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1.
扭转导波在锚固锚杆中传播的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用有限元数值模拟的方法研究了扭转导波在锚固锚杆中的传播性质。建立了自由锚杆和锚固锚杆的有限元模型,在锚杆顶端激发20～60 kHz扭转导波信号,计算得到导波在自由锚杆和锚杆锚固段的传播速度值与理论值吻合很好,证明了扭转导波数值模拟方法的有效性。数值模拟结果表明：随着激发波频率的增大,扭转导波在自由锚杆和锚杆锚固段中的衰减值均呈线性递增趋势,导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射回波逐渐减弱;扭转导波在锚杆锚固段的衰减值较大,无法在锚杆顶端采集到锚杆底端反射回波信号,所以扭转导波不适用于锚杆长度的检测;随着锚固介质弹性模量的增大,同一频率扭转导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射波逐渐增强。通过检测扭转导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射回波,可以确定锚固介质弹性模量的大小。 相似文献
2.
采用理论分析和实验室测试的方法对锚固锚杆和自由锚杆中的导波传播规律进行了研究,并在频率为20 kHz～ 3 MHz范围内对锚固锚杆和自由锚杆波的传播速度进行了测试,发现锚固锚杆内不同频率的导波传播速度对锚固介质具有不同的敏感性。低频率段（20～200 kHz）的导波传播速度对锚杆锚固质量较为敏感,自由锚杆和锚固锚杆中导波的传播速度相差较大,适合于检测锚杆的锚固质量。高频率段（1～3 MHz）的导波传播速度对锚杆锚固质量不敏感,导波的传播速度基本不变,适合于锚杆完整性检测。探索了利用高频段多频率导波检测锚固锚杆长度的方法。实验室检测结果显示,本检测方法具有很高的精度 相似文献
3.
An empirical method for design of grouted bolts in rock tunnels based on the Geological Strength Index (GSI) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The procedure presented in this paper has been developed for the design of grouted rock bolts in rock tunnels during preliminary design stage. The proposed approach provides a step-by-step procedure to set up a series of practical guidelines for optimum pattern of rock bolting in a variety of rock mass qualities. For this purpose, a new formula for the estimation of the rock load (support pressure) is recommended. Due to its wide-spread acceptance in the field of rock engineering, the Geological Strength Index (GSI) is adopted in support pressure equation. For poor and very poor rock mass where the GSI < 27, the use of Modified-GSI is, instead, recommended. The supporting action is assumed to be provided by rock bolts carrying a total load defined by the rock load height. The mechanism of bolting is assumed to rely on roof arch forming and suspension principle. Integrated with support pressure function, the bolt density parameter is modified in order to provide an optimized bolt pattern for any shape of tunnel. The modified bolt density can also be used in analysis of a reinforced tunnel in terms of Ground Reaction Curve (GRC) in such a way as to evaluate the reinforced rock mass and the tunnel convergence. By doing so, the effectiveness of the bolting pattern is well evaluated. The proposed approach based on GSI is believed to overcome constrains and limitations of existing empirical bolt design methods based on RMR or Q-system, which are doubtful in poor rock mass usage. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by the stability analysis and bolt design of a rail-road tunnel in Turkey. 相似文献
4.
岩体锚固效应及锚杆的解析本构模型研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用Mohr-Coulomb、Hoek-Brown以及Duncan-Chang理论分别分析了块状和碎块状岩体锚固后的物理效应,通过分析认为,岩体锚固后可以有效地提高岩体的凝聚力和软弱结构面的抗剪强度,增强岩体的弹性模量,改善岩体的力学性质。通过对拉拔试验测试结果分析,在一定的假设条件下,推导了锚杆与注浆体或岩体耦合情况下的解析本构方程,并对其进行了参数分析,认为提高拉拔力、增大锚杆直径和锚固段长度可以有效地改善其锚固效果,并提出了锚固临界值的概念。在前人工作的基础上,利用提出的耦合解析本构模型建立了非耦合状态下锚杆的解析本构模型,通过计算认为,该解析模型是合理的。 相似文献
5.
Development of Rock Bolt Elements in Two-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Computer modeling can be used to explore and gain new insights into the impacts of rock bolt intersecting joints in rock masses, and to estimate the effectiveness of the rock reinforcement system. In order to achieve this goal, we couple a rock bolt element into the two-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA2D) program. The coupling algorithm is based on the analytically-derived interface behavior between a rock bolt and the rock material for grouted rock bolts. The shear force generated by slippage along the interface is assumed to have a linear relationship with respect to the relative slipping distance between the rock bolt and the rock. The linear elastic criterion is applied to determine the material behavior of rock bolts before the axial stress reaches the yield value. The pullout tests are simulated to verify the coupling algorithm and the effects of the proposed rock bolt elements. Parametrical studies are also carried out to analyze the effectiveness of the rock bolts under various end conditions, joint locations and bond stiffness. In addition, the performance of the rock bolt during the interface debonding is analyzed using two types of constitutive laws, i.e., the friction law and the reduction law. The simulation results show that the proposed rock bolt models can predict the shear forces and axial loading along the rock bolts. 相似文献
6.
Explanation for the widely reported observation that fully grouted reinforcement is more effective in hard rock that behaves as a discontinuum than in soft rock is presented. Analytical solutions are presented for the distribution of displacement and load along an untensioned fully grouted elastic bolt, of specified bond stiffness, which is activated during excavation by either a continuous or discontinuous distribution of rock displacement. The results indicate that significantly higher axial loads are developed for the discontinuous case. Since the mechanics of bond failure depend on the type of bolt and grout used, in the second part of the paper a finite difference formulation is introduced and combined with a non-linear model for the bond behaviour of a cement grouted seven-wire strand cable bolt. The results of a parametric study indicate that, because the bond is frictional and depends on confinement at the borehole wall, for the same profile of rock mass displacement lower loads are developed in soft rock. Furthermore, in soft rock, excavation induced stress changes can cause a dramatic reduction in bond strength, so that, even after significant rock mass displacement, the axial load developed is significantly less than the tensile strength of the cable. A combination of these effects can explain why failures of cable bolted ground involve debonding at the cable–grout interface in soft rock, and why instances of cable rupture are confined to hard, blocky rock masses. 相似文献
7.
以低碳钢片模拟全长黏结锚杆,开展均质岩质边坡离心模型试验,研究了锚杆的应力响应规律。基于试验模型锚杆应力响应规律启发及实际均质边坡变形破坏演变规律,提出仅针对边坡松弛区进行局部强度折减,数值模拟探讨了均质岩质边坡单锚应力监测的较佳位置。结果表明:均质岩质边坡变形破坏起始于坡脚的剪切破坏,且随着边坡变形破坏的开展,靠近坡脚的全长黏结锚杆会较早产生明显的应力响应,锚杆应力增长速率会不断增加;锚杆应力监测点距离边坡潜在滑动面（塑性变形区）越近,锚杆应力响应时间越早,且量值越大;建议在距离坡脚0.25~0.35 H（H为边坡高度）的坡面处布设监测锚杆,但对于具体监测边坡对象,应具体问题具体分析。研究成果可为均质岩质边坡的锚杆监测工作提供一定的参考借鉴。 相似文献
8.
Enriched finite element procedures for analyzing decoupled bolts installed in rock mass 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Numerical procedures are developed to analyze interaction between fully grouted bolts and rock mass using ‘enriched finite element method (EFEM)’. A solid element intersected by a rock bolt along any arbitrary direction is termed as ‘enriched’ element. The nodes of an enriched element have additional degrees of freedom for determining displacements, stresses developed in the bolt rod. The stiffness of the enriched element is formulated based on properties of rock mass, bolt rod and grout, orientation of the bolt and borehole diameter. Decoupling at grout–bolt interface and elasto‐plastic behavior of rock mass have also been incorporated into the EFEM procedures. The results of this method are compared with analytical pull‐out test results presented by Li and Stillborg (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 1999; 36 :1013–1029). In addition, a numerical example of a bolted tunnel is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for practical applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
10.
Performance of D-bolts Under Static Loading 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D-bolt is a type of energy-absorbing rock bolt. It is made of a smooth steel bar with anchors spaced along the bolt length.
A typical section between adjacent anchors is approximately 1-m long, but it can be adjusted to adapt to the rock conditions.
The bolt is fully encapsulated with either cement or resin grout in a borehole. The anchors are firmly fixed into the grout,
while the smooth bolt sections can freely deform to absorb deformation energy. Full-scale static pull tests were carried out
at different testing facilities in two laboratories. The tests show that a smooth bolt section between anchors may elongate
by 110–167 mm depending on the section length. Field trials of the D-bolt were conducted in deep metal mines. The measurements
showed that the D-bolts were equally loaded within every anchor-between section, avoiding load peaks and premature bolt failure
due to stress concentrations caused by fracture/joint opening. The field trials of rebar and D-bolts in a largely deformed
mine tunnel showed that the D-bolts behaved satisfactorily, with only a few failed bolts, while a number of the rebar bolts
failed at the thread. 相似文献
11.
锚杆能够显著增强顺层岩质边坡的稳定性.基于顺层边坡结构效应,应用锚杆加固顺层边坡的力学模型,根据结构力学理论和变形协调关系,建立拉剪作用下全长粘结型锚杆加固顺层边坡抗剪计算的理论分析方法.与相关试验数据进行了比较验证,结果表明顺层边坡锚固抗力模型计算结果与试验结果比较一致,验证了理论模型的合理性.讨论了锚杆倾角、锚杆直径、灌浆体强度、结构面内摩擦角、剪胀角等对加锚顺层岩体抗剪性能的影响.分析表明:锚杆锚固抗力模型能够较好地反映锚杆轴力及横向剪切力对顺层岩质边坡的抗剪作用.锚杆倾角越大,锚杆总的抗力呈减小趋势,而锚杆抗力随剪胀角增大而增加;当锚杆倾角等于内摩擦角时,锚杆抗力达到最大;锚杆抗力随锚杆直径增加而增大;当锚杆直径不变时,锚杆抗力随灌浆体抗压强度增大而有所减小. 相似文献
12.
Jingke Zhang Zuixiong Li Wenwu Chen Xudong Wang Qinglin Guo Nan Wang 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2017,12(4):279-290
This article presents a laboratory and field investigation of pull-out resistance of wood bolts in rammed earth heritages. The laboratory testing involved axial tensile tests of four grout specimens prepared in specially designed moulds using PS-F (Potassium Silicate solution-Fly ash) slurry to investigate the performance of anchors. The field testing involved pull-out tests of three wood anchors installed in rammed earth heritages by gravity grouting. Experiments reveal that the failure mode is the pull-out of bolt from grout and average skin friction resistance of bolt–grout interface is approximately 0.34MPa. Load–displacement curves and elastic–residual displacement derived from cyclic loading indicate such anchor system has strong ductility with small elastic deformation and large residual deformation. Bond collapse firstly occurs at the loaded end and then propagates towards the full bonded length. Bond stress distribution is not uniform along the bonded length. Maximum bond stress distributes at the range from 0.3 m to 0.4 m. Emergence of compressive strain in the interface reveals such anchor system enjoys the advantages of both tensile and compressive anchor types, which significantly differs from results from other regular bolts. The research conclusion makes scientific senses to traditional material and craft in rammed earth heritages. 相似文献
13.
Composite Element Model of the Fully Grouted Rock Bolt 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
Summary The three dimensional elasto-viscoplastic composite element method is formulated in this paper for rock masses reinforced by a fully-grouted bolt. If a bolt segment penetrates a finite element representing the rock mass, then a composite element is formed including five sub-elements corresponding to the rock material, the grout material, the bolt material, the rock-grout interface and the bolt-grout interface. The displacements in each sub-element are interpolated from the corresponding nodal displacements of the composite element. By the virtual work principle the governing equation for the solution of the nodal displacements can be formulated. The elasto-viscoplastic characteristics of the materials are considered in the formulation. The new model can be incorporated into the conventional finite element analysis grid, in which several composite elements have fully grouted bolts embedded. In this way the mesh generation of large scale bolted rock structures becomes convenient and feasible. The model has been implemented in a FEM program, and a comparative study between the numerical analysis and a pull out field test has been carried out, from which the validity and the robustness of the new model are justified. 相似文献
14.
Roof bolting in underground mining: a state-of-the-art review 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Conclusions With continuing investigations and developments, roof bolting today can in most cases successfully reinforce the mine roof in underground mining. In order to cope with the increasing use of roof bolts, efforts should be made to maximize the safety and minimize the cost. With regard to mechanical bolting, two important parameters need more advanced improvements and study, namely, optimum design of the shape and type of expansion shell and optimum bolt tension for a specific bolt pattern. For the fully grouted resin bolt, the most critical requirement is to develop a fast-setting, low-cost, intoxic, inflammable grouting material that can be used in the high speed mining cycle. It should be noted that geological conditions such as the strata type, rock properties,in situ stress, and planes of weakness play an important role in the successful application of any roof bolting system. These factors should be specified as accurately and quantitatively as possible in the design of any roof bolting system. Finally, proper and careful installation and continuous monitoring are imperative for the success of any roof bolting system. 相似文献
15.
Summary The stability of any underground structure during and after excavation is the most important question for designers, because any kind of collapse may destroy large parts of a finished tunnel, causing major repairs and time loss. Preliminary calculations are therefore of great importance. A calculation is only useful, however, when the underlying numerical model correctly describes natural behaviour. The rock bolts used in tunnel excavations are mostly untensioned grouted bolts, and this type of bolt is the main focus of this work. From the model of the grouted bolt, other types of rock bolts can also be modelled by the theory presented herein. Bolt behaviour in intact rock mass is so different from behaviour when a bolt intersects a joint, that a model with two different elements is suggested for a numerical calculation; one element for the bolt in the rock mass and one as a bolt intersecting with a joint.The model for both elements is verified by the experimental results. The numerical results correspond favourably with the experimental work. A variation of the parameters important for the behaviour of the bolt in intersection with the joint is shown. As an implementation of the bolt model, the numerical simulation of excavation and stabilisation of one road tunnel is presented. 相似文献
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17.
针对输电线路注浆锚杆基础特点,根据相似理论设计了节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔模型试验,模型设计中考虑了岩石弹性模量、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长、节理倾角、锚杆埋深5个因素的变化,选择5因素4水平的正交试验方法进行了模型试验研究。结果表明,岩石弹性模量对注浆锚杆基础抗拔力的影响最大,其次为锚杆埋深、节理倾角、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长。试验过程中以剪切破坏和开裂破坏为主,并以此分析了注浆锚杆的传力机制,得出浆体与锚杆和岩体之间的黏结强度是控制试验结果的主要因素,影响着锚杆的极限抗拔力和破坏状态,在施工过程中应注意质量控制。 相似文献
18.
B. Stimpson 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1987,5(3):299-305
Summary The shear stiffness of a grouted, rock bolt intersecting a discontinuity controls the amount of shear movement that can occur for a given shear force. In this paper an analytical model is developed for estimating the shear stiffness of a single bolt as a function of bolt inclination, hole and bolt diameter, bolt, grout and rock Young's moduli, and aperture (opening) across the discontinuity, and sensitivity studies conducted to determine the most significant of these variables as predicted by the model. 相似文献
19.
隧道围岩全长黏结式锚杆界面力学模型研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
分析围岩弹塑性介质中全长黏结式锚杆的锚固界面层应力分布和变化特征,对研究隧道工程初期支护系统的力学效应具有重要意义。根据全长锚杆微段的受力平衡以及锚固界面层剪应力的传递机制建立了关于锚杆轴向位移的微分方程,通过求解锚杆轴向位移的微分方程可得到锚杆与围岩相互作用下的轴向载荷和锚固界面剪应力的分布函数。然后将锚杆界面剪应力对围岩的支护反力转化为圆形隧道轴对称径向体积力,进而求解有锚喷支护作用下圆形隧道围岩塑性区半径。在此解析模型基础上,可对隧道围岩-支护系统进行详细的分析和评判。算例分析表明,初期支护时机的选择对锚固效应和围岩稳定性有较大影响;适当增加全长黏结式锚杆的锚固层厚度能明显降低锚杆端部剪应力的应力集中度,能有效改善锚杆的锚固效果。 相似文献