共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
Every year, and in many countries worldwide, wildfires cause significant damage and economic losses due to both the direct
effects of the fires and the subsequent accelerated runoff, erosion, and debris flow. Wildfires can have profound effects
on the hydrologic response of watersheds by changing the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, which leads
to decreased rainfall infiltration, significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil. Debris-flow
activity is among the most destructive consequences of these changes, often causing extensive damage to human infrastructure.
Data from the Mediterranean area and Western United States of America help identify the primary processes that result in debris
flows in recently burned areas. Two primary processes for the initiation of fire-related debris flows have been so far identified:
(1) runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow; and (2) infiltration-triggered failure and mobilization of a discrete
landslide mass. The first process is frequently documented immediately post-fire and leads to the generation of debris flows
through progressive bulking of storm runoff with sediment eroded from the hillslopes and channels. As sediment is incorporated
into water, runoff can convert to debris flow. The conversion to debris flow may be observed at a position within a drainage
network that appears to be controlled by threshold values of upslope contributing area and its gradient. At these locations,
sufficient eroded material has been incorporated, relative to the volume of contributing surface runoff, to generate debris
flows. Debris flows have also been generated from burned basins in response to increased runoff by water cascading over a
steep, bedrock cliff, and incorporating material from readily erodible colluvium or channel bed. Post-fire debris flows have
also been generated by infiltration-triggered landslide failures which then mobilize into debris flows. However, only 12%
of documented cases exhibited this process. When they do occur, the landslide failures range in thickness from a few tens
of centimeters to more than 6 m, and generally involve the soil and colluvium-mantled hillslopes. Surficial landslide failures
in burned areas most frequently occur in response to prolonged periods of storm rainfall, or prolonged rainfall in combination
with rapid snowmelt or rain-on-snow events. 相似文献
2.
Guruh Samodra Danang Sri Hadmoko Ghalih Nur Wicaksono Indriya Parahita Adi Maulana Yudinugroho Sandy Budi Wibowo Hatma Suryatmojo Taufik Hery Purwanto Barandi Sapta Widartono Franck Lavigne 《Landslides》2018,15(5):985-993
The Clapar landslide induced debris flow consisted of the Clapar landslide occurred on 24 March 2017 and the Clapar debris flow occurred on 29 March 2017. The first investigation of the Clapar landslide induced debris flow was carried out two months after the disaster. It was followed by UAV mapping, extensive interviews, newspaper compilation, visual observation and field measurements, and video analysis in order to understand chronology and triggering mechanism of the landslide induced debris flow in Clapar. The 24 March 2016 landslide occurred after 5 hours of consecutive rainfall (11,2 mm) and was affected by combination of fishponds leak and infiltration of antecedent rain. After five days of the Clapar landslide, landslide partially mobilized to form debris flow where the head scarp of debris flow was located at the foot of the 24 March 2016 landslide. The Clapar debris flow occurred when there was no rainfall. It was not generated by rainstorm or the surface erosion of the river bed, but rather by water infiltration through the crack formed on the toe of the 24 March 2016 landslide. Supply of water to the marine clay deposit might have increased pore water pressure and mobilized the soil layer above. The amount of water accumulated in the temporary pond at the main body of the 24 March 2016 landslide might have also triggered the Clapar debris flow. The area of Clapar landslide still shows the possibility of further retrogression of the landslide body which may induce another debris flow. Understanding precursory factors triggering landslides and debris flows in Banjarnegara based on data from monitoring systems and laboratory experiments is essential to minimize the risk of future landslide. 相似文献
3.
Numerical simulations of flow motion and deposition characteristics of granular debris flows 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Flow motion and deposition characteristics of debris flows are of concern regarding land use planning and management. A simple
model for the prediction of mentioned characteristics has been developed, incorporating a friction–collision rheological model.
It demonstrated to be able to satisfactorily simulate the two-dimensional behavior of laboratory results and the one-dimensional
behavior of two real debris-flow events. The numerical results show that the topography of the channel bed, the yield stress
level of the debris flows, and the inflow pattern have significant influence on the simulated flow motion and deposition characteristics
of debris flows. In addition, the predicted run-out distance has been compared with analytical solutions and field observations.
The model could be employed for the preliminary evaluation of one-dimensional run-out distance of granular debris flows provided
that the volume of the debris involved in the initial mobilization is assumed. 相似文献
4.
物源条件对震后泥石流发展影响的初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
强震过后一定时期内,泥石流的活跃性增强,即数量增多、规模增大、频率增加。而随着松散物质储量的减少,泥石流的活跃性会随之衰减。为了具体考察物源条件对震后泥石流活动的影响,使用震后泥石流逐年平均输沙量作为刻画泥石流活跃性的指标,在云南蒋家沟和西藏古乡沟泥石流数据的基础上,定量地分析了震后泥石流活跃性的变化过程。分析表明存在降雨控制型和物源控制型两种泥石流流域。前者的泥石流在震后很长一段时间内都不衰减,其发生主要取决于降雨条件。后者最大规模的泥石流发生于地震过后的短时间内,尔后泥石流活动随时间显著减弱。泥石流规模和频率的关系与暴雨不一致。当物源控制型流域的无量纲化活跃性指标值降为0.12左右时,可以认为泥石流进入了稳定或者衰弱期,不会再有大规模的泥石流事件发生。数据拟合结果表明,整个泥石流活跃性的衰减过程可以用幂函数来描述。其衰减指数与剩余物质储量和总物质储量之比存在密切的关系。这为定量预测震后泥石流发展趋势提供了一个初步的模型。 相似文献
5.
该滑坡泥石流特征为,流域面积小,流程短,规模小,以坡面型为主,多由滑坡崩塌转化而来,发生频率低,突发性强,危害大。文章揭示在植被覆盖的花岗岩地区,持续强降雨引发群发性浅层土质滑坡,在斜坡微凹处或小沟谷,易转化成泥石流,形成灾害链。对该类型滑坡泥石流特征及成因进行分析,为福建省乃至全国同类型滑坡-泥石流的防治提供经验。 相似文献
6.
Chen Chien-Yuan Chen Tien-Chien Yu Fan-Chieh Yu Wen-Hui Tseng Chun-Chieh 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(5):715-724
A rainfall-induced debris flow warning is implemented employing real-time rain gauge data. The pre-warning for the time of landslide triggering derives the threshold or critical rainfall from historical events involving regional rainfall patterns and geological conditions. In cases of debris flow, the time taken cumulative runoff, to yield abundant water for debris triggering, is an important index that needs monitoring. In gathered historical cases, rainfall time history data from the nearest rain gauge stations to debris-flow sites connected to debris flow are used to define relationships between the rainfall intensity and duration. The effects by which the regional rainfall patterns (antecedent rainfall, duration, intensity, cumulative rainfall) and geological settings combine together to trigger a debris-flow are analyzed for real-time monitoring. The analyses focused on 61 historical hazard events with the timing of debris flow initiation and rainfall duration to burst debris-flow characteristics recorded. A combination of averaged rainfall intensity and duration is a more practical index for debris-flow monitoring than critical or threshold rainfall intensity. Because, the outburst timing of debris flows correlates closely to the peak hourly rainfall and the forecasting of peak hourly rainfall reached in a meteorological event could be a valuable index for real-time debris-flow warning. 相似文献
7.
Badri Bhakta Shrestha Hajime Nakagawa Kenji Kawaike Yasuyuki Baba Hao Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):577-602
Experience shows that debris flows containing large woody debris (driftwood) can be more damaging than debris flows without
driftwood. In this study, the deposition process of debris flows carrying driftwood was investigated using numerical simulations
and flume experiments. Debris-flow trapping due to driftwood jamming in a slit-check dam was also investigated. A numerical
model was developed with an interacting combination of Eulerian expression of the debris flow and Lagrangian expression of
the driftwood, in which the fluctuating coordinates and rotation of the driftwood were treated stochastically. The calculated
shapes and thicknesses of a debris-flow fan and the positions and orientations of the deposited driftwood on a debris-flow
fan were consistent with experimental flume results. The jamming of driftwood in a slit-check dam was evaluated based on geometry
and probability. The simulated results of outflow discharge and the proportion of driftwood passed through the slit-check
dam also agreed with the experimental results. 相似文献
8.
ABSTRACT It is important to understand the exact process whereby very large amounts of sediment are transported. This paper reports peculiar conglomerate beds reflecting the transition of submarine debris flows into hyperconcentrated flows, something that has been well documented only in subaerial debris-flow events until now. Voluminous debris flows generated along a Cretaceous submarine channel, southern Chile, transformed immediately into multiphase flows. Their deposits overlie fluted or grooved surfaces and comprise a lower division of clast-supported and imbricated pebble–cobble conglomerate with basal inverse grading and an upper division of clast- to matrix-supported, disorganized conglomerate with abundant intraformational clasts. The conglomerate beds suggest temporal succession of turbidity current, gravelly hyperconcentrated flow, and mud-rich debris flow phases. The multiphase flows resulted from progressive dilution of gravelly but cohesive debris flows that could hydroplane, in contrast to the flow transitions in subaerial environments, which involve mostly non-cohesive debris flows. This finding has significant implications for the definition, classification, and hazard assessment of submarine mass-movement processes and characterization of submarine reservoir rocks. 相似文献
9.
传统的观点认为山区泥石流灾害的形成主要取决于降水,其产汇流运动的过程是可采用水文过程模拟的物理过程。基于目前泥石流灾害集中分布于地震带和干旱河谷的现象以及现有的泥石流形成与防治研究基础,我们发现在人类居住与活动的山区,其坡度和降水极易满足泥石流灾害的形成条件,因此物源控制着泥石流灾害的孕育、形成和演化,主宰了灾害性泥石流的过程。物源的动态变化改变了泥石流发育的难易程度,主导了泥石流的规模和频率变化。泥石流物源在内外动力作用下经历松散化或密实化两个不同的演化过程,不同密度的土体通过剪缩或剪胀形成不同规模、频率与性质的泥石流。此外物源也控制了泥石流的规模放大过程。实践证明基于物源控制理论的区域预测、分级多指标预警和工程调控技术是科学有效的。因此,灾害性泥石流是一个地质作用主导的地质过程,该过程的特征描述需要更多地考虑基于地质环境条件的经验模型,且高效能的灾害预测预警与调控需要基于物源控制的机理和过程而进行。 相似文献
10.
烧房沟滑坡型泥石流工程治理及效果分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
国内对泥石流治理措施谷坊坝、格栅坝的作用和效果研究较多,而对滑坡型泥石流的综合治理措施和效果研究较少。2010.8.14强降雨过程导致汶川震区映秀镇烧房沟滑坡型泥石流暴发,通过分析其运动过程和现状沟道特征,结合滑坡堵点和沟道深切的特点,治理工程采用防堵防切综合工程结构形式:上游谷防群+中游抗滑桩、挡土板和肋板护脚护底+下游3座格栅坝+渡槽明洞跨越G213,并分析各分项工程作用:减弱龙头动能+控制LS01堵点、保护鞋尖+拦粗放细、顺畅排导。最后利用2010.8.14与2013.7.10的历史降雨量和固体参与量对比、工程治理前后动储量对比和各分项工程治理前后的沟道特点对比,验证了烧房沟滑坡型泥石流综合治理工程的效果良好。为今后震区滑坡型泥石流工程防治提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Rapid debris flows are among the most destructive natural hazards in steep mountainous terrains. Prediction of their path and impact hinges on knowledge of initiation location and the size and constitution of the released mass. To better link mass release initiation with debris flow paths and runout lengths, we propose to capitalize on a newly developed model for rainfall-induced landslide initiation (“Catchment-scale Hydro-mechanical Landslide Triggering” CHLT model, von Ruette et al. 2013) and couple it with simple estimates of debris flow runout distances and pathways. Landslide locations and volumes provided by the CHLT model are used as inputs to simulate debris flow runout distances with two empirical- and two physically-based models. The debris flow runout models were calibrated using two landslide inventories in the Swiss Alps obtained following a large rainfall event in 2005. We first fitted and tested the models for the “Prättigau” inventory, where detailed information on runout path was available, and then applied the models to landslides inventoried from a different catchment (“Napf”). The predicted debris flow runout distances (emanating from CHLT simulated landslide positions) were well in the range of observed values for the physically-based approaches. The empirical approaches tend to overestimate runout distances relative to observations. These preliminary results demonstrate the added value of linking shallow landslide triggering models with predictions of debris flow runout pathways for a range of soil states and triggering events, thus providing a more complete hazard assessment picture for debris flow exposure at the catchment scale. 相似文献
12.
帕隆藏布江特大型泥石流的成灾模式及防治对策——以扎木镇-古乡段为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章通过对雅鲁藏布江的Ⅰ级支流—帕隆藏布江扎木镇-古乡段辫状水系地貌的研究,认为其与两岸支谷发育的泥石流群有关。通过对位于该河段下游的古乡沟和上游的地质弄巴泥石流特征的重点剖析,发现了特大型泥石流发育的2个重要特征,即支谷上游冰蚀围谷中赋存大量巨厚古今冰碛物和支谷中游峡谷段大型崩塌滑坡坝溃决。提出了特大型泥石流的成灾模式,并以该成灾模式解释了2000年易贡巨型滑坡堵江事件。最后,提出了基于上述成灾模式的帕隆藏布江流域特大型泥石流灾害防治的原则和方法。 相似文献
13.
寺儿沟流域位于甘肃省兰州市西固区, 历史上曾发生过大规模泥石流, 造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。文章基于野外调查和遥感解译, 结合已有文献成果和室内测试, 研究寺儿沟泥石流物源特征及影响因素, 采用FLO-2D软件模拟分析泥石流的危险性。研究结果表明: 寺儿沟以黏性泥石流为主, 表现为低频活动, 目前处于衰退期; 寺儿沟流域内物源丰富, 可分为坡面型物源、崩滑型物源、沟道型物源和人为型物源共4种, 其中崩滑型、沟道型物源控制了泥石流的暴发规模; 而一次性冲出量的大小主要取决于泥石流起动时崩滑体的发育程度, 崩滑体越发育, 一次性冲出量越大, 泥石流规模越大; 在临界降雨条件下, 寺儿沟将会暴发泥石流, 中—高危险区集中于流通区, 严重威胁冲沟内构筑物如兰西高铁、环城高速等安全运营。当遭遇极端强降雨时, 寺儿沟将暴发更大规模泥石流。因此, 有必要进一步研究极端天气条件下泥石流的危险性, 为区内泥石流的防灾减灾提供地质依据。 相似文献
14.
Recognition of debris flow,debris flood and flood hazard through watershed morphometrics 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Debris flows, debris floods and floods in mountainous areas are responsible for loss of life and damage to infrastructure, making it important to recognize these hazards in the early stage of planning land developments. Detailed terrain information is seldom available and basic watershed morphometrics must be used for hazard identification. An existing model uses watershed area and relief (the Melton ratio) to differentiate watersheds prone to flooding from those subject to debris flows and debris floods. However, the hazards related to debris flows and debris floods are not the same, requiring further differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that a model using watershed length combined with the Melton ratio can be used to differentiate debris-flow and debris-flood prone watersheds. This model was tested on 65 alluvial and colluvial fans in west central British Columbia, Canada, that were examined in the field. The model correctly identified 92% of the debris-flow, 83% of the debris-flood, and 88% of the flood watersheds. With adaptation for different regional conditions, the use of basic watershed morphometrics could assist land managers, scientists, and engineers with the identification of hydrogeomorphic hazards on fans elsewhere. 相似文献
15.
Probabilistic analysis of landslide potential of an inclined uniform soil layer of infinite length: application 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An extended probabilistic model that is a modification of the Chen et al. (2007,) model for evaluating the failure probability
of an inclined soil layer with an infinite length was developed in the present paper, and then applied to evaluate the occurrence
probability of landslide-related debris flow in Tungmen gully located in the eastern Taiwan, which occurred a devastating
debris flow in 1990. The statistical properties of hydrogeological parameters were collected and summarized, and then used
to evaluate the landslide-related debris-flow probabilities at various relative water depths for Tungmen gully by using the
probabilistic model. Under the assumption that the soil is saturated, the soil’s cohesion is negligible and the specific gravity
of the solid particles of soils is a constant, a simplified probabilistic critical slope equation for the stability of an
infinite slope of soils was also developed, and used to estimate the occurrence probability of debris flow. The result shows
that probabilistic landslide analysis for an infinite slope could provide a suitable approximation for the risk analysis of
debris flow mobilization at a given gully. 相似文献
16.
Chien-Yuan Chen 《Landslides》2016,13(1):153-164
Typhoon Morakot brought extreme rainfall and initiated numerous landslides and debris flows in southern Taiwan in August of 2009. The purpose of this study is to identify the extreme rainfall-induced landslide frequency-area distribution in the Laonong River Basin in southern Taiwan and debris flow-initiated conditions under rainfall. Results of the analysis show that debris flows were initiated under high cumulative rainfall and long rainfall duration or high rainfall intensity. The relationship of mean rainfall intensity and duration threshold could reflect debris flow initiation characteristics under high rainfall intensity in short rainfall duration conditions. The relationship of cumulative rainfall and duration threshold could reflect debris flow initiation characteristics under high cumulative rainfall in long rainfall duration. Defining rainfall events by estimating rainfall parameters with different methodologies could reveal variations among intermittent rainfall events for the benefit of issuing debris flow warnings. The exponent of landslide frequency-area distribution induced by Typhoon Morakot is lower than that induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake. The lower exponent of landslide frequency-area distribution can be attributed to the transportation and deposition areas of debris flow that are included in the landslide area. Climate change induced high rainfall intensity and long duration of precipitation, for example, Typhoon Morakot brought increased frequency of debris flow and created difficulty in issuing warnings from rainfall monitoring. 相似文献
17.
粘性泥石流入汇主河极大地改变了入汇区的河床堆积地貌，其动力学实质是非牛顿流体与牛顿流体的交互作用，合理描述粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程对于划定粘性泥石流风险区范围和认知流域地貌演化具有重大意义。粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积体时空演化过程有别于粘性泥石流在地表的纯堆积过程，通过回顾国内外学者在泥石流入汇区堆积动力学方面的研究成果，可以发现在粘性泥石流入汇区内堆积现象复杂，存在"阵性"输移、"元堆积"和龙头"水滑"等特殊现象。但目前的研究对泥石流和水流交互机制都进行了简化，一是将粘性泥石流视为挟沙水流，直接采用异重流方法；二是将粘性泥石流视为"半固态"，只考虑水流的输沙特征，研究认为基于这样的简化不足以描述粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和特殊现象，也低估了粘性泥石流交汇区冲击速度和堆积范围。同时，根据粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程的研究现状，结合粘性泥石流入汇的特殊运动过程，提出未来可开展的工作:一是粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和其交互机制的合理简化；二是普适性高的粘性泥石流-水流堆积动力学模型的建立。 相似文献
18.
An empirical approach for evaluation of the potential of debris flow occurrence in mountainous areas 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Debris flows can occur relatively suddenly and quickly in mountainous areas, resulting in major structural damage and loss of life. The establishment of a model to evaluate the occurrence probability of debris flows in mountainous areas is therefore of great value. The influence factors of debris flows are very complex; they can basically be divided into background factors and triggering factors. Background factors include the mechanical characteristics of geo-materials, topography and landscape, and soil vegetation; and triggering factors include hydrological and rainfall conditions, and human activities. By assessing the dynamic characteristics of debris flows in mountainous areas, some important influence factors are selected here for analysis of their impacts on the occurrence probability of debris flow. A mathematical model for evaluation of the occurrence probability of debris flows is presented and combined with probability analysis. Matlab software is used for the numerical implementation of the forecasting model, and the influences of rainfall, lithology and terrain conditions on the occurrence probability of debris flows are analyzed. Finally, the presented model is applied to forecast the occurrence probability of debris flows in the mountainous area around Qingping Town; the simulation results show that many loose landslide deposits and heavy rainfall are the key factors likely to trigger debris flows in this region. 相似文献
19.
Large-volume debris flow events are defined when the volume of solid materials exceeds 1 million m3. Traditional engineering measures, such as check dams, diversion channels, and flumes, are effective for normal debris flow
control but are not sufficient to control large-volume debris flows. Experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool
system on the new Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large-volume debris flows. The old Wenjiagou Gully was buried by 81.6 million
m3 of loose solid material created by a landslide that was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. The new gully
was formed during the scouring process caused by debris flows in 2008. Large-volume debris flows were initiated by rainstorm
flood with high kinetic energy. The artificial step-pool system was constructed with huge and big boulders on the new Wenjiagou
Gully in 2009. The step-pool system dissipated flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps. Analysis proved that the step-pool
system dissipated two-third of the kinetic energy of flow; thus, the critical discharge for triggering debris flow increased
threefold. Due to the step-pool system maximized the flow resistance and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion,
the rainstorm floods in 2009 did not trigger debris flows. In 2010, the step-pool system was replaced with 20 check dams.
Huge boulders were broken into small pieces of diameter less than 0.5 m and were used as building materials for the 20 dams.
Without the protection of the step-pool system, a rainstorm flood scoured the base of the dams and caused failures for all
of the 20 check dams in August 2010. The flow incised the gully bed by 50 m. The loose bank materials slid into the flow mixed
with water and formed a large-volume debris flow with a volume of 4.5 million m3. Many houses were buried by the debris flow, and 12 people were killed. Comparison of the two strategies proved that energy
dissipation structures are necessary for controlling large-volume debris flows. Check dams, if they are stable, may reduce
the potential of bank failures and control debris flows. The step-pool system dissipates flow energy and control gully bed
incision and bank failure. A combination of check dams and step-pool systems may be the most effective for mitigating debris
flows. 相似文献
20.
We use pairs of parallel mounted laser profile scanners to measure main debris-flow variables in two debris-flow channels in central and southern Switzerland. The scanners measure the instantaneous cross-sectional geometry of debris flows at rates of 25–100 Hz, and we apply large-scale particle image velocimetery to estimate velocity. The scanners also provide direct measurements of flow depth. From these data, we were able to estimate debris-flow depth, velocity and discharge for 16 out of 17 events. These results are consistent with discharge estimated from a system of geophones and a radar gauge for two available datasets. We also investigated debris-flow geometry to quantify rheology-controlled cross-flow convexity and found that four events manifest strong surface convexity at their surge fronts where we expect the largest boulders and low pore-fluid pressures. The scanners provide a completely new view of debris-flow dynamics and channel morphology and present novel opportunities to measure discharge and investigate debris-flow geometries. 相似文献