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1.
Experiments using V2O5 as a high-temperature solvent have produced compositional reversals defining the miscibility gap between enstatite and diopside on the join Mg2Si2O6-CaMgSi2O6 between 925° and 1,175° C at atmospheric pressure. These experiments locate an equilibrium near 1,000° C among diopside, protoenstatite, and orthoenstatite; they verify the stable coexistence of diopside and protoenstatite above 1,000° C and disprove the hypothesis that orthoenstatite has a stability field which is continuous from temperatures below 1,000° C to the solidus. The phase relations suggest that the orthorhombic low-Ca pyroxene on the solidus in this system (formerly identified as orthoenstatite) is a phase distinct from the orthoenstatite stable with diopside at low subsolidus temperatures. Data locating the orthoenstatite-diopside miscibility gap validate the use at low pressures of symmetric orthopyroxene and asymmetric clinopyroxene solution models in this system.  相似文献   

2.
The MgAl surinamite end member, (Mg3Al3)[6]O[AlBeSi3O15], was synthesized in the requisite system with and without water. The new phase is monoclinic, space group P2/n, with a=9.881(1)Å; b=11.311(1) Å; c=9.593(1) Å; =109.52(2)°. Refractive indices are n x=1.7015(20); n y=1.7035(20); n z=1.7055(20). The infrared spectrum shows characteristic differences against the structurally related and optically extremely similar phase sapphirine.Using the seeding technique, the preliminary stability field for MgAl surinamite was found to lie at high temperatures (650 °C) and high pressures (4 kbar). At lower temperatures breakdown takes place to hydrous assemblages of chlorite, talc, and chrysoberyl with kyanite or yoderite; at lower pressures chrysoberyl forms parageneses with sapphirine and cordierite. In crystal chemical terms the underlying principle for the stability of surinamite versus that of the low-pressure assemblages is the higher proportion of octahedrally coordinated Al in surinamite (75%). Following the same principle surinamite itself decomposes at still higher pressures to a paragenesis, in which all Al enters octahedral coordination (pyrope+a chrysoberyl-type phase and some unidentified X-ray peaks).The stability field of synthetic MgAl surinamite is in good agreement with P, T-estimates of some 8–12 kbar, 800°–950° C as taken from the literature for the few occurrences of natural, Fe-bearing surinamite in granulite and upper amphibolite facies environments. The incorporation of iron in surinamite must be limited, because this mineral is known to coexist with its more iron-rich breakdown assemblage almandine-rich garnet+chrysoberyl. As the minimum melting curve of granite under hydrous conditions lies outside the surinamite field up to a water pressure of about 20 kbar, the absence of surinamite in normal granitic pegmatites can already be explained by physical constraints. However, there are probably also chemical constraints in the generally high Fe/Mg bulk chemistry of the pegmatite environments.Now at Institut für Kristallographie, Technische Hochschule, Templergraben 55, D-5100 Aachen, FRG  相似文献   

3.
 Melting relations on the enstatite−diopside (En, Mg2Si2O6−Di, CaMgSi2O6) join, including the compositions of crystalline phases and melts coexisting along the solidi, were experimentally determined in the pressure range 70–224 kbar with a split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000). Melting is peritectic in enstatite-rich compositions at 70–124 kbar (1840–2100° C) and eutectic at higher pressures, while the diopside-rich clinopyroxene melts azeotropically at 70–165 kbar and up to 300° C lower temperatures than the eutectic. Orthopyroxene is replaced with enstatite-rich clinopyroxene at 120 kbar and 2090°C. First garnet with 17 mol% Di forms on the solidus at 158 kbar and 2100° C. Two garnets coexist on the solidus at 165–183 kbar and 2100° C, garnet coexists with CaSiO3 perovskite at 183–224 kbar (2100–2230° C) and two coexisting perovskites are stable at higher pressures. The melting curve of diopside was determined at 80–170 kbar; the slope becomes negative at 140 kbar and 2155° C. At 170 kbar and 2100° C, diopside with 96% Di breaks down to garnet with 89% Di and CaSiO3 perovskite. The new data were used to calculate an improved temperature-pressure phase diagram for the CMAS system, which can be useful for estimating the mineralogy of the Earth's upper mantle. Received: 15 October 1994 / Accepted: 15 October 1995  相似文献   

4.
Liquidus phase relationships in the CaAlAl–SiO6–Mg2SiO4–CaMgSi2O6–CaAlSi2O8 portion of the simplified basalt tetrahedron in the CaO–MgO–SiO2–Al2O3 system have been experimentally determined at 20 kbar pressure. The fo+di ss+sp+li univariant curve, that pierces the fo-di-an join and meets the fo+di ss+ enss+sp+li invariant point in the basalt tetrahedron, extends all the way to and pierces the di-fo-CaTs join, the limit of the simplified basalt tetrahedron toward the silica undersaturated portion.An algebraic method, relying on compositions of two successive liquids on a univariant curve and those of the crystalline phases in equilibrium with the respective liquids, is developed to identify the type of reaction that takes place along an isobarically univariant curve and to detect whether there is a temperature maximum on that curve. Use of this method for the di ss+fo+sp+li univariant equilibria shows that a temperature maximum exists on this curve at the composition Fo11Di56An3CaTs30, very close to and slighthly to the SiO2-rich side of the fo-di-CaTs join. The temperature along the univariant curve continuously decreases from the temperature maximum (1500°C) to the invariant point (1475°C) where the univariant curve is terminated by the appearance of e ss as a member of the equilibrium assemblage. Along this part of the curve, a reaction relationship occurs according to the equation fo+li=di ss+ sp. Compositions of di ss in equilibrium with the liquids from the temperature maximum to the fo+di ss+enss+ sp+li invariant point range from Di66En9CaTs25 to Di36En40CaTs24. Because of the reaction relationship of forsterite with liquid, fractional crystallization of a model alkalic basaltic liquid would cause liquids to move off the fo-di ss-sp-li univariant curve onto the sp-di ss divariant surface. Crystallization of di ss and sp would then lead to silica enrichment of residual liquids. Thus at pressures below 30 kbar, at which pressure the Al2O3–CaSiO3–MgSiO3 plane becomes a new thermal divide cutting through both the tholeiitic and alkalic volumes, alkalic liquids will fractionate toward tholeiitic compositions without crossing a thermal divide. This relationship would be expected to persist at pressures down to about 4 kbar where a maximum on the fo-di-an-li boundary line causes a thermal divide near the fo-di-an plane. Strongly SiO2-undersaturated liquids (e.g. nephelinites, basanites), on the other hand, cannot be derived from SiO2-undersaturated basalts (e.g. alkali olivine basalt) by fractional crystallization at 20 kbar. We also found that no gt primary phase volume cuts the wo-en-Al2O3 join at 20 kbar pressure. The wehrlite, the olivine clinopyroxenite, and the Al-augite group lherzolite xenoliths, containing highly aluminous clinopyroxenes (enriched in Ca-Tschermak), can be interpreted as crystal cumulates from alkalic basalts in the light of this experimental study. This is consistent with the mode of origin of these xenoliths proposed from petrographic, mineralogic, and geochemical studies.Abbreviations and notations di CaMgSi2O6 - fo Mg2SiO4 - an CaAl2Si2O8 - CaTs CaAlAlSiO6 - sp MgAl2O4 - en MgSiO3 - wo CaSiO3 - gt Ca3Al2Si3O12–Mg3Al2Si3O12 - qz SiO2 - li Liquid - gl glass - ss Solid Solution - A An mxn matrix - X A column vector - kbar kilobar  相似文献   

5.
In the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, the tetrahedron CaMgSi2O6(di)-Mg2SiO4(fo)-SiO2-CaAl2 SiO6(CaTs) forms a simplified basalt tetrahedron, and within this tetrahedron, the plane di-fo-CaAl2Si2O8(an) separates simplified tholeiitic from alkalic basalts. Liquidus phase relations on this join have been studied at 1 atm and at 7, 10, 15, and 20 kbar. The temperature maximum on the 1 atm isobaric quaternary univariant line along which forsterite, diopside, anorthite, and liquid are in equilibrium lies to the SiO2-rich side of the join di-fo-an. The isobaric quaternary invariant point at which forsterite, diopside, anorthite, spinel, and liquid are in equilibrium passes, with increasing pressure, from the silica-poor to the silica-rich side of the join di-fo-an, which causes the piercing points on this join to change from forsterite+diopside+anorthite+liquid and forsterite +spinel+anorthite+liquid below 5 kbar to forsterite +diopside+spinel+liquid and diopside +spinel+anorthite+liquid above 5 kbar. As pressure increases, the forsterite and anorthite fields contract and the diopside and corundum fields expand. The anorthite primary phase field disappears entirely from the join di-fo-an between 15 and 20 kbar. Below about 4 kbar, the join di-fo-an represents, in simplified form, a thermal divide between alkalic and tholeiitic basalts. From about 4 to at least 12 kbar, alkalic basalts can produce tholeiitic basalts by fractional crystallization, and at pressures above about 12 kbar, it is possible for alkalic basalt to be produced from oceanite by crystallization of both olivine and orthopyroxene. If alkalic basalts are primary melts from a lherzolite mantle, they must be produced at high pressures, probably greater than about 12 kbar.Department of Geosciences, University of Texas at Dallas Contribution No. 327. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Contribution No. 814.  相似文献   

6.
New equilibrium experiments have been performed in the 20–27 kbar range to determine the upper thermal stability limit of endmember deerite, Fe 12 2+ Fe 6 3+ [Si12O40](OH)10. In this pressure range, the maximum thermal stability limit is represented by the oxygen-conserving reaction: deerite(De)=9 ferrosilite(Fs)+3 magnetite(Mag)+3 quartz(Qtz)+5 H2O(W) (1). Under the oxygen fugacities of the Ni-NiO buffer the breakdown-reduction reaction: De=12 Fs+2 Mag+5 W+1/2 O2 (10) takes place at lower temperatures (e.g. T=63° at 27 kbar). The experimental brackets can be fitted using thermodynamic data for ferrosilite, magnetite and quartz from Berman (1988) and the following 1 bar, 298 K data for deerite (per gfw): Vo=55.74 J.bar-1, So=1670 J.K-1, H f o =-18334 kJ, =2.5x10-5K-1, =-0.18x10-5 bar-1. Using these data in conjunction with literature data on coesite, grunerite, minnesotaite, and greenalite, the P-T stability field of endmember deerite has been calculated for P s=P H 2O. This field is limited by 6 univariant oxygenconserving dehydration curves, from which three have positive dP/dT slopes, the other three negative slopes. The lower pressure end of the stability field of endmember deerite is thus located at an invariant point at 250±70°C and 10+-1.5 kbar. Deerite rich in the endmember can thus appear only in environments with geothermal gradients lower than 10°C/km and at pressures higher than about 10 kbar, which is in agreement with 4 out of 5 independent P-T estimates for known occurrences. The presence of such deerite places good constraints on minimum pressure and maximum temperature conditions. From log f O 2-T diagrams constructed with the same data base at different pressures, it appears that endmember deerite is, at temperatures near those of its upper stability limit, stable only over a narrow range of oxygen fugacities within the magnetite field. With decreasing temperatures, deerite becomes stable towards slightly higher oxygen fugacities but reaches the hematite field only at temperatures more than 200°C lower than the upper stability limit. This practically precludes the coexistence deerite-hematite with near-endmember deerite in natural environments.  相似文献   

7.
Kosmochlor (NaCrSi2O6) was synthesized by the flux method from melts along the join Na2O·2 SiO2-Na2O·Cr2O3·4 SiO2 at 1000° C in air, and isolated by dissolving the glassy matrix with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. The join CaMgSi2O6-NaCrSi2O6 was studied at 1 atmosphere in air by the quenching technique at temperatures between 900° and 1450° C, using mixtures of kosmochlor and diopside crystals or diopside glass as starting materials. The phases are diopside solid solution, kosmochlor, spinel (Mg-chromite), eskolaite (Cr2O3) and glass. The maximum solubility of kosmochlor in diopside is 24 wt percent at 1140° C, while diopside is not soluble at all in kosmochlor, resulting in the existence of a wide range of immiscibility. Petrologic significance of the results is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Phase relations on the diopside-jadeite join were experimentally determined at 16–22 GPa pressures and temperatures in the vicinity of 1500 °C under hydrous and 2100 °C under anhydrous conditions, using a split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000). Starting compositions on the diopside-jadeite join produced assemblages containing CaSiO3 perovskite. This assured that the coexisting garnet with compositions in the ternary system Mg2Si2O6(En)-CaMgSi2O6(Di)-NaAlSi2 O6(Jd) had the maximum Ca content possible under the given conditions. Garnet reached its maximum Ca content at 17 GPa, and exsolved CaSiO3 perovskite at higher pressures. The garnet composition closest to the join, En5Di47.5Jd47.5 (mol%), was reached at 18–19 GPa and 2100 °C. The maximum Na content of garnet limited by the coexisting pyroxene did not exceed 51 mol% jadeite at 22 GPa and 2100 °C. At 22 GPa, pyroxene was replaced with NaAlSiO4 (calcium ferrite structure) and stishovite under anhydrous conditions, while in the presence of H2O a new hydrous Na-bearing phase with the ideal composition Na7(Ca, Mg)3AlSi5O9(OH)18 was synthesized instead. Garnet coexisting with CaSiO3 perovskite and MgSiO3 ilmenite at 22 GPa and 1400 °C was En51Di9Jd40, coincidentally identical to the first garnet forming in the ternary system at 13 GPa. The new data are applicable to the Earth's transition zone (400–670 km depths) and suggest that the transformation from eclogite to garnetite would occur primarily over a limited depth interval from 400 to 500 km. Gaps in the observed garnet compositions suggest immiscibility, which could potentially cause a sharp 400 km discontinuity in an eclogitic mantle.  相似文献   

9.
The model for the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent pyroxenes (Part I) is calibrated for ortho- and clinopyroxenes in the quadrilateral subsystem defined by the end-member components Mg2Si2O6, CaMgSi2O6, CaFeSi2O6, and Fe2Si2O6. This calibration accounts for: (1) Fe-Mg partitioning relations between orthopyroxenes and augites, and between pigeonites and augites, (2) miscibility gap features along the constituent binary joins CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6 and CaFeSi2O6-Fe2Si2O6, (3) calorimetric data for CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6 pyroxenes, and (4) the P-T-X systematics of both the reaction pigeonite=orthopyroxene+augite, and miscibility gap featurs, over the temperature and pressure ranges 800–1500°C and 0–30 kbar. The calibration is achieved with the simplifying assumption that all regular-solution-type parameters are constants independent of temperature. It is predicated on the assumptions that: (1) the Ca-Mg substitution is more nonideal in Pbca pyroxenes than in C2/c pyroxenes, and (2) entropies of about 3 and 6.5 J/K-mol are associated with the change of Ca from 6- to 8-fold coordination in the M2 site in magnesian and iron C2/c pyroxenes, respectively. The model predicts that Fe2+-Mg2+ M1-M2 site preferences in C2/c pyroxenes are highly dependent on Ca and Mg contents, with Fe2+ more strongly preferring M2 sites both in Ca-rich C2/c pyroxenes with a given Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio, and in magnesian C2/c pyroxenes with intermediate Ca/(Ca+Fe+Mg) ratios.The proposed model is internally consistent with our previous analyses of the solution properties of spinels, rhombohedral oxides, and Fe-Mg olivines and orthpyroxenes. Results of our calibration extend an existing database to include estimates for the thermodynamic properties of the C2/c and Pbca pyroxene end-members clinoenstatite, clinoferrosilite, hedenbergite, orthodiopside, and orthohedenbergite. Phase relations within the quadrilateral and its constitutent subsystems are calculated for temperatures and pressures over the range 800–1700°C and 0–50 kbar and compare favorably with experimental constraints.  相似文献   

10.
High pressure phase transformations for all the mineral phases along the joins Mg2SiO4-Ca2-SiO4 and MgO-CaSiO3 in the system MgO-CaO-SiO2 were investigated in the pressure range between 100 and 300 kbar at about 1,000 °C, by means of the technique involving a diamond-anvil press coupled with laser heating. In addition to the four end-members, there are three stable intermediate mineral components in these two joins. Phase behaviour of all the end-member components at high pressure have been reported earlier and are reviewed here. Results of this study reveal that the three intermediate components are all unstable relative to the end-members at pressures greater than 200 kbar. Ultimately, monticellite (CaMgSiO4) decomposes into CaSiO3 (perovskite-type)+MgO; merwinite (Ca3MgSi2O8) decomposes into Ca2SiO4(K2NiF4-type)+CaSiO3 (perovskite-type)+MgO; and akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) decomposes into CaSiO3 (perovskite-type)+MgO. Note that the decomposition reactions of all phases studied here result in the formation of MgO. Intermediate Ca-Mg silicates transform to pure Ca-silicates plus MgO, while pure Mg2SiO4 transforms to MgSiO3+MgO.  相似文献   

11.
A new oxygen-deficient perovskite with the composition Ca(Fe0.4Si0.6)O2.8 has been synthesised at high-pressure and -temperature conditions relevant to the Earths transition zone using a multianvil apparatus. In contrast to pure CaSiO3 perovskite, this new phase is quenchable under ambient conditions. The diffraction pattern revealed strong intensities for pseudocubic reflections, but the true lattice is C-centred monoclinic with a=9.2486 Å, b=5.2596 Å, c=21.890 Å and =97.94°. This lattice is only slightly distorted from rhombohedral symmetry. Electron-diffraction and high-resolution TEM images show that a well-ordered ten-layer superstructure is developed along the monoclinic c* direction, which corresponds to the pseudocubic [111] direction. This unique type of superstructure likely consists of an oxygen-deficient double layer with tetrahedrally coordinated silicon, alternating with eight octahedral layers of perovskite structure, which are one half each occupied by silicon and iron as indicated by Mössbauer and Si K electron energy loss spectroscopy. The maximum iron solubility in CaSiO3 perovskite is determined at 16 GPa to be 4 at% on the silicon site and it increases significantly above 20 GPa. The phase relations have been analysed along the join CaSiO3–CaFeO2.5, which revealed that no further defect perovskites are stable. An analogous phase exists in the aluminous system, with Ca(Al0.4Si0.6)O2.8 stoichiometry and diffraction patterns similar to that of Ca(Fe0.4Si0.6)O2.8. In addition, we discovered another defect perovskite with Ca(Al0.5Si0.5)O2.75 stoichiometry and an eight-layer superstructure most likely consisting of a tetrahedral double layer alternating with six octahedral layers. The potential occurrence of all three defect perovskites in the Earths interior is discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The hydration of peridotites modelled by the system H2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 has been treated theoretically after the method of Schreinemakers, and has been investigated experimentally in the temperature range 700°–900° C and in the pressure range of 8–14 kbar. In the presence of excess forsterite and water, the garnet- to spinel-peridotite transition boundary intersects the chlorite dehydration boundary at an invariant point situated at 865±5° C and 15.2±0.3 kbar. At lower pressures, a model spinel lherzolite hydrates to both chlorite- and amphibole-bearing assemblages at an invariant point located at 825±10° C and 9.3±0.5 kbar. At even lower pressures the spinel-to plagioclase-peridotite transition boundary intersects the dehydration curve for amphibole+forsterite at an invariant point estimated to lie at 855±10° C and 6.5±0.5 kbar.Both chlorite and amphibole were characterized along their respective dehydration curves. Chlorite was found to shift continuously from clinochlore, with increasing temperature, to more aluminous compositions. Amphibole was found to be tremolitic with a maximmum of 6 wt.% Al2O3.The experimentally determined curves in this study were combined with the determined or estimated stability curves for hydrous melting, plagioclase, talc, anthophyllite, and antigorite to obtain a petrogenetic grid applicable to peridotites, modelled by the system H2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, that covers a wide range of geological conditions. Direct applications of this grid, although quite limited, can be made for ultramafic assemblages that have been extensively re-equilibrated at greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism and for some highgrade ultramafic assemblages that display clear signs of retrogressive metamorphism.  相似文献   

13.
Electron microprobe analysis of manganese silicates from Balmat, N.Y., has helped elucidate phase relations for Mn-bearing pyroxenes and pyroxenoids. A compilation of these data along with published and unpublished analyses for phases plotting on the CaSiO3-MgSiO3-MnSiO3 and CaSiO3-FeSiO3-MnSiO3 faces of the RSiO3 tetrahedron has constrained the subsolidus phase relations. For the system CaSiO3-FeSiO3-MnSiO3, the compositional gaps between bustamite/hedenbergite, bustamite/ rhodonite and rhodonite/pyroxmangite are constrained for middle-upper amphibolite facies conditions and extensive solid solutions limit possible three phase fields. For the CaSiO3-MgSiO3-MnSiO3 system much less data are available but it is clear that the solid solutions are much more limited for the pyroxenoid structures and a continuum of compositions is inferred for clinopyroxenes from diopside to kanoite (MnMgSi2O6) for amphibolite facies conditions (T=650° C). At lower temperatures, Balmat kanoites are unstable and exsolve into C2/c calciumrich (Ca0.68Mn0.44Mg0.88Si2O6) and C2/c calciumpoor (Ca0.12Mn1.02Mg0.86Si2O6) phases. At temperatures of 300–400° C the calcium-poor phase subsequently has undergone a transformation to a P21/c structure; this exsolution-inversion relationship is analogous to that relating augites and pigeonites in the traditional pyroxene quadrilateral. Rhodonite coexisting with Mn-clinopyroxenes is compositionally restricted to Mn0.75–0.95Mg0.0–0.15Ca0.05–0.13SiO3. For the original pyroxene+rhodonite assemblage, the Mg and Ca contents of the rhodonite are fixed for a specific P (6kbars)-T (650° C)-X(H2O)-X(CO2) by the coexistence of talc+quartz and calcite+quartz respectively.Contribution No. 363, from the Mineralogical Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA  相似文献   

14.
The stability of merwinite (Mw) and its equivalent assemblages, akermanite (Ak)+calcite (Cc), diopside (Di)+calcite, and wollastonite (Wo)+monticellite (Mc)+calcite was determined at T=500–900° C and P f=0.5–2.0 kbar under H2O–CO2 fluid conditions with X CO 2=0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.02. Merwinite is stable at P f=0.5 kbar with T>700° C and X CO 2<0.1. At P f=2.0 kbar, the assemblage Di+Cc replaces merwinite at all T and X CO 2 conditions. At intermediate P f=1 kbar, the assemblage Ak+Cc is stable above 707° C and Wo+Mc+Cc is stable below 707° C. The univariant curve for the reaction Di+Cc=Wo+Mc+CO2 is almost parallel to the T axis and shifts to low P f with increasing X CO 2, with the assemblage Di+Cc on the high-P f side. The implications of the experimental results in regard to contact metamorphism of limestone are discussed using the aureole at Crestmore, California as an example.  相似文献   

15.
Transformation of enstatite — diopside — jadeite pyroxenes to garnet   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
The high-pressure stability of enstatite(En)-diopside(Di)-jadeite(Jd) pyroxenes has been investigated experimentally with a split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000). On the enstatite-pyrope join, the compositions of garnet coexisting with enstatite were determined at 100–165 kbar and 1450–1850° C. The results indicate complete solubility between enstatite and pyrope. In the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS), the compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnet were determined at 100–165 kbar and 1250–1750° C. At 157 kbar, 1650° C, garnet with the composition En79Di21 (mol%) forms on the En-Di join. In the system Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (NMAS), the compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnet were determined at 60–160 kbar and 1200–1850° C. On the En-Jd join, the first garnet has the composition En48Jd52 at 135 kbar, 1650° C, and En53Jd47 at 140 kbar, 1500° C. On the Di-Jd join, the first garnet with the composition Di63Jd37 forms around 170 kbar, 1650° C. In the En-Di-Jd system, the first appearance of garnet with the composition En42Di9Jd49 is estimated at 133 kbar, 1650° C. The new pyroxene with the composition NaMg0.5Si2.5O6 (NaPx) transforms to garnet at 154 kbar, 1650° C. The experimental results indicate that the transformation of a twopyroxene assemblage to garnet and residual pyroxene in the En-Di-Jd system could occur at pressures consistent with the 400 km seismic discontinuity and in a pressure interval of 0–3 kbar.  相似文献   

16.
 In order to clarify Al2O3 content and phase stability of aluminous CaSiO3-perovskite, high-pressure and high-temperature transformations of Ca3Al2Si3O12 garnet (grossular) were studied using a MA8-type high-pressure apparatus combined with synchrotron radiation. Recovered samples were examined by analytical transmission electron microscopy. At pressures of 23–25 GPa and temperatures of 1000–1600 K, grossular garnet decomposed into a mixture of aluminum-bearing Ca-perovskite and corundum, although a metastable perovskite with grossular composition was formed when the heating duration was not long enough at 1000 K. On release of pressure, this aluminum-bearing CaSiO3-perovskite transformed to the “LiNbO3-type phase” and/or amorphous phase depending on its Al2O3 content. The structure of this LiNbO3-type phase is very similar to that of LiNbO3 but is not identical. CaSiO3-perovskite with 8 to 25 mol% Al2O3 was quenched to alternating lamellae of amorphous layer and LiNbO3-type phase. On the other hand, a quenched product from CaSiO3-perovskite with less than 6 mol% consisted only of amorphous phase. Most of the inconsistencies amongst previous studies could be explained by the formation of perovskite with grossular composition, amorphous phase, and the LiNbO3-type phase. Received: 11 April 2001 / Accepted: 5 July 2002  相似文献   

17.
Sector zoning has been experimentally reproduced in CaMgSi2O6-CaTiAl2O6 clinopyroxene crystals by isothermal crystallization using seed crystals. Element partitioning in different growth sectors and between the core and rim portions in single crystals was analysed in relation to growth rate R and degree of supercooling T. The TiO2 and Al2O3 contents increase with increase in R and T, but when they are compared between different sectors in a single crystal grown at the same T, they correlate negatively with R. The order of faces in respect of contents of TiO2 and Al2O3 is (100)>(110)(010)(111) at T= 13° C and 18° C but changes to (110)>(100)>(010)>(111) at T= 25° C. The growth mechanism is concluded to be controlled by interface kinetics at T= 13–25° C for all these faces, while at T=45° C this relation holds for (100) and (010) faces, but not for (110) and (111), based on the growth rate versus supercooling relation and surface microtopographic observations. The interface kinetics play the essential role in the formation of sector zoning, when the layer growth mechanism takes place.  相似文献   

18.
Subsolidus and vapor-saturated liquidus phase relations for a portion of the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O, as inferred from experimental data for the composition regions CaMgSi2O6-Mg2SiO4-SiO2-H2O and CaMgSi2O6-Mg2SiO4-Ca3MgSi2O8 (merwinite)-H2O, are presented in pressure-temperature projection. Sixteen invariant points and 39 univariant reactions are defined on the basis of the 1 atm and 10 kbar (vapor-saturated) liquidus diagrams. Lack of experimental control over many of the reactions makes the depicted relations schematic in part.An invariant point involving orthoenstatite, protoenstatite, pigeonite, and diopside (all solid solutions) occurs at low pressure (probably between 1 and 2 kbar). At pressures below this invariant point, orthoenstatite breaks down at high temperature to the assemblage diopside + protoenstatite; with increasing temperature, the latter assemblage reacts to form pigeonite. At pressures above the invariant point, pigeonite forms according to the reaction diopside + orthoenstatite = pigeonite, and the assemblage diopside + protoenstatite is not stable. At 1 atm, both pigeonite and protoenstatite occur as primary liquidus phases, but at pressures above 6–7 kbar orthoenstatite is the only Ca-poor pyroxene polymorph which appears on the vapor-saturated liquidus surface.At pressures above approximately 10.8 kbar, only diopside, forsterite, and merwinite occur as primary liquidus phases in the system CaMgSi2O6-Mg2SiO4-Ca3MgSi2O8-H2O, in the presence of an aqueous vapor phase. At pressures between 1 atm and 10.2 kbar, both akermanite and monticellite also occur as primary liquidus phases. Comparison of the 1 atm and 10 kbar vapor-saturated liquidus diagrams suggests that melilite basalt bears a low pressure, or shallow depth, relationship to monticellite-bearing ultrabasites.  相似文献   

19.
The univariant high-pressure reaction of aluminous enstatite and spinel to pyrope and forsterite in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system has been determined in the temperature range 900 °–1100 °C by hydrothermal reversals in the piston-cylinder apparatus using the low-friction NaCl pressure medium. A mixture of synthetic minerals, including an enstatite with 6 wt% Al2O3, with product and reactant assemblages in nearly equal amounts, was the starting material. The equilibrium pressure of 19.3±0.3 kbar at 1000 ° C and average dP/dT slope of 8.0 bars/ ° C confirm the strong curvature of the equilibrium below 1200 ° C deduced by Obata (1976) from a theoretical study of experimental Al2O3 isopleths of enstatite in the garnet field. His prediction of an absolute minimum pressure near 18 kbar of the garnet peridotite assemblage in the ternary system is undoubtedly correct.Three reversed determinations of the equilibrium Al2O3 content of enstatite in the presence of spinel +forsterite were made at points adjacent to the univariant curve. The points are 5.5 wt% Al2O3 at 950 ° C and 20 kbar, 6.2 wt% at 1000 ° C and 20 kbar and 7.2 wt% at 1080 ° C and 20 kbar. These values are somewhat higher than given by the MacGregor (1974) isopleth set and quite close to those predicted by Fujii (1976) from experimental synthesis data at higher temperatures, using the Wood and Banno (1973) model of ideal solution of the Mg2Si2O6 and MgAl2SiO6 components in enstatite to reduce the data.All of the available spinel-field isopleth data can be systematized with the use of the ideal solution model. A value of H 0 of 9000 cal fits the reduced data well, and is in agreement with the calorimetrically determined value of 8500±1900 calories. An accurate calculation of the dP/dT slope of the univariant equilibrium at 1000 ° C based on calorimetry gives 7±2bars/ °C, also in good agreement with experiment. Thus, all of the available experimental and calorimetric data are consistent with the ideal-solution aluminous enstatite model.The dP/dT slopes of the spinel-field isopleths are too large to permit their use as an accurate geobarometric scale. They do have considerable potential as a thermometric indicator for certain natural peridotites, however. The southwestern Oregon overthrust peridotite masses of Cretaceous age have enstatite of 5.6 wt% Al2O3 with spinel of nearly 80 mole% MgAl2O4. The present reduced isopleth data directly give 930 ° C for the equilibration, assuming 12 kbar pressure. A first order correction based on ideal solution departures from the ternary system, as suggested by Stroh (1976) gives 1000 ° C. Thus, the high temperatures deduced by Medaris (1972) are confirmed. The pressure cannot be deduced independently from the pyroxene Al2O3 contents.  相似文献   

20.
Experiments with synthetic starting materials of muscovite, phlogopite, zoisite, kyanite and quartz were performed in the pressure temperature range 10–25 kbar, 640–780° C under water excess conditions. The reaction muscovite+zoisite+quartz+vapor=liquid+kyanite was bracketed at 10.5 kbar/689–700° C, 15.5 kbar/709–731° C and 20 kbar/734–745° C. The equivalent reaction in the Mg-bearing system muscovitess +zoisite+quartz+vapor=liquid+kyanite+phlogopitess lies at the same temperature around 10 kbar and approximately 10° C higher around 20 kbar, compared with the Mg-free reaction. At slightly higher temperatures formation of melt and tremolitess was reversibly observed from the assemblage phlogopitess+zoisite +kyanite+quartz around 10.5 kbar/690–710° C, 15.5 kbar/720–750° C and 20.5 kbar/745–760° C. In the subsolidus region, the reaction muscovitess+talcss+ tremolitess=phlogopitess+zoisite+quartz+vapor were located in the range 700° C/16.7–19.0 kbar and 740° C/19.7–20.8 kbar. From these data, a wedge shaped stability field of phlogopitess+zoisite+quartz appears with a high P, T termination around 21 kbar/755° C. Muscovite+tremolite+talc or kyanite comes in at higher pressures. These phase relations are in qualitative accord with petrographic observations from high pressure metamorphic areas. Formation and crystallization of melts in rocks of a wide compositional range involving zoisite/epidote has been ascribed to relatively high pressures and is consistent with experimentally determined stability fields in the simplified KCMASH system.  相似文献   

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