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1.
N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(6):513-531
We discuss the results of numerical experiments carried out within the framework of a new version of the quasiisopycnic model
of the Black Sea [1, 2]. We take into account the stochasticity of the wind stress, vertical shift of the flow velocity in
the upper quasihomogeneous layer, and diapycnic mixing. We generalize the procedure of “convective adjustment,” which enables
us to consider the propagation and transformation of waters of the Sea of Marmara. It is shown that the consideration of these
factors enables one to determine the structure and seasonal variability of hydrothermodynamic fields in the sea more correctly.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
2.
We analyze the seasonal variability of the climatic hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea reporduced in three numerical experiments
carried out according to the model of circulation. The numerical predictions are performed for a period of 12.5 yr on the
basis of the hydrological data accumulated in 1983–1995. The monthly average climatic fields of the current speed are reconstructed
according to the data on the climatic fields of temperature and salinity by the method of hydrodynamic adaptation (standard).
It is shown that, in prognostic calculations, the seasonal variability of temperature and salinity is qualitatively close
to the “standard” dependence. At the same time, the quantitative difference between the climatic behavior of the model and
the standard dependence may be significant. The annual cycle of the currents is characterized by the intensification of the
Main Black-Sea Current in winter. The structure of the hydrophysical fields of the sea in the model becomes much more realistic
if it is based on the actual hydrological data.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
3.
We describe the hydrological structure of waters of the Persian Gulf and its seasonal variability according to the data of
CTD surveys carried out in February–June 1992 in the course of the cruises of the NOAA R/VMt. Mitchell aimed at the analysis of the consequences of the ecological catastrophe caused by the spread of oil spots formed as a result
of war operations in the Persian Gulf in 1991.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
4.
N. A. Panteleev 《Physical Oceanography》1999,9(6):405-416
We present an analytic survey of a series of works devoted to the direct methods for the investigation of turbulence in natural
basins originated under the guidance of A. G. Kolesnikov in the 50s. We describe the principal results of the early stage
which formed the basis for future investigations. The main scientific directions of the latest period are also considered
from the viewpoint of the development of Kolesnikov's ideas: investigation of the processes of generation and energy supply
of small-scale turbulence, relationship between turbulence and the fine vertical structure and internal waves, and the mechanisms
of vertical turbulent exchange in the ocean. A model of vertical exchange under the conditions of intermittent “source” turbulence
is distinguished. We also discuss the directions of development and prospects of the investigation of turbulence.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
5.
S. A. Grodsky V. N. Kudryavtsev A. N. Bol'shakov V. E. Smolov 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):333-352
On the oceanographic platform of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, we performedin situ investigations of surface waves based on the analysis of the fluctuations of radar signals at a wavelength of 1.2 cm. We
analyzed both the traditional modulation transfer function used to describe variations of the scattering cross section for
the scales of surface waves and the correlation of mean variations of the level of radar signals with the group structure
of waving. This is of interest for applications in medium-resolution radar systems (−200–500m) recording the group structure
of waving in the process of its smoothing. The experimental estimations of the amplitude of variations of radar signals caused
by the group structure of waving are in good agreement with numerical results obtained with the help of a two-scale model
of scattering of radar signals by the sea surface.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
6.
We propose a procedure for the construction of prognostic models of ecological economical systems based on the combination
of dynamical models of natural environments with conceptual models of natural economical complexes. This procedure enables
one to study space and time distributions of ecological and economical parameters parallel with the fields of physical, chemical,
biological, and other characteristics of the natural environment. With the help of a conceptual model of the “sea-land” natural
economical complex in the Sea of Azov used asan example, we show that it is possible to relate the dynamics of the concentrations
of pollutants and biological resources of the sea with the economical profitability of fishery and the rates of ecological
fines controlling the costs of production.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
7.
We discuss the results of analysis of published data and field and laboratory investigations aimed at the solution of the
problem of comparabilityof the results of detection of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea by spectrophotometric and iodometric
methods. We show that the reproducibility of the results of spectrophotometric analysis is higher than hat of the iodometric
method only in the case where the content of sulfide in a sample is less than 10–30 μMl−1. When larger concentrations are involved, the traditional iodometric analysis proves to be the most precise and reliable
method for the detection of hydrogen sulfide in the Black-Sea waters.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
8.
V. A. Blinkov 《Physical Oceanography》1999,10(2):183-192
We describe the characteristics of a towed complex used for measurements in the upper layer of the ocean under the conditions
of periodic deepening and lifting (scanning) of a carrier with sensors connected with the ship by a weight-carrying cable
of constant lengt. For a maximum scanning range of 0–200 m and a towing speed of up to 12 knots, the measurements were performed
every 1.5–2.0 km. The minimum vertical scale of recorded temperature and conductivity inhomogeneities is 0.05–0.08 m. We present
the results of measurements carried out by the towed complex in a section of the frontal zone in the north-east part of the
Tropical Atlantic.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
9.
In the coastal zone, as a result of mixing of waters, it is difficult to identify turbulent phenomena with a spatial scale
of 0.1–1 km accompanied by strong vertical flows according to the data of measuring temperature. On the basis of the data
of direct measurements, it is shown that turbulent structures are well pronounced in the field of breaking of wind waves.
We deduce empirical estimates of the response of the intensity of wave breaking to the magnitude of divergence of the current
and develop a theoretical model of the influence of inhomogeneities of currents on wave breaking capable of describing the
experimental data.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
10.
With the help of a combined model of wind and waves, we study the influence of films of surfactants on the spectrum of short
wind waves and the parameters of the lowest layer of the atmosphere. It is shown that the films of surfactants decrease the
roughness of the sea surface as a result of suppression of short wind waves, which decreases the coefficient of resistance
of the sea surface and the coefficient of turbulent heat exchange. The maximum influence of films on the exchange coefficients
is attained forU∼10 m/s. In this case, the relative decrements of the coefficients of resistance and turbulent heat exchange are equal to
15 and 9%, respectively.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev UDC 551.46 相似文献
11.
V. I. Man'kovsky 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(3):299-304
On the basis of the data of optical investigations performed in the Black Sea, we develop a method for the evaluation of the
spectral values of underwater quantum irradiance within the band of photosynthetically active radiation according to the depth
of visibility of a Secchi disk and the intensity of illumination of the sea in luxes. The method is based on the use of the
correlations between the following optical parameters: of the vertical daylight attenuation factor α with the depth of visibility
of a Secchi disk and of the spectral values of α(λ) within the band of photosynthetically active radiation with α(λmin) for sea waters. This method is applicable in the winter-spring period when the seasonal thermocline is absent, the upper
layers of the sea are mixed, and the vertical distribution of α is uniform.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
12.
Yu. G. Yurovsky 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(3):283-286
For the submarine springs of underground water located in the karst cavities of Cape Aiya, we suggest a solution based on
the modification of the model of flow rate of water and application of the formulas of mixing. We also give methodical recommendations
helpful for the reliable determination of empirical parameters under thein situ conditions.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
13.
We analyse the time variability of the fields of Cs-137 concentration in the surface waters of the Black and Mediterranean
Seas in 1986–1998. It is shown that more contaminated Black-Sea waters affect the levels of concentration of this radionuclide
in the east part of the Mediterranean Sea. We also study the influence of atmospheric processes and water exchange through
Bosporus on the radioecological situation in the east part of the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal area.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
14.
I. E. Timchenko A. A. Primalenny V. D. Yarin E. F. Vasechkina E. M. Igumnova 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):367-378
We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of
the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption
(fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by
the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with
application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem,
which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge,
water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.).
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
15.
On the basis of the satellite and ship data of many-year observations, we parametrize the albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system
both for the conditions of “fair weather” and for the maximum and climatic optical thicknesses of oceanic clouds. These results
are used to develop a procedure of practically exact reconstruction of the monthly average fluxes of integral solar radiation
and the radiation budget over the ice-free surface of the oceans according to the data of satellite measurements of albedo
(Nimbus NOAA satellite, 1974–1983) for arbitrary conditions of transparency of the atmosphere and cloudiness. We determine the current
and climatic monthly average values and the characteristics of interannual variability of all components of the radiation
mode of the ocean-atmosphere system with a spatial resolution of 500×500 km.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
16.
We analyze the dependence of climatic variations of the location of the upper boundary of the hydrogen-sulphide zone in the
Black Sea on the variations of the sea level and various types of atmospheric circulation (according to A.A. Girs). It is
discovered that the level of correlation between the indicated parameters is high and that the corresponding plots are in
good qualitative agreement. The accumulated results enable us to make an assumption that there exists an 80–100-yr cycle of
variation of all analyzed parameters and that the long-term variations of the location of the upper boundary of the hydrogen-sulphide
zone can be regarded as a manifestation of global climatic variations.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
17.
We study possible mechanisms of mixing in the northwest part of the Tropical Atlantic (C-SALT) and show that homogeneous layers in the staircase structure can be observed across the entire frontal zone of the North
Equatorial Countercurrent. In the central region of the frontal zone, one may observe horizontal motions of the upper parts
of quasihomogeneous layers with respect to their lower parts and an essential role in the exchange processes is played by
turbulence. The peripheral regions of the frontal zone are characterized by the presence of horizontal advection and isopycnic
mixing. Far from the frontal interface, the principal contribution to the exchange processes is made by double diffusion.
We demonstrate that, for the analysis of the vertical buoyancy fluxes caused by salt fingers, one can use both the Stern relation
and the “law of 4/3”.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev. 相似文献
18.
A. A. Sizov 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(3):259-270
We study the interannual and seasonal variability of hydrometeorological fields in some regions of the Atlantic-European sector.
These low-frequency processes are analyzed depending on the index ΔP (an analog of the index of the North-Atlantic Oscillation). It is shown that the average value of the index ΔP over the winter natural synoptic season can be used for the determination of stable locations of the centre of the Azorean
maximum in 1971–1980 and 1981–1990, the typical state of cloudiness in the Atlantic-European sector, and the fields of precipitations
and atmospheric temperature in some regions of the Crimea. Typical anomalies of the fields of precipitations and atmospheric
temperature over the west and south coasts of the Crimea are described. The signs of the anomalies of precipitations in the
winter natural synoptic season are in good agreement with the signs of the corresponding anomalies of the field of cloudiness
in the Black-Sea region.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
19.
We analyze geostrophic currents with nonmonotonic vertical profiles, of velocity and present the distributions of the density
of water and hydrostatic pressure corresponding to possible types of the vertical kinematic structure. To prove the existence
of the indicated complex layered structures, we use, the data of instrumentalin situ measurements of currents in the Black Sea and in the west part of the Tropical Atlantic.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
20.
S. I. Kondratev V. V. Dolotov Yu. G. Moiseev Yu. T. Shchetinin 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(3):257-272
We performed a search for local coastal submarine springs of fresh water in the region from Cape Feolent to Cape Sarych (down
to an isobath of 40m). Stable submarine springs of brackish water with the minimum salinity of 5.5‰ and the minimum total
output of 30,000 m3/day were discovered only near the west wall of Cape Aiya. It is shown that brackish waters discharging from these springs
spread over the sea surface in the form of a thin layer (up to 1 m in thickness) characterized by lower salinity, higher transparency,
and an elevated content of silicic acid. We make a conjecture that the appearance of 2–3-m-thick layers of water with higher
transparency and lower salinity at depths of 5–8 m is explained by the discharge of unknown bottom springs of underground
fresh water.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献