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1.
降水量在时间分布上呈现较大的随机性,极端降水事件尤为如此。受此影响,月初(月末) 1～5 d之内的累积降水量很可能会超过当月总降水量的50%乃至更多。对1961—2017年中国2 400多站点资料统计分析结果发现,月初(月末) 1～5 d累积降水量对当月总降水量显著影响事件的出现频次,在季节和空间分布上都有鲜明特征。主要包括:1)月初累积降水量对秋冬季中各月的总降水量影响更大,月末累积降水量对1—4月的月总降水量影响较大。2)受月初累积降水量的影响,显著站点数在某些年份的某些月份出现极大值;受单次事件显著影响的站点数占全国总站点数的30%～50%,此即对应着一次全国大范围的极端降水事件。3)受月初(月末)累积降水量显著影响的站点空间分布随季节变化呈现出明显空间集聚特征。  相似文献   

2.
Chen  Fengrui  Gao  Yongqi 《Climate Dynamics》2018,51(9-10):3311-3331
Climate Dynamics - Many studies have reported the excellent ability of high-resolution satellite precipitation products (0.25° or finer) to capture the spatial distribution of precipitation....  相似文献   

3.
Summary A fuzzy rule-based methodology for downscaling local hydrological variables from large-scale atmospheric circulation is presented. The method is used to estimate the frequency distribution of daily precipitation conditioned on daily geopotential fields. The task is accomplished in two steps. First, the exceedence probabilities corresponding to selected precipitation thresholds are estimated by fuzzy rules defined between geopotential fields (premises) and exceedence events (response). Then a continuous probability distribution is constructed from the discrete exceedence probabilities and the observed behaviour of precipitation. The methodology is applied to precipitation measured at Essen, a location in the Ruhr catchment, Germany. Ten years of precipitation data (1970–1979) were used for training and another ten years (1980–1989) for validation. The 700 hPa geopotential fields are used to characterise large-scale circulation. The application example demonstrates that this direct downscaling method is able to capture the relationship between premises and the response; namely both the estimated exceedence probabilities and the frequency distribution reproduce the empirical data observed in the validation period.  相似文献   

4.
延伸期预报是无缝隙预测系统中的薄弱环节,如何提高灾害天气过程的延伸期预报技巧是国际热点及前沿问题。本研究基于2005年12月—2014年8月的观测/再分析资料,通过奇异值分解方法,揭示了与中国南方低频降水变化高度耦合的热带对流和中纬度波列信号。利用中国气象局参加国际次季节至季节预报计划模式（BCC-CPS-S2Sv2模式,简称BCC S2S模式）的回报数据,对中国南方低频降水异常场进行统计降尺度,构建了一套动力-统计相结合的延伸期降水预测模型。独立预测时段（2014年12月—2019年8月）的结果表明,BCC S2S模式可以提前10—15 d预报中国南方大部分区域的异常降水;提前15—20 d以上预报时,动力-统计结合预报模型对冬季（夏季）华南沿海地区（长江以北地区）的降水时间演变、降水空间分布及极端强降水事件的预报技巧均优于BCC S2S模式。文中提出的思路和方法可广泛应用于其他区域气象要素和极端天气事件的延伸期预报。  相似文献   

5.
格点降水资料在中国东部夏季降水变率研究中的适用性   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
姜贵祥  孙旭光 《气象科学》2016,36(4):448-456
本文使用1951~2010年PREC、CRU、APHRO和GPCC 4种格点降水资料,通过比较其与中国756站点观测降水资料在中国东部(105°E以东)夏季降水变率中的差异,检验和评估了它们的可靠性和适用性。结果表明:中国东部夏季降水变率的前3个主要模态分别是以江淮流域、长江流域和华北与东北南部为核心的经向多中心分布,有明显的年际和年代际变率特征,且干旱特征较洪涝更明显;长江流域夏季降水异常的主周期为3~7 a和20~50 a,而江淮流域和华北地区夏季降水异常的主周期则为准2 a和准10 a。另外,长江与江淮流域和华南地区分别在1970s末和1990s初发生了显著的年代际转变;4种格点降水资料都能很好地再现中国东部夏季降水的时空变率特征,但由于GPCC格点降水资料是基于更多的基站观测和更精细复杂的质量控制方案得到的,因此它具有更高的可靠性。  相似文献   

6.
中国西南地区春季降水的时空变化及其异常的环流特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
夏阳  万雪丽  严小冬  吴磊  龙园 《气象学报》2016,74(4):510-524
利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心整编的中国西南地区97站逐日观测资料及美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料,对中国西南地区1961—2013年春季降水的时空分布特征进行了分析,并研究了造成西南地区春季降水异常的环流成因。结果表明,中国西南地区春季降水的主模态呈现为全区一致型,该模态具有明显的2.5—3.5a及准5a的活动周期。对流层中低层副热带地区的异常气旋式环流波列形成的异常气流将洋面上空的水汽向中国西南内陆地区输送,暖湿气流与异常活跃的北方冷空气活动相配合,加上西南地区大气低层辐合、高层辐散而产生抽吸作用,使得当地对流层中低层出现较强的沿地形抬升的上升气流,从而有利于西南地区降水的形成,反之亦然。造成环流异常的原因除了与西南地区、热带地区的异常辐合/辐散运动造成的位涡扰动能量有关,亦与中高纬度波扰动能量下欧亚大陆下游地区的频散及辐合有关。此外,冬季1月的青藏高原地面加热场特征可作为预测后期西南地区春季降水异常变化的一个前期信号。  相似文献   

7.
Downscaling precipitation extremes   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
  相似文献   

8.
The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has published the KNMI’06 climate scenarios in 2006. These scenarios give the possible states of the climate in The Netherlands for the next century. Projections of changes in precipitation were made for a time scale of 1 day. The urban drainage sector is, however, more interested in projections on shorter time scales. Specifically, time scales of 1 h or less. The aim of this research is to provide projections of precipitation at these shorter time scales based on the available daily scenarios. This involves an analysis of climate variables and their relations to precipitation at different time scales. On the basis of this analysis, one can determine a numeric factor to translate daily projections into shorter time scale projections.  相似文献   

9.
A dynamic recycling model (DRM) with an analytical moisture trajectory tracking method, together with Japan Meteorological Agency 25-year reanalysis data, is used to study the regional precipitation recycling process across China, by calculating the regional recycling ratio (ρ r ) at the daily time scale during 1979–2010. The distribution of ρ r shows that, in western China, especially the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, precipitation is strongly dependent on the recycling process associated with regional evaporation. In Southeast China, however, the contribution from the recycling processes is much smaller due to the influence of the summer monsoon. A precipitation threshold value of about 4 mm/day is obtained from detailed analysis of both extreme and all-range ρ r years. According to this threshold, China is classified into three types of sub-regions: low-precipitation sub-regions (mainly in the northwest), high-precipitation sub-regions (mainly in the south), and medium-precipitation sub-regions (mainly in the northeast). It is found that ρ r correlates positively with precipitation, as well as convective precipitation (P CP) and large-scale precipitation (P LP) in the low-precipitation sub-regions. However, negative ρ r ?～?P LP correlations are found in the high-precipitation sub-regions and nonsignificant correlations exist in the medium-precipitation sub-regions. As P CP is mainly locally generated due to mid-latitude mesoscale systems and the cumulus parameterization used in producing the reanalysis, the recycling ratio positively correlates to the ratio P CP/P LP in almost all sub-regions, particularly in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. The correlation between radiation flux and ρ r suggests more net radiation supports more evaporation and higher ρ r , especially in the high-precipitation sub-regions. The influence of clouds on shortwave radiation is crucial, since evaporation is suppressed when the amount of cloudiness increases, especially in the high-precipitation sub-regions. Together with the consideration of soil moisture, it can be inferred that limited soil moisture inhibits evaporation in the low-precipitation sub-regions, while the energy or radiation is the dominant factor controlling evaporation in the high-precipitation sub-regions.  相似文献   

10.
Precipitation records from Salamanca (Spain) are being analyzed to detect temporal oscillations. This paper shows a method to identify these signals in order to determine the behaviour of the precipitation time series in this region.  相似文献   

11.
Urban impacts on precipitation   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Weather and climate changes caused by human activities (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and urbanization) have received much attention because of their impacts on human lives as well as scientific interests. The detection, understanding, and future projection of weather and climate changes due to urbanization are important subjects in the discipline of urban meteorology and climatology. This article reviews urban impacts on precipitation. Observational studies of changes in convective phenomena over and around cities are reviewed, with focus on precipitation enhancement downwind of cities. The proposed causative factors (urban heat island, large surface roughness, and higher aerosol concentration) and mechanisms of urban-induced and/or urban-modified precipitation are then reviewed and discussed, with focus on downwind precipitation enhancement. A universal mechanism of urban-induced precipitation is made through a thorough literature review and is as follows. The urban heat island produces updrafts on the leeward or downwind side of cities, and the urban heat island-induced updrafts initiate moist convection under favorable thermodynamic conditions, thus leading to surface precipitation. Surface precipitation is likely to further increase under higher aerosol concentrations if the air humidity is high and deep and strong convection occurs. It is not likely that larger urban surface roughness plays a major role in urbaninduced precipitation. Larger urban surface roughness can, however, disrupt or bifurcate precipitating convective systems formed outside cities while passing over the cities. Such urban-modified precipitating systems can either increase or decrease precipitation over and/or downwind of cities. Much effort is needed for in-depth or new understanding of urban precipitation anomalies, which includes local and regional modeling studies using advanced numerical models and analysis studies of long-term radar data.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Precipitation is a very variable climatic element. It is highly variable, both spatially and temporally at different scales (interannual and intra-annual). The search for cyclicity in the climatic record can resolve some of the complexities of the atmospheric system. This paper takes the example of the Belgrade precipitation series (1889–2000) to illustrate how trend and spectral analysis can provide information on climate variability as expressed through this particular variable.The annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation series of the Belgrade-Observatory station were analyzed by means of the Mann-Kendall test and the spectral analysis. The power spectra were calculated using the autocorrelation spectral analysis, the maximum entropy spectral analysis and the multitaper method.The influence of large-scale phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the Belgrade precipitation series was investigated.  相似文献   

13.
官晓军  潘宁  黄待静  王琦  李玲 《气象学报》2021,79(3):414-427
应用1961—2017年中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径数据集、国家地面气象观测站日降水观测资料和2015年8月—2017年12月欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）集合预报系统降水极端预报指数（EFI）数据,根据百分位法定义台风影响期间福建省各站点的台风极端降水阈值,采用最小阈值法剔除台风极端降水时EFI箱线图中的异常值,保留最小值作为台风极端降水EFI阈值,建立基于EFI阈值的台风极端降水预报方法。用该方法分别对2015年8月—2017年12月和2018年登陆或影响福建台风进行台风极端降水回报和预报试验,采用TS、空报率、漏报率对回报和预报结果进行检验。结果表明:福建台风极端降水阈值由沿海向西北内陆逐渐减小,其中中北部沿海地区的阈值最大;台风日降水量与日降水EFI预报、台风极端降水时的日降水量与日降水EFI预报均存在明显的正相关,日降水EFI预报的箱线图差异指数（Ibd）也表明EFI可以较好地区分台风极端降水和非极端降水;预报试验20时（北京时）起报时效12—36、36—60、60—84和84—108 h的台风极端降水预报TS分别达到0.26、0.22、0.20和0.19,总体上略优于回报试验;台风极端降水越显著,台风极端降水预报效果越好,回报和预报都存在的不足是空报率高,主要出现在台风极端降水不明显的个例中。降水EFI预报对台风极端降水预报具有较好的指示意义,基于降水EFI阈值的台风极端降水预报产品可在业务中作为台风极端降水预报的参考。   相似文献   

14.
The method of object-based diagnostic evaluation (MODE) is used to estimate the quality of forecasts of intensive precipitation zones using the WRF-ARW mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. The model is integrated on the horizontal 3-km grid without the cumulus parameterization. The prognostic fields of the reflectivity at the level of 700 hPa are compared with the observed radar reflectivity at the level of 3 km. Objects in the simulated and observed fields obtained by means of the convolution (smoothing) and thresholding (>20 dBZ) were matched according to the distance separating their centers of gravity (centroids). This distance was 50 km or lower in 12% of the total number of forecasts and 100 km or lower, in 30% of forecasts. It is revealed that the model overestimates the heavy precipitation areas.  相似文献   

15.
A method was developed to estimate a synthetic precipitation record for ungauged sites using irregular coarse observations. The proposed synthetic precipitation data were produced with ultrahigh hourly resolution on a regular 1 × 1 km grid. The proposed method was used to analyze selected real-time observational data collected in South Korea from 2010 to the end of 2014. The observed precipitation data were measured using the Automatic Weather System and Automated Synoptic Observing System. The principal objective of the proposed method was to estimate the additional effects of orography on precipitation introduced by ultrahigh- resolution (1 × 1 km) topography provided by a digital elevation model. The Global Forecast System analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction was used for the upper-atmospheric conditions, necessary for estimating the orographic effects. Precipitation data from 48 of the more than 600 observation sites used in the study, which matched the grid points of the synthetic data, were not included in the synthetic data estimation. Instead, these data were used to evaluate the proposed method by direct comparison with the real observations at these sites. A bias score was investigated by comparison of the synthetic precipitation data with the observations. In this comparison, the number of Hit, False, Miss, and Correct results for 2010-2014 was 74738, 25778, 7544, and 367981, respectively. In the Hit cases, the bias score was 1.22 and the correlation coefficient was 0.74. The means of the differences between the synthetic data and the observations were 0.3, -3.9, -14.4, and -34.9 mm h-1 and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 2.7, 8.3, 19.3, and 39.6 mm h-1 for the categories of 0.5-10.0, 10.0-30.0, 30.0-50.0, and 50.0-100.0 mm h-1, respectively. In addition, in each range, the 60% difference between the synthetic precipitation data and the observation data was -1.5 to +1.5, -5.0 to +5.0, -17.0 to +17.0, and -33.0 to +33.0 mm h-1, respectively. Overall, the correlation coefficient of the synthetic precipitation data was > 0.7 for 43 of the 48 test stations and the RMSE was < 4 mm h-1 at 31 stations. The results are significant at all evaluation stations at the 0.05 significance level.  相似文献   

16.
Due to the influence of changing environment and intensifying human activities, hydrometeorological changes are becoming common. This study derives a bivariate joint distribution of total precipitation and precipitation days with daily precipitation exceeding the 75th percentile and falling below the 25th percentile. Chang points in the precipitation series are detected with more than one statistical method. Results indicate that (1) for P75 and D75, Kendal’s τ does not change significantly even when the existence of change points is taken into account. The selection of a copula is greatly impacted by the existence of a change point; (2) for P25 and D25, τ varies much, while the precipitation variations have no evident effects on the selection of a copula. Therefore, a copula should be selected after the detection of change points to avoid possible bias in results or conclusions. This study is of some merits in terms of risk evaluation based on copula-based probability analysis with available change points.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Principal Components Analysis of 80 stations dispersed all over the Mediterranean (coastal and of low altitude) and 12 mean monthly amounts of precipitation collected at these stations is discussed. A natural interpretation of the first 4 components is given, followed by an application of the technique of classification according to ascending hierarchy on the matrixA 1 =I×J 1 , whereJ 1 = 4 (the first four components of the previous analysis). Homogeneous groups (classes) of stations are formed (4 classes and 8 sub-classes), which are also described. A discussion follows concerning the influence of atmospheric meridional circulation on the surface and the upper layers, as well as that of geographic factors on the distribution and annual variability of precipitation over the Mediterranean.
Eine Faktorenanalyse des Niederschlags im Mittelmeergebiet
Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Anwendung der Komponentenanalyse auf eine DatenmatrixA =I×J vor geschlagen, wobeiI über 80 Stationen verteilt im ganzen Mittelmeergebiet (Küsten stationen in geringer Seehöhe) varüert undJ die 12 mittleren monatlichen Niederschlagssummen dieser Stationen sind. Es wird eine natürliche Interpretation der ersten 4 Komponenten gegeben, gefolgt von einer Anwendung der Klassifikationstechnik der aufsteigenden Hierarchie auf die MatrixA I =I×J 1 , woJ 1 = 4 (die ersten 4 Komponenten der vorhergehenden Analyse). Homogene Gruppen (Klassen) von Stationen werden gebildet (4 Klassen und 8 Unterklassen) und beschrieben. Es folgt eine Diskussion des Einflusses der meridionalen atmosphärischen Zirkulation auf die Oberflächen- und darübergelegenen Schichten, sowie des Einflusses geographischer Faktoren auf die Verteilung und den Jahresgang des Niederschlags im Mittelmeergebiet.

With 4 Figures  相似文献   

18.
1958—2007年天津降水量和降水日数变化特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
采用1958—2007年天津逐日降水观测数据,探讨降水变化特征。结果表明：近50 a来天津年降水量和年降水日数总体减少,二者每10 a分别减少8.9 mm和4.1 d,其中年降水日数的减少比年降水量的减少显著;四季中,夏冬季降水量明显减少而春秋季呈增加趋势,四季的降水日数均减少;年降水日数在1980年前后有一次明显突变,夏季降水量和春夏秋的降水日数在20世纪70年代和80年代均存在一次明显突变。降水日数和降水量的不同步变化反映发生极端降水事件的概率增加,这对农业生产和生态环境不利。  相似文献   

19.
Short-term risk forecasts of point precipitation are obtained with COTREC/RainCast, a technique for extrapolation of radar images. The risk forecasts are updated every 5 min for the next 0–2 h. Risk levels are defined for moderate, heavy and extreme precipitation. Warning messages are generated if, at the locations of 23 rain gauges, these risk levels are reached or exceeded. The time-resolved gauge data are used to judge if the warning messages are in time, early or late.Data over a period of 4 months (summer 2002) are used for verification. The largest number of warnings (1790) was obtained for moderate precipitation. About 55% of these warnings were in time, 23% were early and 22% were late. This finding is in a good agreement with the defined risk level for warnings (50%), indicating that the model for calculating the risk factors is reliable. Less warnings in time, and more late warnings were found for heavy and extreme precipitation. Hence, the risk levels need to be lowered for heavy and extreme precipitation, in order to reduce the number of late warnings.  相似文献   

20.
This study identified coherent daily precipitation regions in Nigeria by analyzing the spatial and temporal homogeneity of daily precipitation; investigating the dependence of wet day amount (WDAMT) and percentage of wet day (PWD) on latitude, longitude, elevation and distance from the ocean and finally regionalizing the daily precipitation stations. Non-parametric spatial homogeneity test was carried out on daily precipitation over 23 stations in Nigeria between 1992 and 2000 while the temporal analysis was done from 1971 to 2000. Regression analysis was used to determine the dependence of WDAMT and PWD on latitude, longitude, elevation and distance from the ocean. Principal component and cluster analyses were conducted to regionalize the precipitation stations. Seven homogeneous groups of stations were identified. Elevation explains 19.9 and 4.8 % of the variance in WDAMT and PWD, respectively, while latitude explains 76.2 % of variance in PWD. Eight principal components that explain 63.1 % of the variance in the daily precipitation data were retained for cluster analysis. Precipitation in the six daily precipitation regions that emerged from the cluster analysis is influenced by the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, latitude, distance from ocean and southwesterlies while the northern region alone is influenced by the African Easterly Wave. In addition, precipitation in all the regions is influenced by topography. Low to medium spatial coherence exists in the precipitation regions. The spatial variations of PWD and WDAMT have implications for agricultural productivity and water resources in different parts of the country.  相似文献   

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