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1.
The small-scale roughness of the sea surface acts as an important link in air-sea interaction processes. Radar and sonar waves are scattered by short surface waves providing the basis for remote sensing methods of the sea surface. At high wind speeds, breaking waves occur. Bubbles penetrate into the water and drastically increase acoustical reverberation, transmission loss and ambient noise. Thus, the development of short waves and wave breaking have to be known to apply radar remote sensing to the surface and to deduce from radar backscatter which sonar conditions prevail. To measure the wind dependence of short waves an experimental device was constructed for use from stationary platforms. It is nearly all-weather capable and can easily be handled by a crane. On the other hand, frequencies of short waves measured in a fixed position are extremely frequency shifted by currents. This limits the usefulness of tower-based measurements, e.g., the short wave modulation by wind and waves or currents can only be estimated in a rough approximation. Consequently, a buoy was developed to reduce the frequency shifts. The principle of the buoy is to drift in the local surface current and to follow the amplitudes of long waves. Therefore, short waves are measured in facets of long waves and the Doppler shifts are minimized. The wind is measured at a constant height above the long wave profile and relative to the moving facets. The paper describes the conventional measuring device and points out the necessity of the drifting buoy system. Examples of wind and wave spectra are presented and short wave modulations by long waves are depicted, too. From these measurements, new insights in short wave behaviour have to be expected 相似文献
2.
The effect of wave age on the wind gust spectrum over wind waves is considered by using the Ochi and Shin [1988. Wind turbulent spectra for design considerations of offshore structures. Proceedings of 20th Offshore Technology Conference, Paper No. 5736, Houston, Texas. pp. 461–467] spectrum together with the wave age dependant Volkov [2001. The dependence on wave age. In: Jones, I.S.F., Toba, Y. (Eds.), Wind Stress Over the Ocean. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 206–217] sea surface roughness formula. The wave age independent Charnock [1955. Wind stress on a water surface. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 81, 639–640] sea surface roughness is used as a reference. An example of results demonstrates a clear effect of wave age on the wind gust spectrum. 相似文献
3.
4.
R. S. Bortkovskii 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2012,48(2):193-199
The results of hourly measurements of sea roughness and hydrometeorological parameters, which were automatically taken from
special buoys over a long period of time, were used. These buoys were located in the open regions of both the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans in different climatic zones; the mean water-surface temperature around the buoys varies from 1–3°C to 26–28°C.
In addition to measurement results, the tables contain data on the spectral density of sea roughness for a wide range of frequencies.
An analysis of these data, which was made for a short-wave region of the wind-wave spectrum, for the first time revealed a
noticeable watertemperature dependence of the spectral density of wind waves within the frequency range 0.30–0.40 Hz, which
corresponds to wave lengths of 9-4 m. The presence of such dependence is explained by a rapid temperature change in kinematic
sea-water viscosity. Earlier, we indicated the temperature dependence of only very short spectral components that relate to
a centimetric wavelength range. The statistical significance of the watertemperature effect on the spectral density of waves
of the indicated frequency is supported by the results of a variance analysis. Temperature variations in the parameter of
sea-surface roughness, which is determined, first of all, by the energy of the spectral shortwave region, are estimated. Altimetry
is the basic method which is used in remotely determining the velocity of near-water wind. This method allows one to obtain
records of deviations of the sea surface from the geoid surface and to calculate (on the basis of these records) the spectral
density of wave components of almost any frequency. It is known that the wave-spectrum components in the region of low frequencies
are almost always affected by ripple. Consequently, the energy of these components is determined not only by wind forcing,
and only the components in the range of frequencies exceeding approximately 0.3 Hz are purely windy. Therefore, using the
results of sea-surface altimetry in order to determine the velocity of near-water wind, one should use the spectral densities
of wave components in this frequency region. The water-temperature dependence of the spectral density of short wind waves
is manifested only in a certain frequency interval, which supports this recommendation. 相似文献
5.
Based on observations from buoys, it is found that the wave age is well correlated with the nondimensional wave height, and this correlation is best described by a 3/5-power law. This similarity law is valid in the cases of wind waves as well as swells under natural sea states. On the basis of the 3/5-power law combined with the well-known 3/2-power law, it is shown that the wave-induced wind stress increases rapidly with wave age, indicating that the traditional observations or analytic techniques have only given the turbulent Reynolds stress induced by short wind waves, but excluded the long-wave-induced wind stress. The latter constitutes a small fraction to the total wind stress when the wave age is smaller than 1.0. The increase of sea-surface roughness with wave age can be attributed to wave breaking. 相似文献
6.
L. A. Slavutsky 《Physical Oceanography》1998,9(5):363-371
Data obtained, in the course of making wind wave measurements from on board ship are discussed. Phase measurements and the
digitization, of a signal enable one to single out Bragg's resonance structure of the Doppler spectrum and to acquire a number
of spatio-temporal characteristics of waves within a broad range of wavelengths. The possibility of reconstructing a unidimensional
profile of the sea surface and estimating the inhomogenecity of short-wave sea surface roughness components is illustrated.
Traslated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
7.
Bass F. Braude S. Fuks I. Kalmykov A. Megn A. Ostrovsky I. Rosenberg A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1977,2(1):43-52
Experiments on the scattering of radio waves in the range 200 m to 3 cm from a rough sea surface are described. Amplitude, frequency, and space-time characteristics of scattered radio signals at different states of the sea surface are presented. It is shown that the problem of the short and medium wave scattering from the sea can be solved by the perturbance method. In this case the mechanism of scattering is of "resonant" character. The intensity of the backscatter signals is proportional to the density of the spatial spectrum on the half-length of the radio waves. The high frequency radio wave scattering is well described by a two-scale model of the scattering surface, "ripple on the large wave." The intensity of scattered radio signals is also proportional to the spectrum density of "ripples" whose length is approximately equal to half a radio wave. The effect of the large waves is to modulate the amplitude of a scattered radio signal and to broaden its frequency spectrum. Methods of solution of the reverse problem were considered. This allowed determination of parameters of sea roughness by characteristics of scattered radio signals. The principles of design of the corresponding equipment are described. 相似文献
8.
Wave-tide-surge coupled simulation for typhoon Maemi 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The main task of this study focuses on studying the effect of wave-current interaction on currents, storm surge and wind wave as well as effects of current induced wave refraction and current on waves by using numerical models which consider the bottom boundary layer and sea surface roughness parameter for shallow and smooth bed area around Korean Peninsula. The coupled system (unstructured-mesh SWAN wave and ADCIRC) run on the same unstructured mesh. This identical and homogeneous mesh allows the physics of wave-circulation interactions to be correctly resolved in both models. The unstructured mesh can be applied to a large domain allowing all energy from deep to shallow waters to be seamlessly followed. There is no nesting or overlapping of structured wave meshes, and no interpolation is required. In response to typhoon Maemi (2003), all model components were validated independently, and shown to provide a faithful representation of the system’s response to this storm. The waves and storm surge were allowed to develop on the continental shelf and interact with the complex nearshore environment. The resulting modeling system can be used extensively for prediction of the typhoon surge. The result show that it is important to incorporate the wave-current interaction effect into coastal area in the wave-tide-surge coupled model. At the same time, it should consider effects of depth-induced wave breaking, wind field, currents and sea surface elevation in prediction of waves. Specially, we found that: (1) wave radiation stress enhanced the current and surge elevation otherwise wave enhanced nonlinear bottom boundary layer decreased that, (2) wind wave was significantly controlled by sea surface roughness thus we cautiously took the experimental expression. The resulting modeling system can be used for hindcasting (prediction) the wave-tide-surge coupled environments at complex coastline, shallow water and fine sediment area like areas around Korean Peninsula. 相似文献
9.
Yu. P. Soloviev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2013,49(3):315-328
Results of measurements of the atmospheric turbulence in the layer between 1.5 and 21 m above sea level and the drag coefficient of the sea surface as the wind blows from a 4-km-long mountainous slope with a mean inclination of 11° are presented. The measurements of wind-speed profiles and its fluctuations at several levels, waves, and the main meteorological parameters were carried out in autumn 2005 and 2008 from a stationary platform located in the Black Sea at a distance of approximately 1 km from the southern coast of Crimea. It is shown that during weak synoptic wind a low-level wind jet develops at night over the sea with a maximum velocity up to 5–6 m/s at a level of approximately 6 m over the sea induced by the katabatic wind over the coastal slope. According to the approximate estimates, the horizontal scale of the low-level jet can reach a few tens of kilometers. This flow is characterized by the dissipation rate of the turbulence energy independent of height and low-frequency velocity fluctuations related to the gravity waves and advection of turbulence from the coast. It is shown that the lower part of the boundary layer (up to a height of 3 m) is adjusted to the sea-surface roughness. The dependencies of the drag coefficient on the wind speed or wave age are steadier than in the data for the open sea. However, the age of the waves is not a universal parameter at long and short fetches. 相似文献
10.
I. A. Sergievskaya 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(1):121-127
The possibility of using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) to determine the degree of short gravity-capillary wave damping
by films of surface-active substances (SAS) is studied. Nonlinear mechanisms of optical surface imaging associated with a
complex profile of sky brightness and long waves are analyzed. Using the model of free short gravity waves damping by the
films, it is shown that the difference between the contrast of roughness and imaging in film-covered surface regions can be
substantial and attributed to a variability of the damping degree within a specified wavelength range rather than to the wave-damping
value. In addition, it is illustrated that Doppler shifts of the OSA space-time spectrum in regions covered with films can
substantially increase due to nonlinear distortions of the surface images. This fact should be taken into account when obtaining
additional information on the state of the surface and roughness based on the Doppler shift values. 相似文献
11.
《Oceanologica Acta》2002,25(2):87-99
During previous field experiments in the North Sea it was often assumed that the water column in such shallow coastal tidal waters is vertically well mixed and stratification was neglected when discussing the Normalized Radar Cross Section modulation caused by the sea floor. In this paper the influence of quasi resonant internal waves with the sea bed on the radar imaging mechanism of submarine sand waves itself is investigated. In situ data of the tidal current velocity and several water quality parameters such as sea surface temperature, fluorescence, and beam transmittance were measured in the Southern Bight of the North Sea in April 1991. Simulations of the total NRCS modulation caused by sand waves and internal waves as a function of the current gradient or strain rate induced by the internal wave current field at the sea surface have been carried out using the quasi-steady approximation and linear internal wave theory. As a first approximation the strain rate depending on stratification was calculated using the two-layer model. These simulations demonstrate that at least a density difference between the two layers of the order of Δρ ≈ 1 kg m–3 is necessary for a sinusoidal thermocline to effect the total NRCS modulation considerably. The NRCS modulation as a function of wind friction velocity has been calculated independently and is discussed with regard to the strain rate of the surface current field caused by the superimposed imaging mechanisms of sand waves and internal waves. It turned out that the existence of a surface roughness-wind stress feedback mechanism cannot be excluded. 相似文献
12.
A coupling model for calculating wind-driven currents and waves in a shallow basin with allowance for current-wave interactions is introduced. The model is constructed on the basis of the three-dimensional σ-coordinate model of currents [3] and the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) spectral wave model [4]. The effect of waves on currents is taken into account in the coefficients of surface and bottom friction through roughness parameters. Results of combined modeling of stationary fields of currents and waves generated by spatially homogeneous wind are correlated with the corresponding results of separate modeling for a cylindrical basin of constant depth and the water area of Lake Donuzlav (the northwestern coast of the Crimea). The allowance for the effect of waves during calculation of tangential wind stresses in the model of currents is shown to be among major factors intensifying water circulation and forming spatial inhomogeneities of the vortex type. In addition, some cases of local decreases in tangential wind stresses are revealed; they appear when the lake is penetrated from the side of the open sea by relatively long waves, which significantly decrease the roughness of the water surface. 相似文献
13.
风浪状态参数常用于对海面粗糙度的参数化。中等风速条件下考虑风浪状态参数影响的海面粗糙度参数化方案常存在自相关效应,本文通过分析实测数据得到了无量纲粗糙度随波陡变化的参数化方案,该方案能够有效去除自相关效应;高风速下风浪状态对海面粗糙度仍存在影响,文中基于新得出的中等风速下的海面粗糙度参数化方案,考虑海面飞沫悬浮层的影响,建立了适用于高风速条件下的海面粗糙度参数化方案,该海面粗糙度方案同样考虑了波陡的作用,将该方案计算出的理论值与实测数据进行比对,发现随着波陡的变化,理论值基本涉及测量值的覆盖范围,说明新建立的高风速条件下海面粗糙度方案对海面风浪状态具有较好的敏感性,且该方案能够较合理地描述海气界面之间动量传输。将新提出的适用于高风速下的海面粗糙度方案加入到海浪数值模式中,模拟飓风Ivan产生的台风浪,利用浮标数据进行验证,结果显示模拟的有效波高相对模式默认方案具有较高的精度,说明采用本文新建立的适合高风速的海面粗糙度方案能够改进海浪模式的台风浪有效波高模拟结果。 相似文献
14.
The paper considers the effects of wave age and air stability on the whitecap coverage at sea. This is made by using the logarithmic mean wind velocity profile including a stability function as well as adopting a recent wave age dependent sea surface roughness formula. The results are valid for wind waves in local equilibrium with the steady wind. Examples of results demonstrate clear effects of wave age and air stability on the whitecap coverage. Comparisons are also made with field measurements by Sugihara et al. [Sugihara, Y., et al., 2007. Variation of whitecap coverage with wave-field conditions. J. Mar. Syst. 66, 47–60], representing unstable air stability conditions. Although the data basis is limited, the wave age independent Charnock sea roughness based predictions capture the main features of the observed whitecap coverage, suggesting a stronger dependence on air stability than on wave age in the data. 相似文献
15.
With the help of a combined model of wind and waves, we study the influence of films of surfactants on the spectrum of short
wind waves and the parameters of the lowest layer of the atmosphere. It is shown that the films of surfactants decrease the
roughness of the sea surface as a result of suppression of short wind waves, which decreases the coefficient of resistance
of the sea surface and the coefficient of turbulent heat exchange. The maximum influence of films on the exchange coefficients
is attained forU∼10 m/s. In this case, the relative decrements of the coefficients of resistance and turbulent heat exchange are equal to
15 and 9%, respectively.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev UDC 551.46 相似文献
16.
海气动量通量研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海气界面动量通量也称为风应力,是海流和表面海浪的主要驱动力,是海洋从大气获得动量的重要途径。因此,合理可靠的海洋表面风应力的参数化对于海洋、大气和波浪以及气候模式的准确预报都具有非常重要的科学意义和实用价值。对风应力拖曳系数的参数化是风应力参数化的主要内容。近来的观测发现,风应力拖曳系数随着风速的增加出现了先增后减的趋势,同时还与海面的波浪状态以及海流有关。基于观测或理论分析,目前已经得到了一系列的风应力拖曳系数计算方法或公式,有的考虑了海浪的作用,有的没有,但这些方案大都是适合中低风速,在高风速下的适用性还有待检验。本文回顾了目前在海气动量通量观测和参数化方面的研究进展,并建议应增加高风速下风速、海流以及海浪等的同步观测,以进一步完善风应力参数化方案。 相似文献
17.
基于数值模拟的三维随机海面,从时间域和空间域两个角度对海浪的外观特征和内部结构间的关系进行了研究,得出了一些在工程应用上有参考价值的结果.文章认为,将波面看作是若干随机正弦波叠加的海浪结构模型,用于描述平稳、均匀和窄谱的海况时,其频谱分析结果与外观统计结果基本上是一致的;但是,当海面处于谱宽度较大的风浪或混合浪状态时,一些频谱分析结果必须经过修正才能应用.同一海况下,海面波动的时间过程和沿主波向的空间分布是明显不同的.当海面有突发性大浪时,外频谱能够很好地反映不平稳海况,而频谱则把这种不平稳性平滑了.文章着重讨论了波长和波陡的计算、频谱和外频谱的差异. 相似文献
18.
基于Jenkins(1989)建立的包含Stokes漂流、风输入和波耗散影响的修正Ekman模型,采用Paskyabi等(2012)使用的推广的Donelan等(1987)中的谱和波耗散函数,并利用Paskyabi等(2012)中修正方法给出的包含高频波的风输入函数,在粘性不依赖于水深及粘性随深度线性变化的条件下,研究了包含高频毛细重力波的随机表面波对Stokes漂流和Song(2009)导出的波浪修正定常Ekman流解的影响。结果表明高频表面波使Stokes漂流在海表面剪切加强,对定常Ekamn流解的影响通常不能忽略,但对Ekman流场的角度偏转影响很小。最后,将考虑高频表面波尾谱影响所估算的定常Ekman流解与已有观测结果以及经典Ekman解进行了比对分析。 相似文献
19.
A quasi-linear model for determining the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the sea surface and the growth rate of surface waves under a hurricane wind is proposed. The model explains the reduction (stabilization) in the drag coefficient during hurricane winds. This model is based on the solution of the Reynolds equations in curvilinear coordinates with the use of the approximation of the eddy viscosity, which takes into account the presence of the viscous sublayer. The profile of the mean wind velocity is found with consideration for nonlinear wave stresses (wave momentum flux), whereas wave disturbances induced in air by waves on the water surface are determined in the context of linear equations. The model is verified by comparing the calculation results with experimental data for a wide range of wind velocities. The growth rate and drag coefficient for hurricane winds are calculated both with and without consideration for the shortwave portion of the windwave spectrum. On the basis of calculations with the quasi-linear model, a simple parametrization is proposed for the drag coefficient and the growth rate of surface waves during hurricane winds. This model is convenient for use in models of forecasting winds and waves. 相似文献