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1.
通过布置于龙门山断裂带中段、龙门山山前玉皇观区域的地震观测台站阵列接收地震数据,研究该区域的地震动放大效应和地下地质结构.观测阵列共10台宽频带地震仪,分布在玉皇观河口冲积扇区域.分别采用参考场址谱比法(RSSR)和HV谱比法(HVSR)计算64个高信噪比近震数据的振幅谱比函数,结果显示在玉皇观区域具有较明显的地震动放大效应,并且局部场址效应显著.以S06场址为例,建立近地表地震地质模型,通过SH波放大效应正演模拟研究该场址的地震动放大模式.RSSR与HVSR的结果表明,两者所计算的场址放大效应主频一致,但是HVSR的放大峰值却比RSSR的放大峰值大一倍左右,表明HVSR的结果可能包含了波场在近地表低速层之下传播路径的改造作用.另外,采用27个远震P波的接收函数计算了该区域地壳上地幔S波速度结构.接收函数研究结果显示玉皇观地区的莫霍面深度为44 km,沉积盖层、结晶地壳和上地幔的S波速度分别为2.5 km·s~(-1)、3.5 km·s~(-1)和4.5 km·s~(-1).观测阵列台站之间的接收函数反演结果一致性较好,说明本研究区域范围内地形地貌等近地表结构因素的相对变化对接收函数的影响不大. 相似文献
2.
Olga-Joan Ktenidou Francisco-J. Chávez-García Dimitrios Raptakis Kyriazis D. Pitilakis 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(3):623-645
We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification. 相似文献
3.
Paola Bordoni John Haines Giuliano Milana Sandro Marcucci Fabrizio Cara Giuseppe Di Giulio 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(3):761-781
This is the first part of a study on the seismic response of the L’Aquila city using 2D simulation and experimental data.
We have studied two velocity-depth models with the aim of outlining the behavior of a velocity reversal in the top layer,
which is associated with the stiff Brecce de L’Aquila unit (BrA). In this setting, the SMTH model is topped by a layer with
about 2:1 impedance contrast with the underlying layer while the NORV model has no velocity reversal. We have simulated the
propagation of SH and P-SV wavefields in the range 0–10 Hz for incidence 0°–90°. Earthquake spectral ratios of the horizontal
and vertical components at six sites in L’Aquila downtown are compared to corresponding synthetics spectral ratios. The vertical
component of P-SV synthetics enables us to investigate a remarkable amplification effect seen in the vertical component of
the recorded strong motion. Sites AQ04 and AQ05 are best matched by synthetics from the NORV model while FAQ5 and AQ06 have
a better match with synthetics spectral ratios from the SMTH model. All simulations show this behavior systematically, with
horizontal and near-horizontal incident waves predicting the overall pattern of matches more clearly than vertical and near-vertical
incidence. The model inferences are in agreement with new geological data reporting lateral passages in the top layer from
the stiff BrA to softer sediments. Matches are good in terms of frequency of the first amplification peak and of spectral
amplitude: the horizontal components have spectral ratio peaks predominantly at 0.5 Hz in the simulations and at 0.7 Hz in
the data, both with amplitudes of 4, while the vertical component spectral ratios reach values of 6 at frequencies of about
1 Hz in both data and simulations. The vertical component spectral ratios are very well matched using Rayleigh waves with
incidence at 90°. The NORV model without the velocity reversal predicts spectral ratio peaks for the horizontal components
at frequencies up to 6 Hz. The reversal of velocity acts as a low-pass frequency filter on the horizontal components reducing
the amplification effect of the sediment filled valley. 相似文献
4.
R. Maresca M. Castellano R. De Matteis G. Saccorotti P. Vaccariello 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2003,160(9):1745-1764
5.
This paper investigates the effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic waves. First, based on attenuation laws and the filtered Tajimi–Kanai spectrum, seismic motion at the base rock of a soil site is stochastically generated according to an assumed earthquake with a given magnitude and epicentral distance. Motions on the surface of this layered random soil site are calculated by nonlinear wave propagation methods, and by assuming the incoming seismic wave consisting of SH wave or combined P and SV waves. Soil properties, including shear modulus, damping ratio and mass density, as well as ground water level are considered as random in the numerical calculation. The Rosenblueth method is used to solve the random dynamic responses of the soil site. Parametric calculations are performed to investigate the effects of various parameters on site amplification of seismic waves. The mean and maximum ground motions on surface of the site are estimated. Numerical results indicate that the estimated surface motions differ substantially if the random variations of soil properties and soil saturation level are taken into consideration in the analysis. 相似文献
6.
基于一种高精度间接边界元法(IBEM), 实现了沉积盆地三维地震响应的频域、 时域精细求解, 并以半空间中椭球形沉积盆地对平面P波和SV波的散射为例, 着重探讨了入射角度、 入射波型、 入射频率、 盆地长宽比和深宽比对沉积盆地地震动放大效应的影响规律． 结果表明: 盆地形状对地震波的放大效应和空间分布状态具有显著影响, 且具体规律受控于入射波频段． ① 随着盆地深度增大, 盆地边缘面波发育更为充分, 在较宽频段内均会出现显著的地震动放大效应, 且深盆地的放大区域集中于盆地中部． ② 圆形盆地对地震波的汇聚效应最为显著, 而狭长盆地对地震波的汇聚作用相对较弱, 高频情况下可在盆地内部形成多个聚焦区域． ③ 不同波型入射下, 盆地对地震动放大效应的机制有所差异: P波入射下, 竖向位移放大主要是由于盆地边缘面波由四周向中部汇聚所致; SV波入射下, 边缘面波汇聚效应相对较弱, 而当盆地较深时, 底部透射体波和边缘面波易形成同相干涉从而显著放大地震动． 按盆地内外介质波速比为1/2, P波和SV波垂直入射下频域最大放大倍数分别为25和15, 时域放大倍数约为4.0和3.7(雷克子波)． ④ 低频波入射下, 位移从盆地中部向边缘逐渐减小, 且浅层沉积盆地对地表位移幅值的放大作用不明显． ⑤ P波和SV波的入射角度对盆地地震动放大幅值及空间分布特征也具有显著影响． 相似文献
7.
Alemayehu Lakew Jemberie 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(9-10):1835-1860
Strong and weak motion data from the Mississippi Embayment Seismic Excitation Experiment (ESEE) were analyzed for signatures of nonlinear site responses. This experiment was performed jointly by the University of Memphis and U. S. Geological Survey in October 2002, by detonating two explosions of 2500 and 5000 lbs. Intrinsic and scattering Q estimates (QI and QS) from the coda of the strong motion data were found to be very low compared to previously determined Q values of P- and Rayleigh waves of weak motion data from the same explosions. The QI estimates from P-wave late coda of the strong motion data are less by more than 100 at 3 Hz and by more than 200 at 10 Hz, compared to the P-wave Q values determined from the weak motion data by Langston et al (2005). Also, QI determined from the late coda of strong motion Rayleigh-wave data is less by more than 200 at 0.5 Hz and by more than 50 at 3.0 Hz, compared to Q values determined from Rayleigh-wave weak motion data. A resonance peak spectral amplitude of the early part of a strong motion seismogram is shifted to lower frequencies compared to that from a later part of the same seismogram. Spectral amplitude ratios between transverse and vertical components of the strong motion data are degraded between frequencies 2 and 10 Hz for P waves, and less than 4 Hz for Rayleigh waves compared to the weak motion transverse to vertical spectral ratio. All these are signatures of nonlinear site responses during strong ground motion. This study proves the non-transportability of weak motion attenuation results to estimate ground motion from a future large earthquake that may take place in areas like the New Madrid Seismic zone. 相似文献
8.
Mohammad Khandan Bakavoli Ebrahim Haghshenas Mohsen Kamalian 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2011,31(5-6):737-756
Two hilly sites were selected to study seismic site response due to topography effects. The sites were selected in a manner to be as much as possible homogenous and free of the soft soil layers effects. The hills were instrumented by nine velocimetric stations to record microtremors and the obtained data were analyzed using horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. Some standard spectral ratio tests were performed on noise as well. Then the instrumented hills were modeled (both 2D and 3D) assuming a linear elastic constitutive behavior subjected to vertically propagating SV and P Ricker wavelets. All calculations were performed in time domain using direct boundary element method. Different transfer function components, amplification patterns and spectral ratios were calculated in frequency domain. The frequency of vibration, obtained by experimental studies, is between 4 and 5 Hz for both of the hills. The spectral ratios derived by numerical simulations were compared with the observed spectral ratios. They show relatively good similarities between the results of these two methods. The frequencies of vibration derived from different methods seem to be nearly identical. The agreement in term of resonance frequency between microtremors and numerical modeling suggests that noise measurements could represent a simple, even if preliminary, tool in order to identify possible topographic amplification. 相似文献
9.
Rosalba Maresca Norma Damiano Lucia Nardone Mauro A. Di Vito Francesca Bianco 《Journal of Seismology》2014,18(3):385-400
In this study, we describe two experiments of seismic noise measurements carried out in Naples, Italy. The site allowed measurements to be obtained both at the surface and in a tunnel that is 120-m-deep. The main goal was to compare the seismic response evaluated at the surface to the in-tunnel response, through spectral, polarization, and resonance directivity analyses. In the 1 to 20 Hz frequency band, the noise level was up to 15 dB higher at the surface than in the tunnel. The polarization properties and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios appear not to be influenced by the tunnel geometry or by the topography. Some preferential alignments were observed in the polarization azimuths computed at the surface, which are likely to be due to local sources, rather than morphological features. The absence of directivity effects and the low noise levels in the tunnel make this site suitable for installing seismic stations. We also studied how the subsoil structure affects the seismic motion at the surface. The dispersive properties of the Rayleigh waves were investigated using the spatial autocorrelation method. A joint inversion of the dispersion data and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios provided the subsurface Vs profile. The derived model has a low velocity contrast at depth, such as to generate moderate and broad H/V spectral ratio peak amplitude. The normalized spectral ratio appears more appropriate to identify the soil-resonance frequencies. 相似文献
10.
Seismic site amplification studies are generally used to assess the effects of local geology and soil conditions on ground motion characteristics. Although extensive reviews on site amplification phenomena associated with stratigraphic effects can be found in the specialized literature, it should be pointed out that most of the practical applications have been limited to the study of vertically propagating shear horizontal (SH) waves, i.e., to the 1-D soil amplification problem. Furthermore, little attention, if any, has been devoted to the study of the effects of non-vertically incident SH waves on surface accelerograms and on the earthquake response of structures. In the present work, the study is extended to an investigation of 2-D site amplification of non-vertically propagating seismic shear waves in multilayered viscoelastic soil deposits. Sensitivity analyses of the effects of non-vertical incidence on site amplification functions are performed based on site geotechnical data collected from post-seismic investigations of the 1980 El-Asnam earthquake. Analytical results are discussed in terms of seismic site transfer functions, spectral ratios, surface acceleration time histories, and structural response spectra for different values of wave incidence angle. Both bedrock and rock outcropping cases are examined. 相似文献
11.
采用基于ABAQUS平台的显式有限元动力学分析方法,结合人工黏弹性边界理论,研究了局部凸起地形对地震动特性(包括反应谱、峰值加速度、峰值速度和峰值位移等)的影响,分析了台地宽度对地形放大效应的影响.结果表明:凸起地形平台段空间点地震动受地形效应影响较大,在零阻尼条件下,其谱比曲线呈双峰特点,.8—0.9s的中长周期段谱比达到一个较大值1.6,在0.08—0.09s的高频段谱比超过2.0,且最大值出现在平台中点;对于凸起地形斜坡段,在大部分周期点处,顶点的谱比高于其它斜坡点,而且在周期超过0.4s的频段,斜坡段观测点的谱比表现出较明显的规律性,即越靠近顶点的观测点,其谱比值越大;坡底段地表不同观测点的谱比基本在脚点与计算边界点(人工边界点)对应的谱比值之间变化,在不同的频段均表现出较明显的规律性.凸起地形平台段宽度对地震动高频成分的放大效应具有较大影响,但只局限在一定的宽度范围内,随着宽度的增大,其对地形放大效应的影响逐渐减弱. 此外,台地宽度的变化对地震动峰值加速度的放大效应有一定的影响,而对峰值速度、峰值位移的放大效应的影响则不明显. 相似文献
12.
Adel M.E. Mohamed 《Geophysical Prospecting》2009,57(6):1073-1089
The damage caused by earthquake occurrences in different localities all over the world necessitates the evaluation of the underground and/or sub-soil structure for strategic projects. The case study is the proposed area for a new factory construction that lies 3 km west of Suez Cement factory, in the area between Kottamiya and Ain Sokhna. The shallow seismic refraction survey was carried out through 10 major lines (grid lines), comprising 30 seismic profiles. The microtremor measurements were done at 25 locations at the grid intersection points. The obtained compressional (P) and horizontal shear (SH) wave velocities, with the horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios, are used to deduce the subsurface structures, to evaluate the elastic and dynamic properties and the transfer function at both the surface and bedrock. The results illustrate that there is a good correlation between the fundamental frequencies deduced through the theoretical transfer function and the H/V spectral ratio. The maximum value of ground motion amplification factor of the study area is 3.3 at a corresponding frequency of 7.8 Hz. 相似文献
13.
We present the results of an experiment about the effects on the seismic ground motion of a hill of large dimensions (6km long, 3km large and 700m high) near Corinth (Greece). We installed 7 seismometers across the hill, and analyzed the ground motion with different methods: the classical spectral ratios (CSR) and the horizontal to vertical spectral ratios calculated both on noise (HVNR) and earthquake data (RF). The amplification at the resonant frequency (around 0.7Hz) is low, as expected, but one of the two stations installed at the top exhibits large amplification (up to a factor of 10) at 3Hz. The comparison between the H/V results and the CSR ones suggests that the former method is able to point out the fundamental frequencies of a hill. Amplifications and spatial localization predicted by numerical 3D modeling are consistent with the experimental data only at frequencies lower than 1Hz. 相似文献
14.
A seismic source consisting of a 700 kg weight that could be dropped vertically or projected down a ramp inclined at 45° to the vertical was tested as a source of P, SV and SH waves within a crystalline rock body at Chalk River, Ontario. The seismic energy was recorded by arrays of both horizontal and vertical-component geophones at distances between 30 and 600 m from the source, which was operated over glacial overburden varying in thickness from less than a meter to a few tens of meters. Seismic energy was more efficiently generated when the overburden thickness was at least several meters. The signals identified visually as S are generally true S, though some may be the converted wave PS. The SV amplitudes are generally larger than those of P, regardless of the type of shot, while the signal frequencies are roughly 60 Hz and 90 Hz, respectively. The horizontal-component seismograms for the inclined shots showed no evidence of SH polarization, and the SH amplitudes were only rarely enhanced relative to P and SV amplitudes on changing from vertical to inclined shots. These unexpected results are attributed to the combined effect of the high velocity and density contrasts and the irregularity of the boundary between the glacial overburden and the rock body. 相似文献
15.
Four-level Dahan downhole recordings are used to investigate site amplification due to the near-surface structure. The downhole array is installed at the depths of 0 m (surface), 50, 100 and 200 m. Eight sets of data presenting well-separated incident and reflected waves (from the free surface) are selected to analyse the site amplification. Five techniques of spectral ratios have been tested to determine the most reliable way to estimate site response. The superior one is the ratio of Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Fourier amplitude spectra, because it has the minimum number of pseudopeaks. However, the pseudopeaks can be further reduced by omitting those ratios with small denominators. Results show that the amplification factors are nearly uniform at the depths of 50 and 100 m, where their values fall between one and two. This factor is frequency-dependent at the surface and in the range from two to five under 6 Hz. These results agree well with those from time-domain analyses and the transmission-coefficient estimation except that the latter overestimates the amplification factor of the surface station. This suggests that the shallow velocity structure provided by the geotechnical survey might be underestimated. Numerical modelling also supports the underestimation of velocity at near surface since the synthetic SH waves based on a modified velocity model can match these observations well. 相似文献
16.
当参考场地震源距小于研究场地震源距时,传统谱比法低估了场地放大效应,且参考场地与研究场地震源距相差越大,低估程度越大;当参考场地震源距大于研究场地震源距时,传统谱比法高估了场地放大效应,且参考场地与研究场地震源距相差越大,高估程度越大,计算结果依赖参考场地的选择。上述问题存在的原因是传统谱比法估计场地放大效应时未考虑地震波传播过程中介质的吸收衰减作用,故传统谱比法适用于参考场地与研究场地地质构造类似且震源距相差较小的情况,为此本文通过考虑介质对地震波的吸收衰减作用,提出改进谱比法,可适用于地质构造类似、任意震源距的情况。本文分别采用未改进方法和改进方法估计汶川地震中渭河盆地多个台站场地反应,证实了传统谱比法存在的上述问题。采用改进谱比法估计的场地放大倍数均在2 Hz以下出现1个峰值,且这些峰值多为最大值;采用未改进谱比法估计的场地放大倍数峰值出现的频率多大于2 Hz;改进谱比法可信度较高。 相似文献
17.
The effect of seawater on vertical ground motions is studied via a theoretical method and then actual offshore ground motion records are analyzed using a statistical method. A theoretical analysis of the effect of seawater on incident plane P and SV waves at ocean bottom indicate that on one hand, the affected frequency range of vertical ground motions is prominent due to P wave resonance in the water layer if the impedance ratio between the seawater and the underlying medium is large, but it is greatly suppressed if the impedance ratio is small; on the other hand, for the ocean bottom interface model selected herein, vertical ground motions consisting of mostly P waves are more easily affected by seawater than those dominated by SV waves. The statistical analysis of engineering parameters of offshore ground motion records indicate that:(1) Under the infl uence of softer surface soil at the seafl oor, both horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations of offshore motions are exaggerated at long period components, which leads to the peak spectral values moving to a longer period.(2) The spectral ratios(V/H) of offshore ground motions are much smaller than onshore ground motions near the P wave resonant frequencies in the water layer; and as the period becomes larger, the effect of seawater becomes smaller, which leads to a similar V/H at intermediate periods(near 2 s). These results are consistent with the conclusions of Boore and Smith(1999), but the V/H of offshore motion may be smaller than the onshore ground motions at longer periods(more than 5 s). 相似文献
18.
Site response study in Abruzzo (Central Italy): underground array versus surface stations 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
G. De Luca E. Del Pezzo F. Di Luccio L. Margheriti G. Milana R. Scarpa 《Journal of Seismology》1998,2(3):223-236
In this site response study we examined local earthquakes recorded at surface stations of a local seismic network and at a temporary underground seismic array installed in a tunnel underneath the Gran Sasso Massif in Abruzzo (central Italy). This allowed us to compare the seismic site response beneath the mountain and on the surface in similar geological environment (soft rock sites). We applied spectral ratios method on different segments of the seismograms and used different reference spectra in the 1–20 Hz frequency band. We found little or no amplification effects at most of the surface stations whereas site transfer functions evaluated with respect to underground sites show an amplification factor up to 6 in the 1–8 Hz frequency range. Coda spectral ratios estimated at soft rock sites are confirmed as good estimates of shear wave transfer function. 相似文献
19.
M. D. Trifunac 《地震工程与结构动力学》1972,1(3):267-281
The two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-cylindrical canyon is analysed for a general angle of wave incidence. The closed-form solution of the problem shows that the surface topography can have prominent effects on incident waves only when the wavelengths of incident motion are short compared to the radius of a canyon. The surface amplification of displacement amplitudes around and in the canyon changes rapidly from one point to another, but the amplification is always less than 2. The over-all trends of amplification pattern are determined by two principal parameters: (1) γ, the angle of incidence of plane SH waves, and (2) η, the ratio of radius of the canyon to one-half wave length of incident waves. The higher η leads to greater complexity of the pattern of surface displacement amplitudes characterized by more abrupt changes of amplification from one point to another, while γ mainly determines the over-all trends of displacement amplitudes. For grazing and nearly grazing incidences, for example, a strong shadow zone is developed behind the canyon. The qualitative analysis of the topographic effects on the Pacoima Dam accelerogram,1 based on the semi-cylindrical canyon, suggests that this strong-motion record was not seriously affected by surface topography of the recording site. 相似文献
20.
为了快速而且廉价地获取北京市详细的场地响应和浅层速度结构,应用于地震动模拟和地震灾害预防,我们开展了微动观测技术和处理方法研究.本文利用2007年夏季北京五棵松地区进行的几个微动观测实验数据,使用单台H/V谱比法分析场地的卓越频率及其对应的放大系数,并对比了不同地震仪和观测时间对H/V曲线的影响;应用高分辨率F-K频谱分析方法从微动台阵数据中得到Rayleigh波的频散曲线并使用邻域算法反演出浅层速度结构.H/V结果表明该地区卓越频率在2.1～2.2 Hz之间,对应的放大系数下限约为3;利用微动H/V方法得到的场地卓越频率具有较高的稳定性.微动台阵反演结果给出了比较合理的波阻抗界面深度和层平均速度结构,认为地下80多米处的波阻抗界面是决定场地卓越频率和其场地放大系数的主要界面.本研究表明微动技术应用于评估城市地震场地响应和浅层速度结构是可行且易于实施的. 相似文献