共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
John L. Walmsley 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1992,60(3):271-306
The history of the development of Rossby-Number Similarity Theory for the neutral Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) is reviewed. It is shown that the logarithmic profile derived by asymptotic matching is only valid in the matched layer and not in the surface layer proper. Derivation of the traditional PBL Resistance Laws from the theory is outlined. A best-fit polynomial through observations of geostrophic drag coefficients suggests that the traditional form of the Resistance Laws is inadequate. A new formulation is derived from a generalization of the theory that allows the logarithmic form of the wind profile in the matched layer to differ from that in the surface layer. This new formulation is evaluated against observations made during the 1967 Wangara Experiment. Finally, it is demonstrated how wind speed and wind shear profiles that are consistent with the new Resistance Laws may be obtained. 相似文献
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以山西省左权、王曲电厂等为期一年的铁塔气象观测资料和各邻近地面气象站同期观测资料为例,说明如何选取典型年以及相关性较好的对比气象站,通过对电厂空冷梯度的主要气象要素分析,结合选取的对比气象站长时间序列的逐时气象资料,采用相关统计分析并进行回归检验,重建厂址区域风、温场资料,并针对风资料转换中存在的问题进行了探讨.结果表明:在两地风资料相关较差时.利用条件概率结合线性回归以及风矢量相关等方法补充订正厂址区域风资料效果较好.其结果对风、温场历史资料的重建有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
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飞机人工增雨空地传输网络系统 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用陕西省人工影响天气中心和西安精博科技有限公司共同研制的飞机增雨空地传输系统,于2002～2003年在增雨飞机上进行了25架次的试验。该系统的结构特点是：采用无线和有线相结合的传输模式,克服了短波通信中信号不稳定的现象,达到了语音和数据传输基本正常。经对2003年9月19日增雨飞机上接收的温度、湿度、飞行高度、飞机轨迹图与地面实时接收的上述数据对比分析,发现在同一时间所传输的数据与飞机上的数据基本吻合,地面指挥人员能及时了解到增雨飞机的各种情况。该飞机增雨空地传输系统能实现地面指挥人员与空中作业人员的实时通话和数据传输,实际运行情况良好。 相似文献
4.
This paper examines the potential role of forest set-asides in global carbon sequestration policy. While set asides that protect
forests from timber harvests and land-use conversion may alleviate concerns with permanence, and they may provide large ancillary
environmental benefits, they may also lead to large leakage. This paper uses a global land use and forestry model to examine
the efficiency of three crediting schemes for set-asides. The results show that if set-asides are integrated into a global
forestry carbon sequestration program that includes a wide range of other management options, then 300 million hectares of
land would be set-aside, and up to 128 Pg C could be sequestered in global forests by 2105. Under alternative policies that
focus exclusively on set-asides, more forestland can be set-asides, up to 3.2 billion hectare, but these policies invite large
leakage in the near-term, and in the long-run, they less net carbon is removed from the atmosphere. Specifically, leakage
is estimated to be 47–52%, depending on the policy, and by the end of the century, up to 17% less carbon will be sequestered
in all forests. 相似文献
5.
多岛屿地图上绘制气象要素等值线色块的自适应方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
结合Surfer独特的强大功能,提出一种在多岛屿地图上绘制气象要数等值线色块图的自适应方法,并将该方法应用到气象资料的自动成图领域中。针对Surfer在绘制等值线方面的各种缺陷,即不能向外白化多岛屿地图和自适应性差,给出对网格文件、白化文件、色块等级文件的制作或改进方法,再结合程序对Automation接口的调用,设计整个过程的算法框图和主要代码,以浙江省1971～2000年的气象资料为数据源,自适应地实现了在浙江省地图上的各种气象要数等值线色块图。结果表明绘制的等值线色块图具有良好的可比性,可扩展性和实用性。 相似文献
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气象探空火箭测风不确定度评估方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文在气象火箭测风反演数学模型基础上,通过误差分析理论和曲线拟合最小二乘原理,对大气风场反演结果不确定度的评估方法进行了研究。根据火箭探空仪在空中的运动规律,首先建立数学反演模型,推导得到风速和风向的计算公式;然后根据误差理论,推导得出反演风速和风向的不确定度表达式;基于多项式拟合方法,进一步推导得出拟合后的风速和风向的系统误差和随机误差公式,并求解公式中系数。最后以1次气象火箭实测数据为例,对风场及其不确定度进行了分析计算。结果表明:风速反演不确定度随高度降低而减小,在50～60km高度不确定度约为2.8～3.5m/s,50km以下不确定度在1m/s以内;风向在正北方向(0°)附近摆动时,会导致反演不确定度异常增大,其他高度不确定度基本在10°以内。 相似文献
8.
《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2010,(6)
Acta Meteorologica Sinica(English Edition) is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at the introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles,Note and Correspondence, and research letters.Contributions from all over the... 相似文献
10.
John Hunter 《Climatic change》2012,113(2):239-252
Projections of climate change are inherently uncertain, leading to considerable debate over suitable allowances for future changes such as sea-level rise (an ??allowance?? is, in this context, the amount by which something, such as the height of coastal infrastructure, needs to be altered to cope with climate change). Words such as ??plausible?? and ??high-end?? abound, with little objective or statistically valid support. It is firstly shown that, in cases in which extreme events are modified by an uncertain change in the average (e.g. flooding caused by a rise in mean sea level), it is preferable to base future allowances on estimates of the expected frequency of exceedances rather than on the probability of at least one exceedance. A simple method of determining a future sea-level rise allowance is then derived, based on the projected rise in mean sea level and its uncertainty, and on the variability of present tides and storm surges (??storm tides??). The method preserves the expected frequency of flooding events under a given projection of sea-level rise. It is assumed that the statistics of storm tides relative to mean sea level are unchanged. The method is demonstrated using the GESLA (Global Extreme Sea-Level Analysis) data set of roughly hourly sea levels, covering 198 sites over much of the globe. Two possible projections of sea-level rise are assumed for the 21st century: one based on the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and a larger one based on research since the Fourth Assessment Report. 相似文献
11.
《气象学报》2002,(2)
Acta Meteorologica Sinica(English edition)is an international academic journal in atmosphericsciences edited by the Chinese Meteorological Society,published and distributed by China MeteorologicalPress.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists andaiming at the introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China. 相似文献
12.
Turbulence above and within canopies has characteristics distinct from that over rough surfaces. The vertical transport of
momentum and scalars is dominated by coherent structures whose origin is now thought to be the result of the unstable inflexion
in the profile of the mean wind speed established by the application of canopy drag. This distinctive property leads to the
failure of the standard Monin–Obukhov flux–profile relationships over homogeneous canopies, relationships that are assumed
in many surface exchange schemes within numerical weather prediction and general circulation models. A modification of the
flux–profile relationships is presented that incorporates the effects of the canopy turbulence. The subsequent impacts on
the evolution of the surface energy balance and boundary-layer state are investigated within a simple numerical model for
the evolution of the boundary layer and canopy state. By comparing cases with and without the modification it is shown that
canopy-generated turbulence can lead, not only to the alteration of the flux–profile relationships above the canopy, but also
to a different evolution of the surface energy balance and differences in near-surface conditions that would be significant
in numerical weather prediction. More fundamentally, the modifications to the flux–profile relationships imply that parameters
such as the roughness length and displacement height for canopies should not be considered as invariant properties, but rather
as properties that depend on the flow and hence vary systematically with the diabatic stability of the boundary layer. 相似文献
13.
Chris Bataille Henri Waisman Michel Colombier Laura Segafredo Jim Williams Frank Jotzo 《Climate Policy》2016,16(4):S7-S26
Constraining global average temperatures to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels will probably require global energy system emissions to be halved by 2050 and complete decarbonization by 2100. In the nationally orientated climate policy framework codified under the Paris Agreement, each nation must decide the scale and method of their emissions reduction contribution while remaining consistent with the global carbon budget. This policy process will require engagement amongst a wide range of stakeholders who have very different visions for the physical implementation of deep decarbonization. The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) has developed a methodology, building on the energy, climate and economics literature, to structure these debates based on the following principles: country-scale analysis to capture specific physical, economic and political circumstances to maximize policy relevance, a long-term perspective to harmonize short-term decisions with the long-term objective and detailed sectoral analysis with transparent representation of emissions drivers through a common accounting framework or ‘dashboard’. These principles are operationalized in the creation of deep decarbonization pathways (DDPs), which involve technically detailed, sector-by-sector maps of each country’s decarbonization transition, backcasting feasible pathways from 2050 end points. This article shows how the sixteen DDPP country teams, covering 74% of global energy system emissions, used this method to collectively restrain emissions to a level consistent with the 2 °C target while maintaining development aspirations and reflecting national circumstances, mainly through efficiency, decarbonization of energy carriers (e.g. electricity, hydrogen, biofuels and synthetic gas) and switching to these carriers. The cross-cutting analysis of country scenarios reveals important enabling conditions for the transformation, pertaining to technology research and development, investment, trade and global and national policies.Policy relevanceIn the nation-focused global climate policy framework codified in the Paris Agreement, the purpose of the DDPP and DDPs is to provide a common method by which global and national governments, business, civil society and researchers in each country can communicate, compare and debate differing concrete visions for deep decarbonization in order to underpin the necessary societal and political consensus to design and implement short-term policy packages that are consistent with long-term global decarbonization. 相似文献
14.
‘Adaptive management’ concern attempts to manage complex social-ecological and socio-technical systems in nimble ways to enhance their resilience. In this paper, three forms of adaptive management are identified, ‘scientific’ forms focused on collation of scientific data in response to management experiments, but more recent developments adding processes of collaboration as well as emphasising the need for reflexivity, that is, conscious processes of opening up debates to different perspectives and values. While reflexive adaptive management has been increasingly discussed in theory, there is a lack of examples of what its application means in practice.As a response, this paper examines an ‘Adaptive Planning Process’ (APP), seeking to apply reflexive adaptive management as a means to improve climate resilience in the UK water sector. The APP’s three inter linked workshops – Aspiration, Scenario and Roadmapping – were co-developed and trialled in a water utility. By describing and justifying the choices made in the development of the APP, the paper aims to reveal some of the challenges that arise when trying to design processes that achieve reflexive adaptation.The paper concludes that, if applied to planning for climate change, reflexive adaptation has the potential to explore multiple value positions, highlight different potential futures and acknowledge (and hence, partly address) power differentials, and therefore to offer the possibility of real change. On the basis of the trial, we argue that through tapping the depth and breadth of internal knowledge the APP process created the potential for decision making to be joined up across different parts of the utility, and hence offering new strategies and routes for addressing uncertainties and delivering more resilient water services. 相似文献
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提高新一代多普勒天气雷达产品数据质量的途径与方法 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
简要介绍和探讨利用CINRAD/SA/SB/CA/CB系列(统称WSR-98D)最新Build 10雷达软件系统提高气象产品数据质量的几种途径与具体实用方法,主要包括:生成正确的地物杂波滤波控制图,对速度数据进行退模糊处理,考虑地理地形环境对降水产品质量的影响,用实际测量降水数据对雷达估测降水产品进行调整和订正,正确设置使用局地环境数据。 相似文献
17.
Austin H. Becker Michele Acciaro Regina Asariotis Edgard Cabrera Laurent Cretegny Philippe Crist Miguel Esteban Andrew Mather Steve Messner Susumu Naruse Adolf K. Y. Ng Stefan Rahmstorf Michael Savonis Dong-Wook Song Vladimir Stenek Adonis F. Velegrakis 《Climatic change》2013,120(4):683-695
With 80 % of world trade carried by sea, seaports provide crucial linkages in global supply-chains and are essential for the ability of all countries to access global markets. Seaports are likely to be affected directly and indirectly by climatic changes, with broader implications for international trade and development. Due to their coastal location, seaports are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events associated with increasing sea levels and tropical storm activity, as illustrated by hurricane “Sandy”. In view of their strategic role as part of the globalized trading system, adapting ports in different parts of the world to the impacts of climate change is of considerable importance. Reflecting the views of a diverse group of stakeholders with expertise in climate science, engineering, economics, policy, and port management, this essay highlights the climate change challenge for ports and suggests a way forward through the adoption of some initial measures. These include both “soft” and “hard” adaptations that may be spearheaded by individual port entities, but will require collaboration and support from a broad range of public and private sector stakeholders and from society at large. In particular, the essay highlights a need to shift to more holistic planning, investment and operation. 相似文献
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酿酒葡萄冻害原因的初步分析及防御对策 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对酿酒葡萄冻害的调查研究分析指出：初霜冻的早晚和冬季的极端低温不是造成酿酒葡萄冻害的主要原因。品种间差异和栽培管理不同也不是造成酿酒葡萄冻害的主要原因，10月份的强降温、气温明显偏低(气温≤-5．2℃)才是酿酒葡萄树体冻害的主要原因。引种抗冻能力较强酿酒葡萄品种、选择适应的生长环境和掌握适宜的埋土时间，是防御酿酒葡萄冻害防御的主要对策。 相似文献