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1.
Heleen Vanneste Boris A. Kelly-Gerreyn Rachael H. James Rebecca E. Fisher Rachel A. Mills 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(4):1124-1144
Submarine mud volcanism is an important pathway for transfer of deep-sourced fluids enriched in hydrocarbons and other elements into the ocean. Numerous mud volcanoes (MVs) have been discovered along oceanic plate margins, and integrated elemental fluxes are potentially significant for oceanic chemical budgets. Here, we present the first detailed study of the spatial variation in fluid and chemical fluxes at the Carlos Ribeiro MV in the Gulf of Cadiz. To this end, we combine analyses of the chemical composition of pore fluids with a 1-D transport-reaction model to quantify fluid fluxes, and fluxes of boron, lithium and methane, across the sediment-seawater interface. The pore fluids are significantly depleted in chloride, but enriched in lithium, boron and hydrocarbons, relative to seawater. Pore water profiles of sulphate, hydrogen sulphide and total alkalinity indicate that anaerobic oxidation of methane occurs at 34-180 cm depth below seafloor. Clay mineral dehydration, and in particular the transformation of smectite to illite, produces pore fluids that are depleted in chloride and potassium. Profiles of boron, lithium and potassium are closely related, which suggests that lithium and boron are released from the sediments during this transformation. Pore fluids are expelled into the water column by advection; fluid flow velocities are 4 cm yr−1 at the apex of the MV but they rapidly decrease to 0.4 cm yr−1 at the periphery. The associated fluxes of boron, lithium and methane vary between 7-301, 0.5-6 and 0-806 mmol m−2 yr−1, respectively. We demonstrate that fluxes of Li and B due to mud volcanism may be important on a global scale, however, release of methane into the overlying water column is suppressed by microbial methanotrophy. 相似文献
2.
水泥系结合料稳定赤泥应用于公路工程是消纳大宗工业固体废料赤泥的新技术路向。目前,路用稳定赤泥耐久性能的研究滞后于工程实践,为对此研究,进行稳定剂配比研究、干湿循环与冻融循环试验和微观试验。结果表明:水泥、石灰和磷石膏结合料稳定赤泥的标准强度最小为3.6 MPa,可满足路面稳定基层承载标准,且5级循环后试样质量损失趋于稳定。磷石膏比例由8%减小到2%,5级干湿循环后强度降低至1.69~3.69 MPa,强度损失率(BDR/%)达到35.1% ~85.4%,5级冻融循环后强度降低至2.63~3.70 MPa,强度损失率(BDR/%)达到54.82% ~79.79%,表明硫激发耦合效应的磷石膏掺量不宜超过赤泥用量的2%。此外,压汞试验研究揭示干湿与冻融循环导致试样大孔隙(直径>0.1 μm)占比增加,并与强度呈显著负相关。综合承载性能与耐久性能试验,使用稳定赤泥替代公路道面水稳材料是可行的,最优配比为赤泥︰水泥︰石灰︰磷石膏=100︰8︰2︰2。基于循环强度衰减特征,工程实践中施工期限制、早期养护质量等至关重要,且应严格控制稳定赤泥中的磷石膏掺量。 相似文献
3.
泥水盾构隧道废弃泥浆改性固化及强度特性试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
泥水盾构隧道施工产生大量的废弃泥浆,可能带来环境污染、侵占土地等问题,影响城市的正常运转。本文以厦门市某隧道施工现场产生的废弃泥浆为研究对象,采用化学固化技术处置泥浆,测试不同影响因素（固化剂种类、固化剂掺入比、泥浆初始含水率）对改性固化后泥浆抗压强度、pH值、含水率等特性的影响,分析固化机理并解释相关现象,获取最优固化剂种类、掺入比、泥浆初始含水率。对比试验结果表明最优固化剂种类为CERSM泥浆固化剂Ⅱ,掺入比为10%,泥浆初始含水率为100%。在此基础上,本文进一步探讨改性固化后泥浆的强度特性,28 d后固化泥浆抗压强度可达1.5 MPa,是普通水泥固化泥浆强度的4倍,可用做建筑填料,解决环境污染问题,并实现废弃泥浆的资源化利用。 相似文献
4.
Boron and Oxygen Isotope Composition of Certified Reference Materials NIST SRM 610/612 and Reference Materials JB-2 and JR-2 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Simone Kasemann Anette Meixner Alexander Rocholl Torsten Vennemann Martin Rosner Axel K. Schmitt Michael Wiedenbeck 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2001,25(2-3):405-416
We present data on the concentration, the isotope composition and the homogeneity of boron in NIST silicate glass reference materials SRM 610 and SRM 612, and in powders and glasses of geological reference materials JB-2 (basalt) and JR-2 (rhyolite). Our data are intended to serve as references for both microanalytical and wet-chemical techniques. The δ11 B compositions determined by N-TIMS and P-TIMS agree within 0.5% and compare with SIMS data within 2.5%. SIMS profiles demonstrate boron isotope homogeneity to better than δ11 B = 2% for both NIST glasses, however a slight boron depletion was detected towards the outermost 200 μm of the rim of each sample wafer. The boron isotope compositions of SRM 610 and SRM 612 were indistinguishable. Glasses produced in this study by fusing JB-2 and JR-2 powder also showed good boron isotope homogeneity, both within and between different glass fragments. Their major element abundance as well as boron isotope compositions and concentrations were identical to those of the starting composition. Hence, reference materials (glasses) for the in situ measurement of boron isotopes can be produced from already well-studied volcanic samples without significant isotope fractionation. Oxygen isotope ratios, both within and between wafers, of NIST reference glasses SRM 610 and SRM 612 are uniform. In contrast to boron, significant differences in oxygen isotope compositions were found between the two glasses, which may be due to the different amounts of trace element oxides added at ten-fold different concentration levels to the silicate matrix. 相似文献
5.
Many mud volcanoes are distributed along the tectonic sutures in southern Taiwan and can be divided into five zones based on their relative positions in different tectonic domains. Most active mud volcanoes are exhaling methane-dominated gases. Nevertheless, some gases show unusual carbon dioxide-dominated and/or nitrogen-excess compositions. This implies that there are multiple sources for the gas compositions of mud volcanoes in Taiwan.For better understanding the total amount of exhalation gases and its flux, the gas flow and compositions were continuously measured in the interval of two minutes at Chung-lun (CL) bubbling mud pool for a few months. The major compositions of gases exhaling from this site were 75~90% of CO2 and 5~12% of CH4. The amount of gases exhaling from the mud pool can be estimated to be about 1.4 ton/year for CH4 and 28 ton/year for CO2, respectively. The preliminary results of exhaling gas flux from the major vents of representative active mud volcanoes, yielded an estimated total CH4 output of the mud volcanoes in Taiwan of ca. 29 ton/year during quiescent period. 相似文献
6.
T. V. Setkova V. S. Balitsky O. S. Vereschagin Yu. B. Shapovalov 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,473(2):419-422
Ga-bearing tourmaline was originally synthesized in boron, boron–alkaline, and boron–fluorine hydrothermal solutions at a temperature of 600–650°C and pressure of 100 MPa as crystals of spontaneous growth and on seeds. The maximal concentration of Ga2O3 in synthetic crystals reaches ~24.5 wt %. In addition to Ga-bearing tourmaline, Ga-bearing topaz crystallizes in boron–fluorine solution. Ga-bearing albite crystallizes in boron–alkaline solutions, whereas no additional phases are formed in pure boron solutions. 相似文献
7.
The Caucasian orogenic wedge formed as a consequence of the closure of the Tethyan Ocean, and numerous fields of active mud volcanoes pepper the area adjacent to the Black and Caspian Seas. Stable isotope ratios of boron, helium, and carbon have been measured for gas, fluid and sediment samples from active mud volcanoes of Taman Peninsula and Georgia to estimate the sources and mobilization depths of the fluid phase and mud. Boron concentrations in mud volcano fluids were found to be 5–35× higher than seawater. Fluid isotope ratios vary between 11B=22 and 39, while isotope ratios of the smectite- and illite-rich extruded mud are considerably depleted in heavy 11B (11B=–8 to +7). B contents of these muds are ~8× higher than modern marine sediments. This suggests that liquefaction prior to mud volcanism was accompanied by both B enrichment and isotope fractionation, most likely at an intermediate depth mud reservoir at 2–4 km.The hydrocarbon-generating source beds to the mud volcanoes are located at 7 to >10 km depth in the folded Maikop Formation and are of proposed Oligocene–Miocene age. The most likely mechanism is re-hydration of these shales by both hydrocarbons and a geochemically mature fluid from greater depth within the orogenic wedge. Such a deep fluid source is supported by our results from gas analyses, which imply an admixture of minor amounts (less than 1%vol) of 3He (Georgia), thermogenic 13C in methane as well as "ultraheavy" 13C in CO2 (both Taman and Georgia). The overall results attest active local flow of geochemically different fluids along deep-seated faults penetrating the two study areas in the Caucasian orogenic wedge, with the waters as well as the gases coming from below the Maikop Formation. 相似文献
8.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2014,55(12):1404-1417
The contents of biogenic components in 1511 samples of the Baltic Sea sediments (depth range 0–5 cm) are studied, and maps of their distribution are compiled. The sediments contain < 13.03% Corg, < 1.33% N, < 9.0% SiO2am, < 5.0% CaCO3, and < 1.45% P. The maximum and elevated contents of components are found in the mud of the sea deeps. The more fraction < 0.01 mm the sediments contain, the higher are the contents of components. Four facies types of carbonaceous mud, precursors of shales, have been recognized: (1) shallow-water (lagoon) lime sapropel, (2) carbonaceous mud of the shallow-water Gulf of Finland, (3) carbonaceous mud of the middle-depth Baltic Sea, and (4) laminated carbonaceous metal-bearing mud. The latter type of mud is strongly enriched in manganese and ore-forming trace elements, which points to its formation in the stagnant environment. In composition the Baltic Sea mud is similar to petroliferous mudstones of the Bazhenov Formation in West Siberia and to ancient black shales. 相似文献
9.
Mud volcanoes are important pathways for CH4 emission from deep buried sediments; however, the importance of gas fluxes have hitherto been neglected in atmospheric source budget considerations. In this study, gas fluxes have been monitored to examine the stability of their chemical compositions and fluxes spatially, and stable C isotopic ratios of CH4 were determined, for several mud volcanoes on land in Taiwan. The major gas components are CH4 (>90%), “air” (i.e. N2 + O2 + Ar, 1–5%) and CO2 (1–5%) and these associated gas fluxes varied slightly at different mud volcanoes in southwestern Taiwan. The Hsiao-kun-shui (HKS) mud volcano emits the highest CH4 concentration (CH4 > 97%). On the other hand, the Chung-lun mud volcano (CL) shows CO2 up to 85%, and much lower CH4 content (<37%). High CH4 content (>90%) with low CO2 (<0.2%) are detected in the mud volcano gases collected in eastern Taiwan. It is suggestive that these gases are mostly of thermogenic origin based on C1 (methane)/C2 (ethane) + C3 (propane) and δ13CCH4 results, with the exception of mud volcanoes situated along the Gu-ting-keng (GTK) anticline axis showing unique biogenic characteristics. Only small CH4 concentration variations, <2%, were detected in four on-site short term field-monitoring experiments, at Yue-shi-jie A, B, Kun-shui-ping and Lo-shan A. Preliminary estimation of CH4 emission fluxes for mud volcanoes on land in Taiwan fall in a range between 980 and 2010 tons annually. If soil diffusion were taken into account, the total amount of mud volcano CH4 could contribute up to 10% of total natural CH4 emissions in Taiwan. 相似文献
10.
Determination of Boron Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials Extracted by Pyrohydrolysis and Measured by ICP‐MS 
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下载免费PDF全文 Agnès Michel Johanna Noireaux Mickaël Tharaud 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(4):489-495
This article presents new boron concentrations for nine geochemical reference materials (GS‐N, FK‐N, GL‐O, BX‐N, DT‐N, AN‐G, GH, Mica‐Fe, Mica‐Mg). After extraction by a modified pyrohydrolysis technique, boron concentrations were measured by ICP‐MS. The blank levels for the whole procedure were 0.091 ± 0.020 ng ml?1 or 14 ± 5 ng of boron in total. The method was first validated by measuring nine reference materials with known boron concentrations. The determined boron concentrations are all within the range of recommended or published values, which means that the yields were 100%, and show precisions below 10% for samples containing over 2 μg g?1 of boron. 相似文献
11.
钻井液在页岩钻探中对维护孔壁稳定十分重要,其滤失形成的泥饼对保护储层同样有着举足轻重的作用。为了研究页岩岩粉侵入低固相钻井液中对泥饼基本性能的影响,选取湘西北硅质页岩岩粉为研究对象,通过正交试验设计并对结果进行了极差分析和方差分析。研究结果表明:岩粉的含量是影响泥饼厚度的主要因素;影响泥饼韧度的主要因素为滚动时间以及岩粉的粒径;质量分数为6%的200目岩粉在滚动6 h后形成的泥饼最薄;150目的岩粉在质量分数为6%时滚动12 h后形成泥饼的韧度最大;级配为（200+100）目时,质量分数为2%的岩粉滚动24 h后形成泥饼最薄;级配为（200+150）目时,质量分数为4%的岩粉在滚动12 h后形成泥饼韧度最大。研究结论对钻井液现场的固相控制有积极意义。 相似文献
12.
13.
D. A. Rubinos G. Spagnoli M. T. Barral 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(3):773-792
Red mud residue from alumina production has been proposed as an alternative liner material. The chemical and environmental compatibility of red mud upon exposure to representative organic (methanol, heptane, TCE, and acetic acid) and inorganic liquids (CaCl2 and seawater) was studied. Chemical compatibility assays comprised Atterberg limits and sedimentation and hydraulic conductivity tests for red mud interacted with the chemical liquids, whereas the environmental compatibility was assessed through the leaching of metals from red mud as permeated with the liquids. Methanol greatly reduced the plasticity at concentrations ≥80 % by volume, but it did not increase the hydraulic conductivity of compacted red mud. High concentrations (≥60 % v/v) of acetic acid reduced the plasticity and enhanced the sedimentation of red mud. Conversely, acetic acid concentrations ≤40 % caused dispersion, but damaged the hydraulic properties and structure of red mud. The percolation of a pH 2 acetic acid solution did not adversely affect the hydraulic performance of the red mud liner. Neither diluted heptane nor TCE affected the red mud. However, pure organics suppressed the plasticity and induced aggregation of red mud, suggesting a great detrimental effect on red mud liners. The red mud exhibited great resistance to attack by inorganic salt solutions. Some concerning leaching of metals (primarily Al and Cr) occurred as water, acetic acid, and CaCl2 solutions percolated through red mud, but effluent metals concentration quickly dropped to permissible levels. In general, red mud exhibited a high resistance against chemical attack; nevertheless, exposure to low-dielectric-constant organic chemicals should be avoided. 相似文献
14.
硼在共存水蒸气-富硼熔体之间分配的实验研究及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
硼作为一种常用的地球化学指示剂和示踪剂,对研究俯冲带岩石学过程、岩浆-热液分异作用、火山活动以及稀有元素、铜、金的成矿机制具有重要意义。硼具有高水溶性和挥发性,它在气体中的分配、迁移能力和存在形式有助于理解含硼矿物的形成条件、流体化学组成的演化趋势、硼同位素的分馏效应和成矿金属的富集机理。本文在200-350℃、0.19-3.43 MPa条件下实验研究了B2O3-H2O体系中硼在共存水蒸气和富硼熔体（液体）之间的分配,平衡时气相中的B2O3含量为1.06%-32.35%。200℃、250℃、300℃和350℃时硼在气体-熔体之间的表观分配系数分别为0.035、0.042、0.20和0.33,即随温度上升,硼在含水气相中的分配和迁移能力增强。含水的富 B 熔体与硼酸稀溶液体系的气体-液体分配系数变化不大,表明B2O3-H2O±NaCl 体系中硼的气-液分配能力受液体或熔体中硼含量的影响较小,而主要与温度有关。经热力学分析,350℃、0.19-1.74 MPa条件下水蒸气中的气态硼物种可能为H3BO3和HBO2,可以预计随水蒸气压力的升高, H2O的配位数将会增大, H3BO3或其他可能的气态物种H3BO3·H2O会变得更为重要。某些火山活动区可见天然硼酸结壳（升华壳）的形成,灼热和干燥的火山岩石表面有利于硼酸从气相中凝析和沉淀。本实验结果表明,某些富硼酸的火山喷气孔气体的形成可能与地下高温火山岩浆（岩体）中存在因液态不混溶作用或晚期出溶作用产生的含水富硼的残余熔体或流体有关,熔体的去气作用或流体的减压相分离导致含水气相的产生,硼则随之大量分配至含水气体中并喷出地表。 相似文献
15.
电气石是一种以含硼为特征的硅酸盐矿物,矿物中硼含量在2.78%~3.4%之间,但电气石中的硼被束缚在稳定的晶体结构中难以溶出而被植物吸收,从而影响电气石中硼在农业上的应用。本文通过一系列实验与检测分析,对电气石中硼的溶出机制进行了研究,发现＂高温煅烧十活化剂＂相结合的方法能有效地将电气石中硼的溶出,并初步选定Na2CO3为理想的活化剂,为开发电气石硼肥奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
16.
柴达木盆地新生界发育咸化湖盆沉积,但是对于湖盆的咸化程度一直没有详细论述,其沉积响应特征亦不清楚。文中利用系统测试得到的硼元素及黏土矿物资料来开展古水体盐度恢复,结果表明:(1)柴达木盆地新生界为咸化湖盆沉积,最高盐度大于20‰;(2)不同盐度地区的沉积响应特征不同,其中陆源碎屑物供给区古盐度小于12‰,滨浅湖区古盐度在10‰～18‰之间,半深湖区古盐度大于18‰。在中高咸化湖盆水介质的控制作用下,沉积物分布表现为单层厚度小(一般为1～3m)、砂/泥岩互层频繁、三角洲沉积相带分布较窄、细粒沉积物分布范围较广、发育特有湖相碳酸盐岩和膏盐岩及与陆源细碎屑呈混积等特征。 相似文献
17.
Boron isotopes geochemistry of the Changjiang basin rivers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. Chetelat C.-Q. Liu J. Gaillardet Z.Q. Zhao Y.K. Xiao 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(20):6084-6097
We report analyses of B isotopic compositions in water and suspended particulate matter collected in the Changjiang and its main tributaries. We showed that four sources control the dissolved boron budget; namely atmospheric deposition, evaporite dissolution, anthropogenic inputs and silicate weathering. The contribution of silicate weathering to the dissolved B load ranges from 40% to 50% for the Changjiang main channel and from 45% to 88% for the main tributaries. The isotopic composition of dissolved boron derived from silicate weathering range from −3‰ up to +9‰ suggesting that isotopic fractionation occurs during silicate weathering. The boron isotopic composition of suspended particulate matter range from −11.4‰ to −6‰. Boron derived from silicate weathering is preferentially carried out by the dissolved load which accounts for 30-96% of the total boron. We show that the isotopic compositions of both the dissolved load and suspended particulate matter are controlled by the competition between boron leaching and boron uptake into secondary phases. The first process is characterized by a loss of boron relative to the bedrock without apparent isotopic fractionation whereas the last one is associated to a large isotopic fractionation which enriches the dissolved boron in heavy isotope. 相似文献
18.
四川盆地南部志留系碳酸盐灰泥丘成因与储集性 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
灰泥丘与生物礁具有相似的地震反射特征,但两者的形成环境及内部组成完全不同。缓坡环境和较弱的水动力环境是灰泥丘形成的两个重要条件,灰泥丘主要由微生物所建造。川南志留系主要发育中—下志留统,自下而上划分为龙马溪组、石半栏组、韩家店组和秀山组,其中石牛栏组主要为碳酸盐岩,岩性较硬,上下地层相对为软岩层,构成“两软夹一硬”的地晏剖面结构。灰泥丘主要发育在石牛栏组,属于典型的开阔台地内缓坡泥丘。灰泥丘储层主要发育在丘翼和丘顶微相中,经历了胶结作用、重结晶作用、白云石化作用、压实作用和溶解作用等,其中胶结作用使丘翼储集物性变差,而白云石化作用使丘顶物性变好。因此丘翼灰岩被胶结后储集性能普遍较差,平均孔隙度1％～2％,渗透率(3～5)×10~(-3)μm~2;丘顶白云石化后储集物性普遍较好,孔隙度4％～5％,渗透率(6～8)×10~(-3)μm~2,构成了川南地区相对有利的天然气储层。 相似文献
19.
N. A. RUPKE 《Sedimentology》1975,22(1):95-109
Two depositional processes control the mud accumulation on the southern Balearic Abyssal Plain: pelagic settling at a rate of 10 cm/1000 years, and turbidity currents at an average frequency of > 3 per 2000 years. Thermo-haline bottom flow has little effect on the abyssal sediment distribution. Just over half of the Late Quaternary section is made up of turbidite mud. Distinctive properties of turbidite mud are: structural, textural, and compositional continuity from the underlying turbidite sand-silt layer into the overlying mud, grading within the mud layer, a ratio of carbonate percent with the underlying turbidite sand-silt layer of about 0.5, and a proportion of sand of > 1%. Those of (hemi)pelagic mud are: bioturbation, an average of 8% of sand consisting largely of remains of foraminifera and pteropods, a grain size distribution which is virtually normal with a median around 9 φ, and very poor sorting; in general, the properties of (hemi)pelagic muds are the same in widely separated localities and depths in cores. In some instances the clay mineral ratios of the turbidite mud layer are markedly different from those of the overlying (hemi)pelagic mud layer. 相似文献
20.
在定容条件下,实验研究了甲烷水合物在含水量不同的多孔海泥中的生成特性。所使用的海泥平均孔径为12178 nm,总孔容为4997×10-2 ml/g,比表面积为16412 m2/g。所用海泥样品含水量为40%,实验的温度范围为27415~28115 K,初始生成压力范围为102~144 MPa。实验结果表明,甲烷水合物在海泥中的生成速率以及气体消耗量随着初始压力的增加而增大,随着温度的降低而增大。海泥的复杂孔隙结构能够促进水合物的成核,但会降低水的最终转化率,其作用随着温度的升高与压力的降低而增大。 相似文献