴雨落区预报图。该预报系统在 2 0 0 2和 2 0 0 3年晋城市暴雨落区预报中应用效果良好。 相似文献
13.
基于TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅、美国国家环境预报中心及英国气象局1～7 d日降水量预报以及中国自动站观测资料与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水量网格数据集,利用频率匹配法(Frequency-Matching Method,FMM)对中国降水预报进行客观订正。首先利用卡尔曼滤波方法对降水频率进行调整,并根据不同区域降水强度差异将全国分为7个子区域分别进行频率匹配。结果表明,FMM可以有效减小降水量预报的误差。经过频率匹配法订正后各模式降水预报的平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)大幅减小,且订正后各量级降水的雨区面积更加接近实际观测值。FMM对小于5 mm和大于15 mm的降水预报技巧改进明显。此外,FMM降低了模式预报的小雨空报率和大雨漏报率,并且明显提高了晴雨预报的准确率。FMM明显消除了大范围小雨空报区域,但是对强降水预报FMM仅能调整降水量大小,强降水落区预报并不能得到明显改善。 相似文献
14.
Lili LEI Yangjinxi GE Zhe-Min TAN Yi ZHANG Kekuan CHU Xin QIU Qifeng QIAN 《大气科学进展》2022,39(11):1816-1832
An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) combined with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is cycled and evaluated for western North Pacific (WNP) typhoons of year 2016. Conventional in situ data, radiance observations, and tropical cyclone (TC) minimum sea level pressure (SLP) are assimilated every 6 h using an 80-member ensemble. For all TC categories, the 6-h ensemble priors from the WRF/EnKF system have an appropriate amount of variance for TC tracks but have insufficient variance for TC intensity. The 6-h ensemble priors from the WRF/EnKF system tend to overestimate the intensity for weak storms but underestimate the intensity for strong storms. The 5-d deterministic forecasts launched from the ensemble mean analyses of WRF/EnKF are compared to the NCEP and ECMWF operational control forecasts. Results show that the WRF/EnKF forecasts generally have larger track errors than the NCEP and ECMWF forecasts for all TC categories because the regional simulation cannot represent the large-scale environment better than the global simulation. The WRF/EnKF forecasts produce smaller intensity errors and biases than the NCEP and ECMWF forecasts for typhoons, but the opposite is true for tropical storms and severe tropical storms. The 5-d ensemble forecasts from the WRF/EnKF system for seven typhoon cases show appropriate variance for TC track and intensity with short forecast lead times but have insufficient spread with long forecast lead times. The WRF/EnKF system provides better ensemble forecasts and higher predictability for TC intensity than the NCEP and ECMWF ensemble forecasts. 相似文献
15.
利用辽宁省291个国家气象观测站的降水资料,对2019年夏季（6-9月）8种模式降水预报及中央气象台格点降水预报进行了检验评估和比较,并采用消空方法进行晴雨预报技术研究。结果表明：2019年,EC模式具有最优的暴雨预报性能,而日本模式暴雨TS评分最高;中尺度模式对于局地性暴雨和短时强降水具有较好的预报潜力,性能较好的是GRAPES_MESO模式和睿图东北3 km模式;全球模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏低30%,3 h强降水则偏低60%,中尺度模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏高30%,3 h强降水则偏低20%。由于对小量级降水存在较多空报,各模式原始预报的晴雨预报大多呈现空报偏多的情况;使用小量级降水剔除的消空策略能够明显提高晴雨准确率,消空之后EC模式具有最优的晴雨预报性能。分别使用24 h和3 h累计降水量优化消空策略,发现分别取1.0 mm和0.8 mm的阈值进行消空可以使24 h晴雨准确率提高15.58%,3 h晴雨准确率提高10%-30%。 相似文献
16.
《Atmospheric Research》2010,95(4):736-742
The aim of this work is to evaluate the quality, in terms of location errors, of multi-model poor man's ensemble (PME) forecasts against the single model ones over the Calabria region. Several strategies were adopted to combine precipitation forecasts by three limited area models (LAMs), namely the mean, the median, and a probabilistic matching approach. The Contiguous Rain Area (CRA) analysis was the method selected to detect and quantify the location errors of the forecast precipitation patterns with respect to the corresponding rain gauge-based analyses. Two best-fit criteria, the minimization of mean squared error and the maximization of correlation coefficient, were chosen for matching forecast and observed features. The ability to forecast correctly the precipitation patterns was then quantified by means of a summary measure, the CRA mean shift (CMS). It condenses the outcomes of the twenty-month CRA analyses with a unique value. A bootstrap procedure was applied to test the statistical significance of differences among CMS indices of LAMs and PMEs. Despite the ensemble forecasts display a general improvement, which results in a lower CMS index, with respect to the single LAMs, such improvement was not statistically significant for most ensembles. When the best-fit criterion is the maximization of correlation coefficient, no ensemble was statistically significant better than single models. Instead when the minimization of mean squared error was chosen as best-fit criterion, two out of four PMEs were significantly better than at least a LAM. 相似文献
17.
利用2014—2015年5—10月地面观测降水资料和同时段的西南区域模式降水预报资料,基于概率匹配方法,采取分区及点对点匹配两种方案对2016年6—8月降水集中时段逐12h累积降水进行订正试验。结果表明:(1)订正后的模式预报相比订正前而言,平均(绝对)误差有所减小,降水落区的范围和平均强度与实况更加接近;(2)量级偏差越大,运用该方法的订正效果越好,夜间降水订正效果优于白天;(3)分区统计方案对模式系统性偏差的订正效果优于点对点方案,合理的区域划分增加统计样本量可以提高订正效果。 相似文献
18.
This paper investigates the possible sources of errors associated with tropical cyclone (TC) tracks forecasted using the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES). The GRAPES forecasts were made for 16 landfalling TCs in the western North Pacific basin during the 2008 and 2009 seasons, with a forecast length of 72 hours, and using the default initial conditions (“initials”, hereafter), which are from the NCEP-FNL dataset, as well as ECMWF initials. The forecasts are compared with ECMWF forecasts. The results show that in most TCs, the GRAPES forecasts are improved when using the ECMWF initials compared with the default initials. Compared with the ECMWF initials, the default initials produce lower intensity TCs and a lower intensity subtropical high, but a higher intensity South Asia high and monsoon trough, as well as a higher temperature but lower specific humidity at the TC center. Replacement of the geopotential height and wind fields with the ECMWF initials in and around the TC center at the initial time was found to be the most efficient way to improve the forecasts. In addition, TCs that showed the greatest improvement in forecast accuracy usually had the largest initial uncertainties in TC intensity and were usually in the intensifying phase. The results demonstrate the importance of the initial intensity for TC track forecasts made using GRAPES, and indicate the model is better in describing the intensifying phase than the decaying phase of TCs. Finally, the limit of the improvement indicates that the model error associated with GRAPES forecasts may be the main cause of poor forecasts of landfalling TCs. Thus, further examinations of the model errors are required. 相似文献
19.
应用国家气象中心的T213L31模式对2006—2009年热带气旋路径数值预报的结果从平均距离误差、距离误差分布、模式系统性偏差、平均全移速误差、模式对背景场的预报偏差进行全面检验分析表明:对于不同走向的热带气旋 (简称TC) 路径预报而言,预报误差最小的是西行路径TC,预报误差最大的是东北行路径TC。按照TC强度进行分类统计发现,TC强度强比强度弱的路径预报平均距离误差小。T213对所有样本的平均预报而言,存在西北偏西向的系统性偏差,不同类型路径TC存在不同的系统性偏差。通过计算平均全移速可以看出,对于西北行、西行、北上类型路径在整个预报时效中移速偏差较小,而对于所有转向类路径移速偏差较大,即偏慢较明显。对T213模式预报2009年TC路径误差较大的个例 (0904,0906,0907号热带气旋) 检验模式对背景场的预报偏差,个例分析表明:模式对中高纬度西风槽预报偏强、对TC环境风场垂直切变预报偏大、对两个相近的TC预报更容易发生藤原效应,这些因素是导致TC路径偏差的主要原因。 相似文献
20.
Assimilating Best Track Minimum Sea Level Pressure Data Together with Doppler Radar Data Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Hurricane Ike (2008) at a Cloud-Resolving Resolution 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Extending an earlier study, the best track minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) data are assimilated for landfalling Hurricane Ike (2008) using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), in addition to data from two coastal ground-based Doppler radars, at a 4-km grid spacing. Treated as a sea level pressure observation, the MSLP assimilation by the EnKF enhances the hurricane warm core structure and results in a stronger and deeper analyzed vortex than that in the GFS (Global Forecast System) analysis; it also improves the subsequent 18-h hurricane intensity and track forecasts. With a 2-h total assimilation window length, the assimilation of MSLP data interpolated to 10-min intervals results in more balanced analyses with smaller subsequent forecast error growth and better intensity and track forecasts than when the data are assimilated every 60 minutes. Radar data are always assimilated at 10-min intervals. For both intensity and track forecasts, assimilating MSLP only outperforms assimilating radar reflectivity (Z) only. For intensity forecast, assimilating MSLP at 10-min intervals outperforms radar radial wind (Vr) data (assimilated at 10-min intervals), but assimilating MSLP at 60-min intervals fails to beat Vr data. For track forecast, MSLP assimilation has a slightly (noticeably) larger positive impact than Vr(Z) data. When Vr or Z is combined with MSLP, both intensity and track forecasts are improved more than the assimilation of individual observation type. When the total assimilation window length is reduced to 1h or less, the assimilation of MSLP alone even at 10-min intervals produces poorer 18-h intensity forecasts than assimilating Vr only, indicating that many assimilation cycles are needed to establish balanced analyses when MSLP data alone are assimilated; this is due to the very limited pieces of information that MSLP data provide. 相似文献