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1.
高原低涡与西南涡结伴而行的不同活动形式个例的环境场和位涡分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
本文利用NCEP/NCAR-FNL再分析资料、历史天气图、青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴,通过分析1998~2015年持续高原涡影响西南涡结伴而行（简称两涡伴行）过程的活动形式,并对不同活动形式的个例进行了环境场与位涡分析,得出了不同活动形式两涡伴行的环境场特征,揭示了冷空气活动、200 hPa急流对不同活动形式的两涡伴行的影响原因。结果表明:（1）两涡伴行有三种活动形式,它们是高原涡诱发西南涡、高原涡与西南涡耦合以及同一天气系统下两涡,其中以高原涡诱发西南涡的活动形式占多数。（2）两涡伴行的500 hPa环境场主要是40°N以北东亚环流经向度不强,纬向气流主导,受500 hPa低槽、冷空气活动的影响;200 hPa环境场主要与200 hPa急流的强度、距急流核距离、在急流两侧的位置密切相关;不同活动形式的西南涡上空200 hPa、500 hPa环境场特征是有差别的。（3）受500 hPa低槽、冷空气影响的两涡伴行中的西南涡的生成是通过500 hPa高位涡空气伸入西南涡上空,造成西南涡上空斜压不稳定所至;在西南涡上空500 hPa斜压不稳定增强且具有较强的斜压不稳定时西南涡加强;200 hPa西南风急流影响高原涡诱发或耦合、加强西南涡是分别在高空高位涡下传影响到高原涡与西南涡上空、西南涡的情况下实现的,同一天气系统下,高空高位涡下传只影响高原涡,而未影响西南涡。 相似文献
2.
E.S. Benilov 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2005,39(3-4):211-226
This paper examines the stability of vortices in a two-layer ocean on the f-plane. The mean depth of the upper layer is assumed to be much smaller than the depth of the lower layer. Using the primitive equations, we derive an asymptotic criterion for baroclinic instability of compensated (i.e. confined to the upper layer) vortices. Surprisingly, it coincides exactly with a similar criterion derived from the quasigeostrophic equations [Benilov, E.S., 2003. Instability of quasigeostrophic vortices in a two-layer ocean with thin upper layer. J. Fluid Mech. 475, 303–331]. Thus, to leading order in , ageostrophy does not affect the stability properties of thin compensated vortices. As a result, whether a vortex is stable or not, depends on its shape, not amplitude (although the growth rate of an unstable vortex does depend on its amplitude). 相似文献
3.
Several numerical experiments are conducted to examine the influence of mesoscale, bottom topography roughness on the inertial circulation of a wind-driven, mid-latitude ocean gyre. The ocean model is based on the quasi-geostrophic formulation, and is eddy-resolving as it features high vertical and horizontal resolutions (six layers and a 10 km grid). An antisymmetrical double-gyre wind stress curl forces the baroclinic modes and generates a strong surface jet. In the case of a flat bottom, inertia and inverse energy cascade force the barotropic mode, and the resulting circulation features strong, barotropic, inertial gyres. The sea-floor roughness inhibits the inertial circulation in the deep layers; the barotropic component of the flow is then forced by eddy-topography interactions, and its energy concentrates at the scales of the topography. As a result, the baroclinicity of the flow is intesified: the barotropic mode is reduced with regard to the baroclinic modes, and the bottom flow (constrained by the mesoscale sea-floor roughness) is decoupled from the surface flow (forced by the gyre-scale wind). Rectified, mesoscale bottom circulation induces an interfacial form stress at the thermocline, which enhances horizontal shear instability and opposes the eastward penetration of the jet. The mean jet is consequently shortened, but the instantaneous jet remains very turbulent, with meanders of large meridional extent. The sea-floor roughness modifies the energy pathways, and the eddies have an even more important role in the establishment of the mean circulation: below the thermocline, rectification processes are dominant, and eddies transfer energy toward permanent mesoscale circulations strongly correlated with topography, whereas above the thermocline mean flow and eddy generation are influenced by the mean bottom circulation through interfacial stress. The topography modifies the vorticity of the barotropic and highest baroclinic modes. Vorticity accumulates at the small topographic scales, and the vorticity content of the highest modes, which is very weak in the flat-bottom case, increases significantly. Few changes occur in surface-intensified modes. In the deep layers of the model, the inverse correlation between relative vorticity and topography at small scales ensures the homogenization of the potential vorticity, which mainly retains the largest scales of the bottom flow and the scale of β. 相似文献
4.
利用2000—2014年6—8月常规资料、FNL资料和辽宁省逐时降水资料,将东北冷涡分为北涡、中间涡和南涡,统计每类冷涡短时强降水特征,并进行动态合成分析。结果表明:短时强降水共755次,冷涡下227次,冷涡强降水多发生在1~3 h内。6月短时强降水主要由中间涡引起,7、8月中间涡与北涡共同影响,有一定周期变化;而南涡没有在辽宁产生强降水。北涡水汽输送充沛,中间涡水汽条件较差,切变辐合场与水汽输送的结合是有利于强降水的重要因子。降水基本处于斜压区内,冷涡中心降水处在斜压区北侧和高空急流左前方,高空槽前或槽后的降水处在斜压区南侧和急流中心右后方,降水区附近多有高空急流形成的次级环流配合。槽后降水区干侵入活动明显,冷涡中心降水主要通过高位涡诱发气旋性环流而触发上升运动。 相似文献
5.
The evolution of barotropic vortices interacting with a topographic ridge on a f-plane is studied by means of laboratory experiments in a rotating tank and numerical simulations. The initial condition in all experiments is a cyclonic vortex created at a certain distance from the ridge. The results are presented in two main scenarios: (a) weak interactions, which occur at early stages of the experiments, when the vortex is far from the ridge, and thus weakly experiences the influence of the topography. In these situations, the vortex slowly drifts towards the ridge with a leftward inclination due to the ascending slope of the topography. Such a behaviour is similar to the “northwestern” motion of cyclones over a weak sloping bottom. The circular shape of the monopolar vortex is preserved. (b) Strong interactions, in which the vortex core reaches the ridge and presents a more complicated evolution. The cyclone “climbs” to the top of the topography and crosses to the other side. Once the vortex experiences the opposite slope, it moves backwards trying to return to the original side of the ridge. For strong enough vortices, this process may be repeated a number of times until the vortex is dissipated by viscous effects. During these interactions the shape of the vortex is strongly deformed and several filaments are produced. In some cases the vortex is cleaved in two parts when crossing the ridge, one at each side of it and moving in opposite directions.Weak and strong interactions are numerically simulated by using a quasi-two-dimensional model. The results confirm that the vortex behaviour is governed by stretching and squeezing effects associated with changes in depth over the ridge and, at latter stages, by Ekman damping due to the solid bottom. The main results observed during strong interactions on a f-plane are also found on preliminar topographic β-plane experiments. 相似文献
6.
一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程的动力诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
台风北移变性并入东北冷涡是造成东北地区夏季大范围暴雨的主要形式之一, 但其中的热动力结构变化特征及其物理机制尚不清晰。本文利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的再分析资料对一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程进行动力诊断分析, 分析结果显示:冷涡冷空气的不断侵入以及台风移动形成的相对冷平流使得台风暖心结构消亡, 其低层低压辐合和高层高压辐散结构消失, 变性并入东北冷涡后气旋整层偏冷, 低层出现冷中心。台风变性并入东北冷涡过程中, 冷涡中心附近高空急流南侧的反气旋切变抑制气旋直接往高空发展, 而急流轴左侧的热动力分布特征有利于垂直涡度的发展, 变性后的气旋环流向冷涡的移近有利于急流轴维持倾斜, 从而促进气旋向高空冷涡倾斜发展。同时, 冷空气在气旋低层附近堆积导致等假相当位温线发生倾斜, 造成垂直涡度在气旋中层倾斜发展。台风变性并入东北冷涡后, 高空冷涡槽底的正垂直涡度平流促进气旋由中层直接向高层发展, 而高空冷涡槽底急流促进正垂直涡度平流的维持。气旋高空环流的发展反过来削弱了东北冷涡的高层环流, 导致高空冷涡中心出现北撤。 相似文献
7.
Numerical simulations of a jet with large amplitude meanders are used to explore chaotic advection processes and underlying geometry changes as functions of the ambient potential vorticity gradient β. Variations in β in the 2D model qualitatively simulate changes in depth in 3D, surface-intensified jets such as the Gulf Stream. As β is reduced, corresponding to motion on increasingly deep isopycnal surfaces, a number of geometrical transitions take place in the flanges and across the core of the jet. The most important is a joining (or separatrix reconnection) of heteroclinic cat’s eyes structures lying to the north and south of the jet core. The jet core acts as a barrier to transport, but this barrier is breached when the cat’s eyes merge. The subsequent chaotic transport across the jet is demonstrated by calculations of effective invariant manifolds (EIMs) originating in hyperbolic regions to the north and south of the core. Destruction of the central barrier occurs as β is lowered through a narrow window W about β=0 and is marked by transitions form a meandering jet through a vortex street with no central meandering flow to a vortex street with a retrograde meander. Such small values of β are deemed reasonable in view of measurements of low potential vorticity gradients in the deep Gulf Stream. The strength of the central barrier for β outside W is tested by varying β about a mean value β0 and detecting the minimum amplitude of fluctuation necessary for destruction of the barrier. It is found that the barrier is stronger for β0>0, at least by this measure. A striking difference is that, for β<0, some disturbances may destroy the barrier without oscillating across W; whereas for β>0, destruction of the barrier may only occur when β passes through W. Changes in underlying geometry also occur in the flanges of the jet and these changes alter the locations in which fluid is preferentially stirred and mixed. Float trajectories can be regular or irregular depending upon where the instrument is launched and this is demonstrated by plotting trajectories from inside and outside regions of chaotic advection. 相似文献
8.
The effect of baroclinicity on vortex axisymmetrization is examined within a two-layer dynamical model.Three basic state vortices are constructed with varying degrees of baroclinicity：（i） barotropic,（ii） weak baroclinic,and （iii） strong baroclinic.The linear and nonlinear evolution of wavenumber-2 baroclinic disturbances are examined in each of the three basic state vortices.The results show that the radial propagating speed of the vortex Rossby wave at the lower level is larger with the stronger baroclinicity,resulting in a faster linear axisymmetrization process in the stronger baroclinic vortex.It is found that the nonlinear axisymmetrization process takes the longest time in the strongest baroclinic vortex among the three different basic vortices due to the weaker kinetic energy transfer from asymmetric to symmetric circulations at the lower level.A major finding in this study is that the same initial asymmetric perturbation can have different effects on symmetric vortices depending on the initial vortex baroclinicity.In numerical weather prediction models,this implies that there exists a sensitivity of the subsequent structural and intensity change solely due to the specification of the initial vertical shear of the tropical cyclone vortex. 相似文献
9.
2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后,以相似路径影响东北地区,但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料,通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析,结果表明:C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场,地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强,对流层低层斜压性明显,气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层,低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制;C502低空温度平流弱,斜压性不明显,高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展,对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通,垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧,高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下,对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。 相似文献
10.
《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2002,35(2):153-177
A complete theory of the linear initial-value problem for Rossby waves on a class of smooth circular vortices in both f-plane and polar-region geometries is presented in the limit of small and large Rossby deformation radius. Although restricted to the interior region of barotropically stable circular vortices possessing a single extrema in tangential wind, the theory covers all azimuthal wavenumbers. The non-dimensional evolution equation for perturbation potential vorticity is shown to depend on only one parameter, G, involving the azimuthal wavenumber, the basic state radial potential vorticity gradient, the interior deformation radius, and the interior Rossby number.In Hankel transform space the problem admits a Schrödinger’s equation formulation which permits a qualitative and quantitative discussion of the interaction between vortex Rossby wave disturbances and the mean vortex. New conservation laws are developed which give exact time-evolving bounds for disturbance kinetic energy. Using results from the theory of Lie groups a nontrivial separation of variables can be achieved to obtain an exact solution for asymmetric balanced disturbances covering a wide range of geophysical vortex applications including tropical cyclone, polar vortex, and cyclone/anticyclone interiors in barotropic dynamics. The expansion for square summable potential vorticity comprises a discrete basis of radially propagating sheared vortex Rossby wave packets with nontrivial transient behavior. The solution representation is new, and for this class of swirling flows gives deeper physical insight into the dynamics of perturbed vortex interiors than the more traditional approach of Laplace transform or continuous-spectrum normal-mode representations. In general, initial disturbances are shown to excite two regions of wave activity. At the extrema of these barotropically stable vortices and for a certain range of wavenumbers, the Rossby wave dynamics are shown to become nonlinear for all initial conditions. Extensions of the theory are proposed. 相似文献
11.
Monopolar vortices are studied in the framework of the quasigeostrophic two-layer equations. Steady, eastward-travelling vortex solutions with a baroclinic vertical structure and closed streamlines in both layers are obtained' by perturbation analysis. The radial profile is essentially arbitrary in the region of closed streamlines. Westward-travelling vortices with a similar structure radiate barotropic waves, and are therefore unsteady. The propagation velocity of the vortices is essentially determined by the ‘hetonic’ mechanism, i.e. by the horizontal shift between the upper and lower-layer vortices. Their dynamics are studied qualitatively, and it is concluded that eastward-travelling vortices are stable, whereas those travelling westward are unstable. 相似文献
12.
湿斜压大气中暴雨中尺度系统发展的一种可能机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据暴雨中尺度系统发生时的大气运动特征,在绝热、无摩擦条件下,从湿斜压原始方程出发,考虑大气运动的涡度及散度演化不仅受动力场的制约,而且还受到热力场的约束,采用不同于传统研究涡度及散度方程的分析方法,导出了新形式的涡度及散度方程。在此基础上,分析了湿斜压大气中对流层中低层气流旋转与辐合持续增长的动力特征,初步揭示了湿斜压大气中暴雨中尺度系统发展的动力机制。 相似文献
13.
LUO Zhexian 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2004,18(2):179-194
By using an f-plane barotropic quasi geostrophic model in the rectangular coordinates with a grid spacing of 5 km,ten experiments whose integration time is 36 hours are performed in order to study the interaction between a typhoon vortex and a mesoscale vortex whose initial center position is located at 2 rm northwest to the typhoon center,where rm is the radius of maximum wind of the typhoon vortex. Results show that the interaction can create a pair of smaller scale vortices or lumps,which extend from the outside region of the typhoon to near its center,resulting in the inward propagation of mesoscale vorticity.In this process,the vorticity concentration of the mesoscale vortex may appear.The coexistence of the propagation and the concentration makes the increase of vorticity in the inside region i.e.a more intensive typhoon.Meanwhile,the intensity of the lump with positive vorticity oscillates with time,with the oscillation period being several hours,the distance from the typhoon center to the lump center also has a similar oscillation period,which reduces the oscillation of typhoon intensity.In the case of stronger circular basic flow,the interaction can make the intensification of typhoon more obviously. In addition,in some parametric conditions,the interaction may break down the continuous vorticity zone,exhibiting a cluster of smaller vorticity lumps. 相似文献
14.
选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。 相似文献
15.
William E. Johns 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1988,11(3-4)
Application of linear baroclinic instability theory to the observed distributions of velocity, stratification, and potential vorticity in the Gulf Stream near 74° W is successful in predicting the time and length scales of the most rapidly growing disturbances. A continuously-stratified, one-dimensional model with realistic bottom slope predicts propagation speeds of 10–50 cm s−1 associated with two regimes of rapid temporal growth centered at periods of 28 days and 5–7 days. This prediction is consistent with observations of the propagation and growth of Gulf Stream meanders derived from inverted echo sounder measurements in this region. The instability model also predicts that for realistic bottom slopes the baroclinic energy transfer should be weakly negative (eddy-to-mean) in deep water, but for low-frequency waves should change to significant positive (mean-to-eddy) transfer above depths of 1500 m, consistent with observations. 相似文献
16.
Glenn R. Flierl 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1999,29(2-4)
This paper reexamines the theory of the meandering of the Gulf Stream and other inertial jets. We develop a hybrid model (with piecewise constant potential vorticity in the upper layer and a deep layer initially at rest) which allows us to clarify the relationships among thin jet, contour dynamics, and instability models. Approximating the hybrid model leads to a simple two-contour model which can be analyzed easily and can be integrated numerically for large amplitude disturbances. The jet evolution predicted by the approximate model is quite similar to the meander development under the full dynamics, except that the time scales are shorter. The model shows that baroclinic processes clearly play a significant role in the growth of meanders, while upper-layer interactions drive the final pinch-off of eddies. In addition to such process studies, the approximate model provides a simple dynamical system for further investigations. 相似文献
17.
一次西南低涡东移引发长江中下游暴雨的诊断研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规观测资料和NECP再分析资料,对2013年6月6—7日西南低涡东移加强发展造成长江中下游大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,重点探讨了西南低涡东移和发展维持的物理机制以及最强降水的变化特征。结果表明,沿着700 hPa高空切变线东移的西南低涡是造成此次长江中下游地区暴雨的直接影响系统,西南低涡沿着700 hPa切变线东移发展,深厚阶段正涡度柱伸展到400 hPa高度,自下而上呈近垂直结构。西南低涡附近低层辐合与高层辐散的大尺度环境条件、西南低涡与西南低空急流耦合发展动力结构、低空暖平流和高空槽前正涡度平流输送等条件是导致西南低涡东移到长江中下游后加强发展的主要因子。与西南低涡相伴随的强降雨区主要位于低涡南部3个纬距以内,该处的西南季风和副高西南侧东南气流两支水汽输送的汇合为暴雨发生提供了充沛的水汽和对流不稳定能量,而对流层中低层携带的冷空气侵入低层低涡的后部,不仅加强了低涡的斜压性,也促进了上冷下暖不稳定层结的产生和发展,为强降水的发生提供了不稳定对流触发条件。 相似文献
18.
涡度规则分布与非规则分布的转换 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
用一个β平面准地转正压模式积分１２个模式日,研究涡旋相互作用问题。初始场上有一个台风涡旋和一对涡旋偶极子,它们的等值线均为光滑、规则的分布。规则分布的涡旋之间的相互作用,可以激发出一个非规则的貌似混乱的涡度分布区域。随着时间的演化,在这个非规则分布的区域,一个相对有序的反气旋环流又逐渐显示出来。 相似文献
19.
Using the data of ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) to undertake composite diagnoses of 16 explosive cyclones occurring at the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans,it is found that there are a lot of obvious discrepancies on the basic fields between these strong and weak explosive cyclones.The major reasons why the explosive cyclones over the Atlantic are stronger than those over the Pacific Ocean are that the non-zonal upper jet and the low-level warm moist flow over the Atlantic are stronger.The non-zonal upper jet offers stronger divergence,baroclinicity and baroclinic instability fields for explosive cyclones.Anticyclonic curvature at the high level of strong explosive cyclones is easy to make the inertia-gravitational wave developing at the moment of northward transfer of energy and stimulate the cyclones deepening quickly.Warm advection and diabatic heating can cause the upper isobaric surface lifting,as a result,the anticyclone curvature of cyclones enlarges,and wave energy develops easily as well.The most powerful period of the development of explosive cyclones is just the time when the positive vorticity advection center is located over the low vortex.At the upper level,when the distribution of potential vorticity contours changes suddenly from rareness to denseness,and the large values of the potential vorticity both in the west and north sides of cyclones extend downwards together,then cyclones are easy to explosively develop.The formation of strong explosive cyclones is closely related with the non-zonality of upper jet and the anticyclonic curvature. 相似文献