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1.
含油气盆地地质甲烷释放研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前地质甲烷在国际上引起了广泛的关注。地质甲烷的释放在整个大气甲烷的源与汇的研究具有重要的意义。它既为不含放射性~(14)C甲烷源缺失部分提供了可能的解释,也为全球气候变暖的研究提供了科学依据。含油气盆地的甲烷是地质甲烷中的重要组成部分。本文概述了国内外含油气盆地甲烷释放的研究,详述了含油气盆地甲烷的源以及运移机制;阐述了目前对于地质甲烷研究的常用监测手段及其优缺点;并对全球含油气盆地的甲烷通量估算进行了总结。但是由于含油气盆地甲烷的通量估算是建立在区域性的部分甲烷通量测试基础上,仍然具有较大的不确定性。有效地结合甲烷的各种监测手段,在全球更多更广区域开展含油气盆地CH_4通量测量,是未来的发展方向和热点。我国是油气生产的大国之一,但相关的探究很少,因此,在我国开展含油气盆地甲烷释放通量的研究将有助于进一步完善全球含油气盆地甲烷数据库,对全球甲烷的源和汇的精确估算具有重要作用和意义。 相似文献
2.
地质甲烷对大气甲烷源与汇的贡献 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地质甲烷是除湿地外最大的一类自然源,主要包括微渗漏、泥火山、海底渗漏、火山地热区和温泉等,这些地质源每年向大气释放约42～64 Mt甲烷气体,在整个大气甲烷收支平衡中具有重要意义.IPCC第四次报告(2007年)以前由于相关调查研究的欠缺,甚至基本数据的匮乏(包括未发现的源)以及甲烷地质成因的复杂性,对地质甲烷等烃类气体向大气的排放通量估算严重偏低.最近几年,国外相关研究者进行了一定规模的系统调查和科学研究,补充完善了有效数据库,改变了估计偏低的现状,并且使IPCC将地质来源的甲烷单独列项.相对来讲,我国在这一领域的研究还刚刚起步,与国际水平相差甚远,包括泥火山等地质甲烷释放通量的原位测量和科学研究仍属空白.因此,适时总结国内外相关研究的现状和发展趋势,将有利于为开展中国地质源甲烷的研究提供有益的参考. 相似文献
3.
为评价油气田天然释放CH4对大气CH4源与汇的贡献, 采用静态箱法实地监测了新疆塔里木盆地雅克拉凝析油气田油水界面处甲烷的释放通量, 并采用在线大气甲烷碳同位素制样系统与稳定同位素质谱仪联机测试了通量箱甲烷碳同位素组成.结果表明, 由于油水界面边水活跃程度不同, 甲烷通量在空间变化很大, 最高的日释放通量达2.28 mg/m2·d, 最低-1.32 mg/m2·d, 日平均释放通量0.51 mg/m2·d, 标准偏差达1.23 mg/m2·d.油水界面处甲烷通量日变化规律基本相同, 凌晨至清晨时达到相对高点, 随后逐渐降低, 下午至傍晚时段为释放低值甚至负值, 夜晚时分又逐渐增加.通量箱中甲烷δ13C组成白天随甲烷浓度的线性降低而逐渐偏重, 夜晚δ13C随着甲烷浓度的线性增加而逐渐偏重.可见, 油水界面边水活跃, 其上方的土壤形成相对氧化的环境, 油气藏甲烷及烃类在向地表运移的过程中不断被土壤吸收氧化, 仅有少量运移至地表并逸散到大气中, 局部甚至均被吸收氧化, 而成为大气甲烷的汇. 相似文献
4.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2017,(2)
国内外大量研究表明,当今大气圈温室气体浓度的增加是自然因素和人类活动共同作用的结果。地质源温室气体释放是导致当前大气圈温室气体浓度增加的重要自然因素之一。火山-地热区、泥火山系统与油气盆地、巨型活动断裂带等是地质源温室气体的主要释放类型。在当前强调温室气体减排的国际背景下,定量化地评估地质源(主要包括火山-地热区、泥火山系统与油气盆地、巨型活动断裂带等)的温室气体释放通量,对于深入了解人类活动与大气圈温室气体浓度变化的联系至关重要。本文基于中国大陆重要的地质源(主要包括火山-地热区、泥火山系统与油气盆地、巨型活动断裂带等)温室气体的释放特点,重点综述了中国新生代火山-地热区温室气体释放通量与成因研究的近期成果,并进一步讨论了火山-地热区温室气体成分与释放通量的连续观测在中国活火山监测与减灾防灾研究中的应用前景。 相似文献
5.
海洋中溶存甲烷研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
CH4是大气中的重要微量气体，对全球变暖和大气化学有重要作用。海洋是大气甲烷的重要源和汇。开展海洋中溶存甲烷的研究，有助于了解海洋对大气甲烷和全球变化的贡献。综述了海洋中溶存甲烷的研究现状，着重介绍了海洋中溶存甲烷的分布特征、海气交换通量的估算及其生物地球化学循环，并探讨了该领域研究中存在的问题。 相似文献
6.
地质源温室气体是指固体地球通过各种地质作用向大气圈释放的温室气体,是固体地球与大气之间物质交换(地气交换)的重要形式,主要包括火山喷发和地热活动、断裂带构造运动、油气渗漏、天然气水合物分解、煤自燃、碳酸盐岩风化等多种地质作用过程所释放的二氧化碳、甲烷等气体.实际上,地气交换是重要的地质作用,是地球各圈层物质循环和能量交换的基本载体和重要动力学机制.全球气候变化和温室效应是人类面临的巨大挑战,地质源温室气体的类型与来源、释放机理与过程、释放通量与大气温室效应等的调查和研究已成为当今地球系统科学的研究热点和发展方向之一,对于应对全球变化和温室效应具有重要的科学意义.中国科学家积极参与和适时开展地质源温室气体调查研究,对中国大陆部分火山和地热区、地震断裂带、含油气区和泥火山等释放的温室气体进行了初步观测与调查,在地质源温室气体的地球化学组成、释放通量等方面取得了一些成果,这些工作为进一步的深入研究奠定了良好基础. 相似文献
7.
【意义】源—汇系统研究是当今沉积地质学关注热点，其重建对理解区域构造、气候、海（湖）平面升降、物源供给、搬运通道和分散系统及其相互关系与规模性砂体预测均具有重要作用。【进展】源—汇系统可以根据时间尺度、成因机制、级次等要素进行分类，其主要研究内容包括物源体系、搬运通道及沉积体系研究。研究方法主要涉及碎屑矿物年代学定量示踪、源区地貌重建与定量古地貌分析、地貌比例关系分析、沉积物通量定量估算和地层正演模拟综合表征等；源—汇系统要素之间存在定量的收支平衡关系，基于收支平衡模型可预测砂体规模和有利储层分布。沙垒田地区源—汇系统研究表明，均一母岩组成与边界条件约束下汇水高差和汇水面积较大以及地形坡度较陡通常对应形成规模和厚度较大的扇体。【结论与展望】未来源—汇系统研究应加强基于盆地类型和成因的源—汇系统类型和级次划分，加强源—汇系统参数定量研究，不断提高深时源—汇系统要素表征精度，建立具有预测功能的深时源—汇系统要素耦合模型，有效预测砂体时空分布，不断实现多学科与多方法交叉融合，建立具有中国区域地质特色的源—汇系统模型。 相似文献
8.
9.
陕西渭河盆地固市凹陷渭热2井组
甲烷气成因及其意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
渭河盆地固市凹陷渭热2井组甲烷气的成功点火,再一次引起人们对渭河盆地油气资源前景的关注。渭热2井组及邻区7口井天然气组分、甲烷C同位素等分析指标显示,该区甲烷气具有2种成因类型,浅部气层为新近系张家坡组生物成因气,中深部天然气来自前新生界煤型热解-裂解气;伴生CO2气为有机成因。地质分析认为,渭河盆地固市凹陷具有良好的新生界生物气资源前景,前新生界煤系地层也是渭河盆地重要的潜在烃源岩,表明渭河盆地具有开展进一步油气调查的资源基础。 相似文献
10.
陕西渭河盆地固市凹陷渭热2井组甲烷气成因及其意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
渭河盆地固市凹陷渭热2井组甲烷气的成功点火,再一次引起人们对渭河盆地油气资源前景的关注。渭热2井组及邻区7口井天然气组分、甲烷C同位素等分析指标显示,该区甲烷气具有2种成因类型,浅部气层为新近系张家坡组生物成因气,中深部天然气来自前新生界煤型热解-裂解气;伴生CO2气为有机成因。地质分析认为,渭河盆地固市凹陷具有良好的新生界生物气资源前景,前新生界煤系地层也是渭河盆地重要的潜在烃源岩,表明渭河盆地具有开展进一步油气调查的资源基础。 相似文献
11.
大气甲烷浓度变化的源汇因素模拟研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
从甲烷大气化学过程、传输模式和反向模拟机理等方面综述了大气甲烷浓度变化及其源汇研究的主要进展及存在的问题。基于数据同化算法的反向模拟能有效降低全球及国家尺度甲烷排放估计的不确定性。但在具体的算法实施中,先验的甲烷排放估计和地面站大气甲烷浓度测定的不确定性量化仍然主要是经验性的,缺乏严格和系统性的量化算法。相对于有限的地面站测定,基于卫星平台的大气甲烷浓度变化监测数据极大地提高了数据的空间覆盖度,进一步促进了反向模拟的应用。当前的反向模拟研究在全球尺度上确认了自然湿地甲烷排放对大气甲烷浓度年际波动的决定性作用;在国家尺度上,反向模拟在国家温室气体清单的"可核查"方面也有广泛的应用前景。 相似文献
12.
A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A new estimate of global methane emission into the atmosphere from mud volcanoes (MVs) on land and shallow seafloor is presented. The estimate, considered a lower limit, is based on 1) new direct measurements of flux, including both venting of methane and diffuse microseepage around craters and vents, and 2) a classification of MV sizes in terms of area (km2) based on a compilation of data from 120 MVs. The methane flux to the atmosphere is conservatively estimated between 6 and 9 Mt y–1. This emission from MVs is 3–6% of the natural methane sources and is comparable with ocean and hydrate sources, officially considered in the atmospheric methane budget. The total geologic source, including MVs, seepage from seafloor, microseepage in hydrocarbon-prone areas and geothermal sources, would amount to 35–45 Mt y–1. The authors believe it is time to add this parameter in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change official tables of atmospheric methane sources.GEM 相似文献
13.
Anthony J. Rietl John A. Nyman Charles W. Lindau Colin R. Jackson 《Estuaries and Coasts》2017,40(3):832-841
Understanding methane emissions from natural sources is becoming increasingly important with future climactic uncertainty. Wetlands are the single largest natural source of methane; however, little attention has been given to how biota and interactions between aboveground and belowground communities may affect methane emission rates in these systems. To investigate the effects of vegetative disturbance and belowground biogeochemical alterations induced by biota on methane emissions in situ, we manipulated densities of Littoraria irrorata (marsh periwinkle snails) and Geukensia granosissima (gulf ribbed mussels) inside fenced enclosures within a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh and measured methane emissions and sediment extracellular enzyme activity (phosphatase, β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, peroxidase, and phenol oxidase) over the course of a year. Changes in snail density did not have an effect on methane emission; however, increased densities of ribbed mussels significantly increased the emission of methane. Sediment extracellular enzyme activities for phosphatase, cellobiohydrolase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and phenol oxidase were correlated to methane emission, and none of the enzymes assayed were affected by the snail and mussel density treatments. While methane emissions from salt marsh ecosystems are lower than those from freshwater systems, the high degree of variability in emission rates and the potential for interactions with naturally occurring biota that increase emissions warrant further investigations into salt marsh methane dynamics. 相似文献
14.
Eddy covariance based methane flux in Sundarbans mangroves,India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chandra Shekhar Jha Suraj Reddy Rodda Kiran Chand Thumaty A K Raha V K Dadhwal 《Journal of Earth System Science》2014,123(5):1089-1096
We report the initial results of the methane flux measured using eddy covariance method during summer months from the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans of India. Mangrove ecosystems are known sources for methane (CH4) having very high global warming potential. In order to quantify the methane flux in mangroves, an eddy covariance flux tower was recently erected in the largest unpolluted and undisturbed mangrove ecosystem in Sundarbans (India). The tower is equipped with eddy covariance flux tower instruments to continuously measure methane fluxes besides the mass and energy fluxes. This paper presents the preliminary results of methane flux variations during summer months (i.e., April and May 2012) in Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. The mean concentrations of CH4 emission over the study period was 1682 ± 956 ppb. The measured CH4 fluxes computed from eddy covariance technique showed that the study area acts as a net source for CH4 with daily mean flux of 150.22 ± 248.87 mg m?2 day?1. The methane emission as well as its flux showed very high variability diurnally. Though the environmental conditions controlling methane emission is not yet fully understood, an attempt has been made in the present study to analyse the relationships of methane efflux with tidal activity. This present study is part of Indian Space Research Organisation–Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO–GBP) initiative under ‘National Carbon Project’. 相似文献
15.
Because of the increasing public awareness of the greenhouse effect, geological emissions of methane (GEM) have gained more
attention. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change included GEM in the natural sources of methane category in the Fourth
Assessment Report in 2007. The methane flux from mud volcanoes (MVs) is the second leading source within GEM. However, given
that gas flux from MVs has been measured directly only in Sicily and Azerbaijan, the global methane estimation is still a
conservative assumption based on limited data. The behavior of MV activities is seldom reported. This study attempts to estimate
annual methane emissions through MVs by using a video recorder to record MV activities along the Chishan Fault and determining
the bubble size and flux rate of each MV. Observation results, after a 1 year observation period, indicate that the annual
emissions of the 19 MVs along the Chishan Fault are 0.1–0.2% of the global methane flux from MVs, highlighting that the methane
emission from these MVs should not be neglected. In addition, the continuous monitoring of a particular MV disclosed periodic
characteristics of MV activities. These results manifest the spatial and temporal variations of MV activities along the Chishan
Fault. The spatial variations are related to the extensional kinematics of the Chishan fault, while the temporal variation
relates to the earth-tide-related MV activities. The estimated annual methane emissions from the study are far more than those
of previous studies and are still considered conservative. Results of this study may provide valuable information for researchers
attempting to estimate the quantity of GEM. 相似文献
16.
17.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(11):1913-1923
Mercury is emitted to the air from Hg-enriched and low Hg-containing (natural background) substrates. Emitted Hg can be geogenic, or can be derived from the re-emission of Hg that was previously deposited to the soil from the atmosphere. Atmospheric Hg can be derived from natural and/or anthropogenic sources and can be deposited by wet or dry processes. It is important to understand the relative magnitude of emission, deposition, and re-emission of Hg associated with terrestrial ecosystems with natural background soil Hg concentrations because these landscapes cover large terrestrial surface areas. This information is also important for developing biogeochemical mass balances, assessing the impacts of atmospheric Hg sources, and predicting the effectiveness of regulatory controls at local, regional, and global scales.The major focus of this paper is to discuss air–substrate Hg exchange for low Hg-containing soils (<0.1 μg Hg g−1) from two areas in Nevada and one in Oklahoma, USA. Data collected with field and laboratory gas exchange systems are presented. Results indicate that in order to adequately characterize substrate–air Hg exchange, diel and seasonal data must be collected under a variety of environmental conditions. Field and laboratory data showed that dry deposition of gaseous Hg to substrates with low Hg concentrations is an important process. Environmental parameters important in influencing emissions include soil water content, incident light, temperature, atmospheric oxidants, and air Hg concentrations. There are synergistic and antagonistic effects between these parameters complicating prediction of flux. 相似文献
18.
Methane exchange between coal-bearing basins and the atmosphere: the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thomas Thielemann Andreas Lücke Gerhard H. Schleser Ralf Littke 《Organic Geochemistry》2000,31(12):121
A precise knowledge of methane exchange processes is required to fully understand the recent rise of atmospheric methane concentration. Three of these processes take place at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary: bacterial consumption of methane and emission of bacterial or thermogenic methane. This study was initiated to quantify these processes on a regional scale in the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment. Since these areas are subject to bituminous coal and lignite mining, natural and anthropogenically-induced methane exchange processes could be studied. The methane emission and consumption rates and their carbon isotope signal were measured at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary using flux chambers. On most of the soils studied, methane consumption by bacteria was identified. Thermogenic methane was released only at some of the natural faults examined. In active and abandoned bituminous coal mining areas methane emissions were restricted to small areas, where high emission rates were measured. The carbon isotope composition of methane at natural faults and in mining subsidence troughs was typical of thermogenic methane (−45 to −32 ‰ δ13C). Methane exchange balancing revealed that natural methane emissions from these two basins represent no source of atmospheric importance. However, methane release by upcast mining shafts dominates the methane exchange processes and is by about two orders of magnitude greater than methane consumption by bacterial oxidation in the soils. 相似文献