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1.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):89-93
Investigation of bituminous-coal macerals, accomplished through the Institut für Brennstoff Chemie (Fuel Chemistry Institute) of Aachen, is summarized here. Coal from five Ruhr coal beds was processed to obtain pure macerals in quantities sufficient to study their individual structure and chemical composition. Vitrinite, micrinite and exinite were recovered accordingly, and their chemical and physical properties studied; detailed, graphical interpretation of these data has been included. Chemical composition is derived for vitrinite, exinite, micrinite, and fusinite individually. Chemical structure of the macerals is discussed in relation to aromatically bound carbon content. It has been possible thus far, to determine maceral properties with respect to coalification rank as well as to indicate differentiation of these properties in macerals from the same coal bed. --D. D. Fisher. 相似文献
2.
早古生代海相烃源岩成熟度的有机岩石学评价方法 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
本文应用有机岩石化学方法通过对塔里木盆地早古生代典型烃源岩研究,建立起了应用沥青反射率、微粒体反射率、动物壳属体反射率及海相镜质体反射率评价烃岩成熟度的综合标准。 相似文献
3.
Vitrinite reflectance on dispersed sedimentary organic matter is traditionally determined from histograms of vitrinite and inertinite reflectance measured on either whole rock samples or kerogen concentrates, or from particles usually in whole rock preparations chosen by morphology and relative reflectance to be first-cycle vitrinite. This paper discusses an alternative method: discrimination of first-cycle vitrinite using apparent maximum and minimum reflectance data plotted on reflectance crossplots. The use of crossplots increases the confidence that the macerals identified as first-cycle vitrinite are optically similar. The maximum–minimum data, in this study, were collected on a quantitative reflectance microscope outfitted with rotational polarization, a technique that eliminates the usual difficulty in collecting such data on very small macerals by stage rotation. 相似文献
4.
中国西北侏罗纪煤系显微组分生烃潜力、产物地球化学特征及其意义 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
从吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中分离富集了藻类体、孢子体、角质体、镜质体、基质镜质体和丝质体6种主要显微组分,进行了热解及热模拟实验,并对各显微组分热模拟生成的产物热解油进行了碳同位素组成等分析。各显微组分热解生烃潜力及其热解产物热解油的碳同位素组成表明,煤系有机质中藻类体的生油潜力最高,生成的液态烃类的碳同位素组成最轻;孢子体、角质体等陆源富氢组分生烃潜力低于藻类体,生成的液态烃类的碳同位素组成重于藻类体生成的液态烃类,与煤系含油气盆地中原油的碳同位素组成基本一致。这些富氢显微组分应该是煤系有机质中主要的生油显微组分。镜质体和基质镜质体的生油潜力相对较低,其生成的液态烃类的碳同位素组成比一般煤系原油重得多,而且这些组分本身对液态烃具有较强的吸附力,尽管其在煤系有机质中所占的比例很大,仍然难以成为生成液态石油的主要显微组分,只能在高成熟演化阶段成为良好的生气显微组分。丝质体等惰性组分生烃潜力极低,不可能成为生油组分。此外,结合原煤的显微组分组成、生烃潜力和元素分析,提出仅仅以壳质组的含量高低来评价煤的生烃潜力不完全可靠,热解是经济、快速、有效的评价方法。 相似文献
5.
The applicability of the reflectance micro-Fourier Transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) technique for analyzing the distribution of functional groups in coal macerals is discussed. High quality of spectra, comparable to those obtained using other FTIR techniques (KBr pellet and transmission micro-FTIR), indicate this technique can be applied to characterizing functional groups under most conditions. The ease of sample preparation, the potential to analyze large intact samples, and ability to characterize organic matter in areas as small as 20 μm are the main advantages of reflectance micro-FTIR. The quantitative aspects of reflectance micro-FTIR require further study.The exaples from the coal seams of the Mist Mountain Formation, British Columbia show that at high volatile bituminous rank, reflectance micro-FTIR provides valuable information on the character of aliphatic chains of vitrinite and liptinite macerals. Because the character of aliphatic chains influences bond disassociation energies, such information is useful from a hydrocarbon generation viewpoint. In medium volatile bituminous coal liptinite macerals are usually not detectable but this technique can be used to study the degree of oxidation and reactivity of vitrinite and semifusinite. 相似文献
6.
显微组分在热演化过程中伴随油气生成,其光学性质亦相应发生有规律的变化,其改变程度取决于其原始富氢程度。到过成熟阶段,各种类型干酪根地化特征渐趋一致,伹在光性上仍存在明显区别。本文详细研究了不同类型干酪根天然演化系列与不同显微组分热模拟产物的光学特征,系统地总结了显微组分在热成熟过程中光性演变规律,应用热模拟实验定量研究了它们在不同成熟度体积的减量。在此基础上推导出了恢复不同类型显微组分在低成熟阶段原始百分含量的计算公式。通过对典型实例的剖析,证实本方法的可靠性。笔者认为本文为解决过成熟生油岩的油气评价提供了新思路。 相似文献
7.
随着石油勘探的深入和发展，煤和含煤沉积的生油问题，已经越来越引起人们的重视。为此，笔者选择了准噶尔盆地侏罗系富氢组份含量高的煤样和富镜质组的煤岩样品，采用快速热解法，对其显微组份和全煤的热解生烃潜势进行了研究。结果表明:（１）Ｒ０值为０.３７～０.３９％的未成熟煤岩样品中，壳质组和镜质组在３５０～４５０℃温度区间有最大热解峰面积Ｓ２。（２）富氢组份含量高的样品中，热解产物以正构烷烃＋正构烯烃为主，其次为芳烃化合物。（３）镜质组或富镜质组的煤岩样品中，Ａ１６００/Ｍｇ值较高时，热解产物在Ｃ６-Ｃ１５范围内，某些芳烃化合物成为主峰。（４）惰性组生烃能力最差，在较高温度下，形成含量很低的正构烷烃和烯烃，或在气态烃范畴产生少量烃类，或基本不产生热解产物。（５）随着加热时间的延长或原煤样品演化程度的升高，烯烃含量减少或消失，可能是干酪根转化过程中的残余氢为烯烃的氢化作用提供了氢源，使烯烃转化为烷烃的缘故。 相似文献
8.
9.
为研究煤岩演化程度对孔裂隙结构发育的影响,运用压汞、低温氮吸附/解吸、镜质组反射率测试和SEM、荧光显微观察等手段,分析煤岩变质程度对孔隙度、BET比表面积、BJH总孔体积、裂隙结构和密度等的影响。结果表明:随变质程度升高,煤岩孔隙度呈先增大后减小再略微增大的波动变化特征;微孔占比随煤岩镜质组反射率升高呈“U”形变化特征,小孔占比变化与之相反;煤岩BET比表面积和BJH总孔体积均随煤级升高呈“U”形变化特征;中高变质程度煤岩中B、C、D型裂隙密度随煤级的升高都呈“U”形变化,并在Ro,m=1.1%左右出现最小值,裂隙密度下降阶段中D型裂隙密度降低最快。结合镜质组反射率分析发现,煤岩孔(裂)隙的发育与煤岩演化的4次跃变有着密切关系。 相似文献
10.
A detailed investigation of floodbasin facies architecture was undertaken in the Upper Triassic (Carnian-Rhaetian) Callide Coal Measures in east-central Queensland, Australia, using extensive highwall and exploration borehole data from ongoing mining activities. The composite Callide Seam Member varies up to 23 m in thickness and is locally split by a number of clastic partings up to several metres thick, ranging from claystone to coarse sandstone. A subset of the nine lithofacies recognized in surface exposures was identified from geologists' logs of cored and uncored drillholes through the Callide Seam Member. Facies mapping of each clastic parting (split) was then undertaken using all available highwall and drilling data. Sequential maps of facies and interval thickness for each coal body and clastic parting over the mine area (6000 × 2500 m) record sediment accumulation in alluvial channel and floodbasin environments (including levees, splays and splay complexes, and mires). The maps indicate that the numerous splays have dominantly elongate plan geometry (up to 4 km long), with lesser irregular and rare lobate shapes. Small, elongate splays were evidently formed during single flood events, whereas larger, elongate bodies and more irregularly shaped complexes were the product of longer-term splay construction over several flood cycles. Quantitative summaries of splay dimensions indicate a wide variety of shape and size. The distribution of splay orientations is similar to the palaeocurrent distribution in major alluvial channel deposits as established from cross-bedding. Alluvial channels that sourced the splays and other clastic sediments within seam splits were of low sinuosity, braided planform, constructed sediment bodies up to 2800 m wide and were dominantly loaded rather than incised into underlying peat-rich substrates. 相似文献
11.
Dennis D. Kaegi 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1985,4(4):309-319
Representative subsamples of Pocahontas No. 3 coal obtained at a fresh mining cut in a coal mine in West Virginia, U.S.A., were oxidized in air at 50°C or stored at ambient temperature in argon. Periodically, subsamples were removed from their locations and analyzed both petrographically and through Gieseler plastometry.With increasing oxidation, as indicated by plastometer results, the percentage of vitrinite decreased while the percentage of oxyvitrinite increased. Also, the percentage of slitted pseudovitrinite initially increased, but, subsequently decreased. The same trends occurred for both the 50°C and ambient samples, although at a lower rate for the ambient samples. This has been interpreted as indicating that slitted pseudovitrinite is an oxidation product of vitrinite that is intermediate, in terms of degree of oxidation, between vitrinite and oxyvitrinite.Vitrinite and slitted pseudovitrinite reflectances were found to be approximately the same, however, a shallow trend of decreasing reflectance with degree of oxidation may be indicated. No explanation is submitted for an observed decrease (with oxidation) in percentage of micrinite; however, an explanation of the origin of slitted structures in vitrinite material as it relates to cell structure and geological conditions is offered. 相似文献
12.
瓦窑堡煤系有机岩石学特征及煤成烃潜力研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
瓦窑堡煤系是我国重要的含煤岩系之一,陆相生油的观点最早可能源于瓦窑堡煤系含油性特征。通过对瓦窑堡煤系煤和暗色泥岩有机质的显微岩石学和宏观煤岩学特征的分析,提出了瓦窑堡煤系煤主要形成于深覆水森林泥炭沼泽相,类脂组含量高,且镜质组的主要类型为富氢的基质镜质体,有机地球化学结果表明瓦窑堡煤系煤具有Ⅱ型有机质的特征,处于低熟-成熟阶段,热模拟实验证明其具有良好的油气生成潜力。但由于瓦窑堡煤系规模小,煤层厚度薄,煤系泥岩有机质类型偏差,且煤中主要生油显微组分尚末进入大量生油期,因此难以形成油藏。 相似文献
13.
Cuttings and cores from the Poolowanna 1 well, Eromanga Basin, South Australia (in which oil was discovered in Lower Jurassic reservoirs) and the Macumba 1 well (no oil) have been analyzed petrographically to assess the nature of the coals and dispersed organic matter present. The Jurassic and Cretaceous coals have medium to high vitrinite contents, low to relatively high exinite, and medium to low inertinite contents. The dispersed organic matter has comparatively less vitrinite, more exinite and/or more inertinite than the associated coals. The microlithotype compositions of the coals indicate that the original vegetation was largely woody in character and was buried before much oxidation had occurred.The Jurassic sediments contain up to 2% dispersed organic matter by volume, 0–75% of which is exinite, including alginite. Vitrinite reflectances range from 0.5 to 0.7%. Where sufficiently mature, the Jurassic sediments are good potential source rocks for hydrocarbons.Statistical testing of the analytical results for the Jurassic Poolowanna Formation using Kendall's τ as a measure of dependence shows that there is a significant association between the macerals in coal and dispersed organic matter. The ratio of exinite to inertinite in dispersed organic matter is reasonably well predicted by the corresponding ratio in the associated coal. 相似文献
14.
The aim of the present study is the petrographic and chemical characterization of the coal at the Figueira Power Plant, Paraná, Brazil, prior and after the beneficiation process and the chemical characterization of fly and bottom ashes generated in the combustion process.Petrographic characterization was carried out through maceral analysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements. Chemical characterization included proximate analysis, determination of calorific value and sulphur content, ultimate analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Inductively Coupled Plasma — Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis, and determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content.Vitrinite reflectance analyses indicate a high volatile B/C bituminous coal (0.61 to 0.73% Rrandom). Maceral analyses show predominance of the vitrinite maceral group (51.6 to 70.9 vol.%, m.m.f). Except of the Run of mine (ROM) coal sample, the average calorific value of the coals is 5205 kcal/kg and ash yields range from 21.4 to 38.1 wt.%. The mineralogical composition (X-ray diffraction) of coals includes kaolinite, quartz, plagioclase and pyrite, whereas fly and bottom ashes are composed by mullite, ettringite, quartz, magnetite, and hematite. Analyses of major elements from coal, fly and bottom ashes indicate a high SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 content. Trace elements analysis of in-situ and ROM coals by ICP-MS and ICP-AES show highest concentration in Zn and As. Most of the toxic elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn are significantly reduced by coal beneficiation. Considering the spatial distribution of trace elements in the beneficiated coal samples, which were collected over a period of three months, there appears to be little variation in Cd and Zn concentrations, whereas trace elements such as As, Mo, and Pb show a larger variation.In the fly and bottom ashes, the highest concentrations of trace elements were determined for Zn and As. When compared with trace element concentrations in the feed coal, fly ashes show a significant enrichment in most trace elements (As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, and Zn), suggesting a predominantly volatile nature for these elements. In contrast, Sn is distributed evenly within the different ash types, whereas U shows depleted concentration in both bottom and fly ash samples.According to the International Classification of in-seam coals the Cambuí coals are of para/ortho bituminous rank of low grade (except for the ROM sample), and are characterized by the predominance of vitrinite macerals. 相似文献
15.
Petrographic analyses were carried out on thin coals and coaly sediments from the Lower Carboniferous Mattson Formation at Clausen Creek and Jackfish Gap-Yohin Ridge in the northern part of the Liard Basin, northern Canada. The composition and optical characteristics indicate that the coals are high-volatile bituminous B, predominantly sapropelic (canneloid) and accumulated subaquatically.The coals are dominantly composed of inertinite-rich and exinite-rich durities with subsidiary inertites and clarodurites; vitrite is minor and liptite is rare. The inertinite-rich microlithotypes are dominated by semifusinite, but micrinite, semimacrinite and ?resino-inertinites are abundant. Sporinite, comprising megaspores, crassispores, tenuispores and miospores, is the dominant liptinite maceral with subsidiary cutinite and minor alginite. Except for pyrite, mineral matter is minimal.Three populations of telocollinite are observed: a low-reflectance variety (I), commonly associated with micrinite (as vitrinertite), displays weak brown fluorescence and a reflectance some 0.4-0.5% lower than type II; type II is non-fluorescing telocollinite, with intermediate reflectance (0.67-0.74% Rom), it occurs as vitrite and is also associated with micrinite; and a higher-reflectance telocollinite (III), having no fluorescence or association with micrinite, has variable reflectance (0.74-0.8% Rom) implying higher oxidation or gelification levels.The abundance of semimacrinite, macrinite and ?resino-inertinites in inertites and durites (I) suggests that much of the peat accumulated subaquatically. Furthermore, fluorescing vitrinite and an abundance of micrinite (derived by oxidation or coalification of bituminite), suggest that the coal accumulated under anaerobic conditions. The predominance of semifusinite in humic laminae and micrinite in sapropelic layers suggests extensive surface or near-surface oxidation of the peat. Oxidised sporinites suggest that they were wind-borne.Depositional environment is interpreted as marginal marine, perhaps in shallow lakes in the middle to upper delta plain. Peat accumulations probably began subaquatically at the oxygen-hydrogen sulphide interface, but periodic subaerial exposure and natural oxidation gave rise to the high inertinite coals. Upper Mattson coals are interbedded with algal laminites and probably accumulated in a lagoonal setting. 相似文献
16.
摘 要 从显微煤岩学角度探讨了贵州六盘水地区晚二叠世龙潭煤系煤的生烃状况。研究表
明树皮体和基质镜质体是研究区煤岩显微组成中主要的两种富氢组分“富镜质体 较富树
皮体” 是主采煤层典型的煤岩组合特征在成烃演化过程中富氢镜质体和树皮体对生烃作
出了主要贡献。渗出沥青体充填于镜质体微裂隙或细小孔洞以及丝质体胞腔中。这些微裂隙
和胞腔对煤成油的保存、富集和运移起到关键作用。显微组分间的这种配置关系为煤成油藏
的形成提供了非常有利的条件。六盘水地区具有形成煤成油藏的母质条件同时在煤层中具
有较好的保存富集以及运移条件如果存在有利的地质背景与之相配合研究区煤成油藏的
勘探开发工作将具有十分乐观的前景。 相似文献
17.
H.-M. Schulz H. W. Hagemann M. Wolf A. Brammertz H.-J. Einbrodt 《Environmental Geology》1997,30(1-2):72-80
The fibrogenic and cytotoxic potential of coal mine dust is independent of the amount of quartz and other inorganic parameters.
Results of coal petrographical and organic geochemical investigations of coals and coal mine dust from the Ruhr and Ibbenbüren
Region of Germany demonstrate variations of organic dust amount possibly influencing these noxious properties. Coal mine dust
of high rank coals is characterized by a pronounced fibrogenic risk. This risk, independent of the quantity of quartz, is
probably based on shape variations of different coal macerals. With increasing coalification of the corresponding seam, the
vitrinite is enriched in its dust; however, lower concentrations have been determined for inertinite. Vitrinite shows constant
shapes and sizes independent of the rank of coal. Inertinite particles with elongated to fibrous shapes tend to larger sizes
with increasing coalification. Strikingly, coal mine dust from miners' lungs with high degrees of coal mine workers' pneumoconiosis
(CWP) is enriched in inertinite. In contrast, high cytotoxicities in cell tests are known for coal mine dust from low coalified
coals. High concentrations of phenolic compounds can be extracted by dichloromethane from low coalified coal mine dust. These
compounds, which are characterized by a high water solubility and therefore high bioavailability, explain the high cytotoxicities
of coal mine dust. Contamination of dust by diesel emissions in the coal mine can act as additionally supporting parameters
for extended cytotoxicities.
Received: 18 August 1995 · Accepted: 15 October 1995 相似文献
18.
The Jewel seam of the Cadomin area is complexly folded and cut by several thrust faults. Vitrinite reflectance anisotropy was determined from twenty oriented coal blocks, collected from various structural positions. Five of the blocks have uniaxial anisotropies, five have biaxial positive anisotropies, the remaining ten are biaxial negative. The biaxial coals display maximum reflectance axes parallel to nearby fold axes, which suggests a relationship between vitrinite anisotropy and deformation. The biaxial vitrinite reflectance ellipsoids result from superposition of tectonic strains on a primary, sedimentary burial related, uniaxial anisotropy. A tectonic stress field was probably present during the later stages of sedimentary burial and subsequent deformation.Coalification resulted largely from pre-deformational, sedimentary burial, but the final coalification stage was syn-deformational, as illustrated by the intersection of isorank surfaces and the Jewel seam and the biaxial vitrinite reflectance anisotropy. 相似文献
19.
镜质体是一种由高等植物木质素经过生物化学降解作用和凝胶化作用形成的胶状体,在煤和炭质泥页岩中含量高,仅出现在志留纪及其以后的地层中。此外,还有一种海相镜质体,主要由海洋低等生物(藻类、菌类及某些海洋低等动物)经腐殖化作用而形成,主要存在于早古生代及晚古生代页岩和碳酸盐岩地层中。研究表明,海相镜质体反射率(R~o_m)可作为成熟度指标加以应用。海相镜质体成熟作用轨迹不同于镜质体,二者存在一定的相关关系,使用时需把海相镜质体反射率换算为镜质体反射率(R_o)。镜质体反射率是一个寻找隐伏岩体的好方法,作者采用镜质体反射率方法对铜陵地区开展了研究,初步结果表明,铜陵地区全部数值均超过地热增温率理论曲线,说明铜陵地区深部可能有较大的隐伏岩体,深度大约在4~5 km左右。此外,在ZK113号钻孔深度200~260 m处R_o很高(2%~3%),可能预示钻孔旁侧有规模较小的隐伏侵入体,推测距钻孔距离不超过100 m,但具体方位不详。上述研究表明采用镜质体反射率方法寻找隐伏岩体是可行的,它的最大优点是解释的唯一性,R_o数值仅与温度有关,不受其他因素的干扰。 相似文献