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Considered are the peculiarities of fast ice formation in the Antarctic coastal waters. It is noted that the fine-crystalline ice with the chaotic orientation of crystals is mainly developed in the surface layers of the ice cover as well as the ice formed due to the infiltration of the sea water and its subsequent freezing in the lower layers of the snow cover. It is demonstrated that under the conditions of coastal Antarctic, the lamination of the structure during the period of ice cover formation and its subsequent development is the result of heavy precipitation in the form of snow and the formation of the large amount of snow sludge and crystals of intrawater ice (frazil ice) on the open water. The main distinctive feature of the Antarctic sea ice is its seasonal stratification with the formation of the surface layer of recrystallized ice and underlying destructive layers including the water interlayer in the ice column. The provision of the safety of overice movement of machinery requires the development of methods of continuous remote control of the snow-ice stratum of the fast ice. 相似文献
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A hypothesis of the functional similarity of characteristics of natural processes forming a united physiographic process is theoretically justified and statistically verified using the time series of the data of microclimatic observations. This unity is manifested locally in time and is transformed into a new system of relations at changing background conditions of environment. The proposed computation scheme allows taking into account and identifying the persistent indicators of environmental state and the discrete moments of their variations using the method of rolling regression. The symmetry of processes is achieved by minimizing the residuals of functional relations of climatic characteristics derived by eliminating background impact. Proposed is a model of the genetic basis of the interdependence of natural processes based on the results of the data analysis and the formulae of the Legendre transform. 相似文献
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Studies of seasonal variability (including the winter season) of the main hydrodynamic, sedimentation, physicochemical and
other characteristics of the Chazhma Bay of the Sea of Japan, in the zone of the atomic submarine K-431 nuclear accident of
1985 that influence the radioecological state of the environment was carried out. The substance fluxes required for estimating
radionuclide balance are defined based on the expedition survey of radioactivity of bottom sediments, sea water, and suspension
in the epicenter of the accident and over the water area of the bay together with hydrophysical, sedimentation, and meteorological
observations. Modern trace methods and 3D prognostic modeling of interaction of natural and anthropogenic processes of evolution
of radioactive contamination of the bottom sediments in the zone of the atomic submarine accident are used; a new approach
to estimating the maximum contamination of the marine environment is proposed. 相似文献
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热带气旋强度变化研究进展 总被引：78，自引：10，他引：68
自20世纪90年代后期以来,热带气旋强度变化研究越来越受到人们的重视,随着研究的不断深入,热带气旋强度变化研究取得了可喜的进展,文中总结近年来热带气旋强度变化的主要研究成果,主要包括(1)热带气旋的发生、发展和最大可能强度的研究;(2)行星涡度梯度、环境均匀流、环境流场垂直切变以及热带气旋外流与环境流的相互作用对热带气旋强度的影响及物理机制;(3)热带气旋结构与强度的变化关系,着重总结环境流场导致的非对称结构变化而引起的热带气旋强度变化以及对涡旋倾斜发展理论验证,分析了涡旋Rossby波的最新研究;(4)海洋热状况变化以及海洋飞沫对热带气旋强度的影响研究成果。分析指出,今后进一步开展用现代化卫星探测资料研究热带气旋强度变化外,还应加强热带气旋外流与环境流场的相互作用,海-气交界面的参数化问题,热带气旋结构变化与TC强度变化关系以及这种关系的物理本质的研究,通过深入研究,认识热带气旋强度变化的物理机制,提高热带气旋强度变化的预报能力。 相似文献
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The results are presented of the statistical analysis of correspondence between the model simulations and observations of
temperature changes on the territory of Russia. Three model ensembles are considered, differing in the level of taking account
of the impact of external forcings on the climate system of the Earth. For each of them, the statistical correspondence is
estimated between the observed surface air temperature variations in the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning
of the 21st century and model simulations taking account of the natural variability typical of the climate system. The analysis
demonstrated that, in spite of the uncertainties associated with the differences in the representation of anthropogenic and
natural external forcings on the climate in model simulations as well as with the imperfection of climate models and with
internal variability of the climate system, the model experiments enable to obtain the relevant information both on the temporal
evolution of temperature changes on the territory of Russia and on their spatial peculiarities. 相似文献
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T. Maitani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(3):49-65
The motions of individual plants and the turbulence statistics of surface winds measured near the top of a canopy are obtained
over a wheat field and a rush field. Two typical cases of motions of individual plants are presented. The displacements of
the ear of wheat (the plant height is 1.0 m) showed a natural oscillation in wind speeds of 1.6 m s−1 measured at a height of 30 cm over a wheat canopy, while displacements of the stem of a rush plant were closely related to
the fluctuations of surface winds in wind speeds of 1.7 m s−1 measured at the top of the rush plant. The power spectra of displacements of a rush plant seem to support the negative seven-third
power hypothesis proposed by Inoue. The frequency responses of displacements of plants to fluctuations of the instantaneous
momentum flux are also presented. 相似文献
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回顾了国际社会应对气候变化的进程，对国内外的碳排放状况、中国减缓碳排放的技术潜力、中国减缓碳排放的宏观影响、全球减缓气候变化的公平性与国际合作行动等问题进行了分析与评估。提出了中国减缓气候变化的思路与对策，指出在全球应对气候变化的形势下，中国要积极适应国际政治、经济及贸易格局变动的趋势，将减缓气候变化对策纳入国家经济与社会发展战略与规划之中，促进国家经济和社会的全面、协调和可持续发展。 相似文献
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Summary In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the influence of the physical forcings of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) in the reduction of the systematic errors of the tropical forecasts. A number of major modifications in the parameterization of physical processes were carried out in the operational forecasting system of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) during the period 1984–88 largely in an attempt to reduce the conceptual weaknesses in their formulation. A large number of studies (Slingo et al., 1988; Tiedtke et al., 1988; etc) have demonstrated the positive impact on the reduction of tropical forecast errors to various changes in the treatment of physical processes in the ECMWF model.Keeping in view of these facts, the evaluation of the systematic errors of the ECMWF tropical forecasts is carried out for a period prior to the incorporation of major modifications in the parameterization of physical processes (1984) and corresponding period after such major changes are implemented in the operational AGCM of ECMWF (1988). The paper describes a detailed comparison of the tropical forecast errors for summer monsoon seasons (June-August [JJA]) of 1984 and 1988 in order to bring out the impact on tropical simulation of various improvements in the treatment of physical processes.The results demonstrate a dramatic reduction in the systematic errors of the tropical circulation together with an enhancement of the hydrological cycle to a realistic climatological level with the incorporation of major changes in the treatment of physical processes. Similar improvements are also observed in the winter simulation. In spite of major improvements in the simulation of tropical circulation, the nature of the tropical systematic errors of the ECMWF AGCM, however, remains unchanged. Thus, the inference of the study indicates the requirement of a new approach to the problem of parameterization of physical processes particularly, convection, radiation, boundary layer and their interactions for further reduction of the tropical forecast errors.With 14 Figures 相似文献
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基于三维近地面闪电先导发展随机模式,通过改变先导初始电位和建筑物几何特性,分析各种情况下的侧击雷电发生概率,探讨侧击雷电产生原因及影响因素。结果发现:建筑物尖端电场畸变值是影响侧击雷电产生的重要参量,当下行先导靠近建筑物且传播位置低于建筑物的高度时,建筑侧面电场畸变值达到触发阈值,侧击雷电易产生;下行先导的初始电位以及建筑物几何特性（高度和宽度）是影响侧击雷电发生概率的重要因素,当下行先导初始电位在-9~-3 MV范围内,侧击雷电发生概率呈先增加后降低的趋势,当初始电位为-4.5 MV时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物高度在50~150 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随着高度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;当建筑物高度为100 m时,侧击雷电发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物宽度在30~70 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随建筑物宽度呈递减趋势;当建筑物宽度为30 m时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值。 相似文献
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基于1961~2016年四川盆地101个地面观测站逐日降水资料,计算综合气象干旱指数（CI）,应用气候倾向率、经验正交函数分解和小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析四川盆地春旱强度和天数的时空变化特征。结果表明:四川盆地西南部春旱强度高于其它地区,而盆地中部春旱天数较多,尤其是内江以北地区更为突出;近56a四川盆地春旱强度和天数的长期变化呈显著负相关,春旱天数呈减少趋势,春旱强度呈增加趋势;四川盆地春旱强度和天数的EOF第一模态方差贡献率分别为42.99%和44.24%,均反映出空间变化的整体一致性;四川盆地春旱强度和天数均存在1~4a、5~12a及14~28a的振荡周期。 相似文献
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A. F. Nerushev M. A. Novitskii O. Yu. Kalinicheva L. K. Kulizhnikova L. I. Milekhin D. E. Chechin 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(2):61-70
The dynamics of atmospheric characteristics in the zone of the cyclone which provoked the dangerous atmospheric phenomenon, the heavy snowfall over the center of the European part of Russia in April 2012, is studied using the data of surface and satellite measurements. Besides the observational data from the meteorological stations, the results are used of the measurement of meteorological variables at the high-altitude meteorological mast in Obninsk and of surface concentration of minor gas components. Revealed is a number of interesting features associated with the passage of the cyclone cloud system over the observational point: the dramatic air temperature drop throughout the 300-m layer of the atmosphere, the formation of intensive vertical motions, and the significant temporal variability of O3 and NO2 concentration. The intensity and the total amount of precipitation falling during the cyclone passage are determined using the data of optical measurements of SEVIRI, AVHRR, and MODIS instruments of geostationary and polar orbiting satellites. Demonstrated is the satisfactory agreement of the computed precipitation characteristics with the results of observations at the network of meteorological stations. 相似文献
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M. A. Lokoshchenko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(1):35-42
Features of diurnal and annual cycles and of seasonal changes of temperature stratification in the lower 800-m air layer over Moscow are discussed on the basis of analysis of long-term data of acoustic (sodar) observations at Moscow State University (MSU). Of about 34 000 separate hours of height-time sweep of echo signal during 1988–2003, refined estimates are presented of occurrence frequencies of surface and elevated inversions, unstable stratification, etc., in Moscow. On the basis of long series of hourly sodar data and surface weather observations at MSU, special features of temperature stratification are considered under extremely low and high values of air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. A review is presented of existing data on temperature stratification in central Russia for the whole period of aerological observations; results of acoustic sounding are compared against the data obtained using other techniques. 相似文献
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S. N. Kovalenko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(7):476-481
The pollution of surface inland waters under the influence of anthropogenic activity is of the global nature. A process of
the pollutant concentration formation is considered as the stochastic one. The dividing of observational series into separate
time periods is proposed to obtain the homogeneous series of the pollutant concentration. A technique of the mathematical
modeling of pollutant concentration taking account and regardless of the autocorrelation dependence is given. The results
of mathematical modeling of biogenic substance concentration in small watercourses in the northwest of the Russian Federation
are estimated. 相似文献
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The analysis of the long-term variability and spatiotemporal conjugacy of formation processes of ice conditions in the water areas of the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas is carried out on the basis of the available data on the ice cover conditions in the above seas. On the whole, the type of relationships between the ice processes in the system of East Arctic seas indicates the existence of certain mechanisms generating the wave processes in the climatic system of the Arctic Basin manifested in the phase opposition in the development of ice conditions on the western and eastern peripheries of the basin under consideration. The statistical analysis of series of the ice coverage of water areas under consideration demonstrated that the existence of the long-term trend of this characteristic in some seas has its spatiotemporal features: the probability of the trend existence increases from west to east (from the Laptev Sea to the Chukchi Sea) and the trends are of opposite signs. 相似文献
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A. R. Ivanova 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(2):82-90
The slope of the tropopause is calculated from the data of its height in the points of a regular grid. From the NCEP Reanalysis-2 for 1990–2007, the slope angles are calculated of the tropopause approximated by different constant values of Ertel potential vorticity within the latitude band of 30°–70° N. Effects of horizontal resolution of the data under use on the calculation results are studied on the basis of ten-day samples of objective analysis by UKMO, NCEP, and operative objective analysis of Hydrometeorological Center of Russia in different seasons of 2009. 相似文献
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Discussed are the results of long-term hydrophysical studies carried out on the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island in the area of summer-autumn fattening of the Okhotsk-Korea population of grey whales. It is demonstrated that the inflow of water desalinated by the Amur River runoff and the coastal upwelling caused by the summer monsoon are of great importance for the hydrological regime in the given area. These phenomena are interrelated and depend on interannual variations of atmoispheric circulation. Presented are the results of studying the parameters of internal waves obtained using the anchored autonomous vertical system of measurement. Measured are the velocities of the orbital movement of water particles in the propagating nonlinear internal waves and the respective vertical displacements of water layers. Demonstrated are the peculiarities of the thermohaline structure of water under the slick formed on the sea surface by the internal wave. 相似文献