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1.
This study presents data on chloride and bromide concentrations in porewater, water and anion diffusion coefficients, and their accessible porosities based on radial diffusion experiments on rock samples collected from a 2000 m-deep borehole (EST433) drilled by Andra in the eastern Paris Basin. The distributions of water stable isotope and chloride concentrations in porewater along this column reveal transient flows of water and solutes between the aquitard layers and the surrounding aquifers. These distributions confirm the occurrence of two separate aquitard/aquifer systems: “Oxfordian/Callovo–Oxfordian/Dogger” and “Dogger/Liassic/Rhaetian”. This separation is confirmed by Cl−/Br− ratios, which are low in Liassic and Dogger porewater, suggesting the influence of primary brines, and which are close to the marine ratio in the Dogger groundwater. Based on these results, transport simulations in the two systems were carried out according to different scenarios. The simulation results confirm that transport properties obtained in the laboratory at sample scale may be extrapolated to the formation scale. It is highly probable that diffusion is the main transport process in the Callovo–Oxfordian formation. This may also be the case in the Dogger/Liassic layer, although a limited contribution from advection cannot be totally excluded. By testing different scenarios of boundary conditions in diffusive models, it is proposed that the Dogger aquifer was first activated in the Early Miocene.  相似文献   

2.
Recent constructions of the global nitrogen budget estimate that at least half of the ocean's fixed nitrogen is lost by sedimentary denitrification, the majority of which occurs in continental shelves. The Arctic contains approximately 20% of the world's continental shelf, suggesting it is a substantial contributor to the global sedimentary denitrification rate. During two cruises in the summer and spring of 2002 and 2004, respectively, denitrification rates were calculated from the downward diffusive flux of nitrate in the shelf and slope sediments of the Chukchi Sea in the western Arctic. Additionally, in the spring of 2004, denitrification rates were determined by whole-core incubations in which the flux of nitrogen gas out of the sediments was measured. Measurements were made along three transects crossing the shelf and slope (50–3000 m), each transect having different overlying water characteristics. Denitrification rates generally decreased with increasing water depth: rates varied from about 1.6 mmol N m−2 d−1 for the shallow-water sediments to undetectable in deep-water sediments. Rates showed little variation between the two seasons. However, rates were found to correspond with differences in annual overlying primary productivities and particulate organic carbon export fluxes. An extrapolation to the whole Arctic yielded an average Arctic sedimentary denitrification rate of 13 Tg N yr−1. Taken in the context of the global nitrogen budget, it is about 4–13% of the total sink of fixed nitrogen in the ocean.  相似文献   

3.
The deep-water fold and thrust belt of the southern Niger Delta has prominent thrusts and folds oriented perpendicular to the regional slope that formed as a result of the thin-skinned gravitational collapse of the delta above overpressured shale. The thrust-related folds have grown in the last 12.8 Ma and many of the thrusts are still actively growing and influencing the pathways of modern seabed channels. We use 3D seismic reflection data to constrain and analyse the spatial and temporal variation in shortening of four thrusts and folds having seabed relief in a study area of 2600 km2 size in 2200–3800 m water depth. Using these shortening measurements, we have quantified the variation in strain rates through time for both fault-propagation and detachment folds in the area, and we relate this to submarine channel response. The total amount of shortening on the individual structures investigated ranges from 1 to 4 km, giving a time-averaged maximum shortening rate of between 90 ± 10 and 350 ± 50 m/Myr (0.1 and 0.4 mm/yr). Fold shortening varies both spatially and temporally: The maximum interval shortening rate occurred between 9.5 Ma and 3.7 Ma, and has reduced significantly in the last 3.7 Ma. We suggest that the reduction in the Pliocene-Recent fold shortening rate is a response to the slow-down in extension observed in the up-dip extensional domain of the Niger Delta gravitational system in the same time interval. In the area dominated by the fault-propagation folds, the channels are able to cross the structures, but the detachment fold is a more significant barrier and has caused a channel to divert for 25 km parallel to the fold axis. The two sets of structures have positive bathymetric expressions, with an associated present day uphill slope of between 1.5° and 2°. However, the shorter uphill slopes of the fault-propagation folds and increased sediment blanketing allow channels to cross these structures. Channels that develop coevally with structural growth and that cross structures, do so in positions of recent strain minima and at interval strain rates that are generally less than −0.02 Ma−1 (−1 × 10−16 s−1). However, the broad detachment fold has caused channel diversion at an even lower strain rate of c. −0.002 Ma−1 (−7 × 10−17 s−1).  相似文献   

4.
We aim to relate the morphology of the pore network of finely porous claystones to their fluid transport properties. By using Focused Ion Beam in combination with Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB/SEM), we image the pore network of COx claystone from 2D image stacks and as 3D reconstructed volumes. Our FIB/SEM samples are representative of the mesoscopic matrix clay. Porosity resolvable by this technique is in the range 1.7–5.9% with peak pore sizes of 50–90 nm. 3D pore network skeletonization provides connected pore volumes between end surfaces, tortuosity, density, and shortest pore paths with their pore size distribution. At higher resolution, 2D transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals large amounts of smaller pores (2–20 nm) between clay aggregates, associated to a local porosity of 14–25%, and peak sizes of 4–6 nm. Liquid permeability predictions with Katz–Thompson model, at the FIB/SEM volume scale and at the TEM surface scale, are in good agreement with macroscopic measurements (on the order of 10−20 m2), showing that both mesopore sizes (peaks at 50–90 nm and 4–6 nm), located within the clay matrix, contribute to liquid transport.  相似文献   

5.
Benthic oxygen profiles were acquired using microsensors over two seasonal cycles (December 2001, April and August 2002, January and May 2003) at two stations differently affected by shellfish farming activity in the Thau lagoon (French Mediterranean coast). This study was part of the Microbent-PNEC Program on the study of biogeochemical processes at the sediment–water interface in an eutrophicated environment. We explored seasonal and spatial heterogeneity as well as the biogeochemical drivers of oxygen uptake, such as in situ temperature, bottom water oxygenation and organic matter deposition. O2 consumption rates were determined by using a transport-reaction model. Maximum rates were reached in August and May and minimum rates in December, April or January. The effect of oyster farming on oxygen fluxes was clearly identified with higher diffusive oxygen uptake in the station inside the oyster parks (C5; 36.8 ± 18.5–87.7 ± 40.8 mmol m−2 d−1), compared with the station lying outside the oyster parks (C4; 8.6 ± 2.1–30.7 ± 8.3 mmol m−2 d−1). At C5, the large spatial heterogeneity was statistically concealing temporal variation, whereas a clear statistical difference between cold and warm periods appeared at C4. In these lagoon sediments, the seasonal dynamics of diffusive oxygen demand and consumption rates were mainly driven by seasonal temperature variation at both stations, as well as by seasonal organic matter delivery to the sediment at the station located outside the oyster parks. In the station located below the oyster parks, seasonal variation of organic matter deposition was dampened by oyster filtering activity. Seasonal temperature variation thus appeared as the major driver of oxygen dynamics in this station. Measurements of total O2 uptake rates indicated a significant fraction of microbial recycling and diffusive transport in oxygen uptake at the station located close to the oyster parks. In the open water site, fauna-mediated O2 transport prevailed in April 2002 (cold conditions), whereas the microbial recycling seemed to dominate in May 2003 (warm conditions).  相似文献   

6.
Spatial and seasonal variations in litter production and C, N, and P concentrations were compared between the 24 and 48 year old Kandelia obovata mangrove forests in the Jiulongjiang estuary, China. The 24 yr forest had significantly higher production of total, leaf and branch litter, but lower flower and fruit litter than the 48 yr forest. Total, leaf and branch litter production were significantly positively correlated to monthly temperature and rainfall. Spatial patterns of litter production among the inner, mid and outer zones in the same forest were similar to those of tree heights. C, N and P concentrations of leaf litter showed significant seasonality but varied little among these three forest zones. C/N and N/P ratios of leaf litter were significantly lower for the 24 yr forest than those for the 48 yr forest. During the entire sampling year, total litter of the 24 and 48 yr forests contained 590.31 and 437.31 g C m−2 yr−1, 8.46 and 5.47 g N m−2 yr−1, 1.92 and 1.16 g P m−2 yr−1, respectively.  相似文献   

7.
The transport properties of Permian to Miocene oil shales (Torbanite, Posidonia, Messel, Himmetoglu, and Condor) were studied using petrophysical and geochemical techniques. The aims of this study were to assess permeability of oil shales, evaluate the evolution of porosity, specific surface area and intergranular permeability during high temperature compaction tests and to verify the suitability of intergranular permeability for petroleum expulsion. Measured permeability coefficients for two samples were 0.72 × 10−21 m² for the Eocene Messel shale and 2.63 × 10−21 m² for the Lower Jurassic Posidonia shale from S. Germany, respectively. BET specific surface areas of the original samples ranged from 0.7 to 10.6 m²/g and decreased after compaction to values from 0.3 to 3.7 m²/g. Initial porosity values ranged from 7.6 to 20.1 % for pre-deformation and from 9.99 to 20.7 % for post-deformation samples. Porosity increased during the high-temperature compaction experiments due to petroleum generation and expulsion. Permeability coefficients estimated using the Kozeny–Carman equation varied from 6.97 × 10−24 m² to 5.22 × 10−21 m² for pre-deformation and from 0.2 × 10−21 m² to 4.8 × 10−21 m² for post-deformation samples reflecting the evolution of their porosity and BET specific surface areas. Measured and calculated permeability were similar for the Messel shale whereas calculated permeability was two orders of magnitude lower for the Posidonia shale from S. Germany. Petroleum expulsion efficiencies under the experimental conditions ranged from 38.6% for the Torbanite to 96.2% for the Posidonia shale from S. Germany. They showed strong positive correlation with the petroleum generation index (R² = 0.91) and poor correlations with porosity (R² = 0.46), average pore throat diameters (R² = 0.22), and compaction (R² = 0.02). Estimated minimum pore-system saturations for petroleum expulsion during the experiments were 12% for the Torbanite and 30% for the Posidonia shale from N. Germany. Pore-system saturation determines whether expulsion occurs mainly through matrix or fracture permeability. For samples with saturation levels above 20%, fracture permeability dominated during the experiments. Evidence based on the measured permeability coefficients, expulsion flow rates, consideration of capillary displacement during generation-related pore invasion and the existence of transport porosity suggests that fracture permeability is the principal avenue of petroleum expulsion from source rocks. This conclusion is supported by microscopic observations.  相似文献   

8.
In this study we estimate diffusive nutrient fluxes in the northern region of Cape Ghir upwelling system (Northwest Africa) during autumn 2010. The contribution of two co-existing vertical mixing processes (turbulence and salt fingers) is estimated through micro- and fine-structure scale observations. The boundary between coastal upwelling and open ocean waters becomes apparent when nitrate is used as a tracer. Below the mixed layer (56.15±15.56 m), the water column is favorable to the occurrence of a salt finger regime. Vertical eddy diffusivity for salt (Ks) at the reference layer (57.86±8.51 m, CI 95%) was 3×10−5 (±1.89×10−9, CI 95%) m2 s−1. Average diapycnal fluxes indicate that there was a deficit in phosphate supply to the surface layer (6.61×10−4 mmol m−2 d−1), while these fluxes were 0.09 and 0.03 mmol m−2 d−1 for nitrate and silicate, respectively. There is a need to conduct more studies to obtain accurate estimations of vertical eddy diffusivity and nutrient supply in complex transitional zones, like Cape Ghir. This will provide us with information about salt and nutrients exchange in onshore–offshore zones.  相似文献   

9.
For the first time in situ, deep penetrating O2 profiles were measured in abyssal sediments in the western South Atlantic. Construction of deep penetrating O2 optodes and adaptation to a benthic profiling lander are described. The opto-chemical oxygen sensors allow measurements to a depth of 55 cm in marine sediments. A vertical resolution of 0.5 cm was used to determine the O2 dynamics in those oligotrophic deep sea sediments; the oxygen concentration across the sediment water interface was measured with a resolution of 100 μm. Oxygen penetration depth (OPD), diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) and oxygen consumption rates were determined at four stations north of the Amazon fan and one at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Diffusive oxygen uptake rates ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 mmol m−2 d−1; the oxygen penetration depth ranged from 8 to 26 cm. Carbon consumption rates calculated from the diffusive oxygen uptake rates were in the range of 0.3–3.0 g C m−2 a−1. Comparison between in situ and laboratory DOU and OPD measurements confirmed previous findings that core recovery and warming have strong effects on the oxygen dynamics in deep sea sediments. Laboratory measurements yielded a decrease of 50–75% in OPD and consequently an increase in DOU by 1.5 and 18-times. Deep penetrating oxygen optodes provide a new tool to accurately determine oxygen dynamics (and thereby calculate carbon mineralization rates) in oligotrophic sediments. However, oxygen optodes as used in this study do not resolve the diffusive boundary layer (DBL). The data show that deep penetrating O2 optodes in combination with high-resolution O2 microelectrodes give a complete picture of the oxygen dynamics, including the DBL, in deep sea sediments.  相似文献   

10.
The fluxes of total mass, organic carbon (OC), biogenic opal, calcite (CaCO3) and long-chain C37 alkenones (ΣAlk37) were measured at three water depths (275, 455 and 930 m) in the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) over three separate annual upwelling cycles (1996–1999) as part of the CARIACO sediment trap time-series. The strength and timing of both the primary and secondary upwelling events in the Cariaco Basin varied significantly during the study period, directly affecting the rates of primary productivity (PP) and the vertical transport of biogenic materials. OC fluxes showed a weak positive correlation (r2=0.3) with PP rates throughout the 3 years of the study. The fluxes of opal, CaCO3 and ΣAlk37 were strongly correlated (0.6<r2<0.8) with those of OC. The major exception was the lower than expected ΣAlk37 fluxes measured during periods of strong upwelling. All sediment trap fluxes were significantly attenuated with depth, consistent with marked losses during vertical transport. Annually, strong upwelling conditions, such as those observed during 1996–1997, led to elevated opal fluxes (e.g., 35 g m−2 yr−1 at 275 m) and diminished ΣAlk37 fluxes (e.g., 5 mg m−2 yr−1 at 275 m). The opposite trends were evident during the year of weakest upwelling (1998–1999), indicating that diatom and haptophyte productivity in the Cariaco Basin are inversely correlated depending on upwelling conditions.The analyses of the Cariaco Basin sediments collected via a gravity core showed that the rates of OC and opal burial (10–12 g m−2 yr−1) over the past 5500 years were generally similar to the average annual water column fluxes measured in the deeper traps (10–14 g m−2 yr−1) over the 1996–1999 study period. CaCO3 burial fluxes (30–40 g m−2 yr−1), on the other hand, were considerably higher than the fluxes measured in the deep traps (∼10 g m−2 yr−1) but comparable to those obtained from the shallowest trap (i.e. 38 g m−2 yr−1 at 275 m). In contrast, the burial rates of ΣAlk37 (0.4–1 mg m−2 yr−1) in Cariaco sediments were significantly lower than the water column fluxes measured at all depths (4–6 mg m−2 yr−1), indicating the large attenuation in the flux of these compounds at the sediment–water interface. The major trend throughout the core was the general decrease in all biogenic fluxes with depth, most likely due to post-depositional in situ degradation. The major exception was the relatively low opal fluxes (∼5 g m−2 yr−1) and elevated ΣAlk37 fluxes (∼2 mg m−2 yr−1) measured in the sedimentary interval corresponding to 1600–2000 yr BP. Such compositions are consistent with a period of low diatom and high haptophyte productivity, which based on the trends observed from the sediment traps, is indicative of low upwelling conditions relative to the modern day.  相似文献   

11.
A study of organic carbon mineralization from the Congo continental shelf to the abyssal plain through the Congo submarine channel and Angola Margin was undertaken using in situ measurements of sediment oxygen demand as a tracer of benthic carbon recycling. Two measurement techniques were coupled on a single autonomous platform: in situ benthic chambers and microelectrodes, which provided total and diffusive oxygen uptake as well as oxygen microdistributions in porewaters. In addition, sediment trap fluxes, sediment composition (Org-C, Tot-N, CaCO3, porosity) and radionuclide profiles provided measurements of, respectively input fluxes and burial rate of organic and inorganic compounds.The in situ results show that the oxygen consumption on this margin close to the Congo River is high with values of total oxygen uptake (TOU) of 4±0.6, 3.6±0.5 mmol m−2 d−1 at 1300 and 3100 m depth, respectively, and between 1.9±0.3 and 2.4±0.2 mmol m−2 d−1 at 4000 m depth. Diffusive oxygen uptakes (DOU) were 2.8±1.1, 2.3±0.8, 0.8±0.3 and 1.2±0.1 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively at the same depths. The magnitude of the oxygen demands on the slope is correlated with water depth but is not correlated with the proximity of the submarine channel–levee system, which indicates that cross-slope transport processes are active over the entire margin. Comparison of the vertical flux of organic carbon with its mineralization and burial reveal that this lateral input is very important since the sum of recycling and burial in the sediments is 5–8 times larger than the vertical flux recorded in traps.Transfer of material from the Congo River occurs through turbidity currents channelled in the Congo valley, which are subsequently deposited in the Lobe zone in the Congo fan below 4800 m. Ship board measurements of oxygen profiles indicate large mineralization rates of organic carbon in this zone, which agrees with the high organic carbon content (3%) and the large sedimentation rate (19 mm y−1) found on this site. The Lobe region could receive as high as 19 mol C m−2 y−1, 1/3 being mineralized and 2/3 being buried and could constitute the largest depocenter of organic carbon in the South Atlantic.  相似文献   

12.
The thermal evolution of sediments in the shallowest part of sedimentary basins is challenging to investigate as most of the geothermometers are at their application limits. This is typically the case of the Callovian–Oxfordian claystones at the eastern border of the Paris Basin. A recent 2000 m deep well penetrated the entire Jurassic and Triassic sedimentary series and permitted coring of sediments never reached by previous drilling in this part of the basin. Thanks to the use of several independent geothermometers (apatite fission track thermochronology, fluid inclusion microthermometry, clay mineralogy and sedimentary organic matter evolution) the burial history of the Mesozoic series has been reconstructed, modeled and calibrated using kinetic algorithms relevant to the various paleothermometers used. In addition to these conventional methods, an innovative approach was developed using the temperature-dependence of the magnetic mineral assemblage within clay-rich sediments (“MagEval”). Thermal modeling indicates that the Callovian–Oxfordian and the Lower Triassic experienced maximum burial temperatures of 50 ± 5 °C and 90 ± 10 °C respectively, i.e., about 25 °C higher than present-day. This temperature offset implies the erosion of several hundred meters of sediments which, depending on the thermal flux and conductivity considered, most likely constituted Upper Cretaceous chalk deposits. Falling sea level resulted in the exposure and subsequent dismantling of the chalk cover at the beginning of Cenozoic times. The eastern border of the basin was then subjected to slow erosion and discrete tectonic deformation.  相似文献   

13.
Coccoliths collected by sediment traps deployed on the slope of the Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic), from June 1990 to August 1991, were examined to determine their contribution to the transport of carbonate on a mid-latitude continental margin. They also were used as tracers of particle transfer processes on this slope. Two traps located at 1900 m, respectively at 2300 (Mooring Site 1) and 3000 m (Mooring Site 2) water depths provided high-resolution (4–7 days) time-series samples covering a 14-month period at MS2 and a 3-month period at MS1. Coccoliths from 28 species were identified over the course of the experiment, among which Emiliania huxleyi was always dominant (relative abundance range: 59–93%). Total coccoliths number fluxes were high but variable, ranging from 390×106 to 1610×106 coccoliths m−2 day−1 at MS1, and from 58×106 to 1500×106 coccoliths m−2 day−1 at MS2. The time-weighted mean flux, calculated for the whole experiment at MS2, was 499×106 coccoliths m−2 day−1. Estimate of coccoliths minimal contribution to total carbonate flux at 1900 m depth averaged 12%, which represented a weighted mean flux of 7.3 mg m−2 day−1 (2.7 g m−2 yr−1). Lateral transport of coccoliths resuspended from shelf and/or upper slope sediments seems to be the dominant transfer process to depth on this northeastern Atlantic slope. Nevertheless, the clear seasonal succession observed in the species composition implies that the deposition/resuspension/transport sequence is rapid (presumably less than a few months). Several short and unsmoothed signals directly issued from coccoliths bloom events also were recorded in our traps, a result that indicates rapid settling rates. The overall coccolith sedimentation processes appear as being quite diversified, but quantitative and qualitative analyses of aggregates collected by the traps suggest that they are important carriers of coccoliths in this margin environment.  相似文献   

14.
Organic carbon fluxes through the sediment/water interface in the high-latitude North Atlantic were calculated from oxygen microprofiles. A wire-operated in situ oxygen bottom profiler was deployed, and oxygen profiles were also measured onboard (ex situ). Diffusive oxygen fluxes, obtained by fitting exponential functions to the oxygen profiles, were translated into organic carbon fluxes and organic carbon degradation rates. The mean Corg input to the abyssal plain sediments of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas was found to be 1.9 mg C m−2 d−1. Typical values at the seasonally ice-covered East Greenland continental margin are between 1.3 and 10.9 mg C m−2 d−1 (mean 3.7 mg C m−2 d−1), whereas fluxes on the East Greenland shelf are considerably higher, 9.1–22.5 mg C m−2 d−1. On the Norwegian continental slope Corg fluxes of 3.3–13.9 mg C m−2 d−1 (mean 6.5 mg C m−2 d−1) were found. Fluxes are considerably higher here compared to stations on the East Greenland slope at similar water depths. By repeated occupation of three sites off southern Norway in 1997 the temporal variability of diffusive O2 fluxes was found to be quite low. The seasonal signal of primary and export production from the upper water column appears to be strongly damped at the seafloor. Degradation rates of 0.004–1.1 mg C cm−3 a−1 at the sediment surface were calculated from the oxygen profiles. First-order degradation constants, obtained from Corg degradation rates and sediment organic carbon content, are in the range 0.03–0.6 a−1. Thus, the corresponding mean lifetime of organic carbon lies between 1.7 and 33.2 years, which also suggests that seasonal variations in Corg flux are small. The data presented here characterize the Norwegian and Greenland Seas as oligotrophic and relatively low organic carbon deep-sea environments.  相似文献   

15.
First data on microbial respiration in the Levantine Sea are reported with the aim of assessing the distribution of oxidative processes in association with the main Mediterranean water masses and the changing physical structure determined by the Eastern Mediterranean Transient. Respiratory rates, in terms of metabolic carbon dioxide production, were estimated from measured electron transport system activities in the polygonal area of the Levantine Sea (32.5–36.5 N Latitude, 26.0–30.25 E Longitude) and at Station Geo’95, in the Ionian Sea (35°34.88 N; 17°14.99 E). At the Levantine Sea, the mean carbon dioxide production rate decreased from the upper to the deeper layers and varied from 22.0±12.4 μg C h−1 m−3 in the euphotic layer to 1.30±0.5 μg C h−1 m−3 in the depth range between 1600 and 3000 m. Significant differences were found among upper, intermediate and bottom layers. The euphotic zone supported a daily carbon dioxide production of 96.6 mg C d−1 m−2 while the aphotic zone (between 200 and 3000 m) sustained a 177.1 mg C d−1 m−2 carbon dioxide production. In Station Geo’95, the carbon dioxide production rates amounted to 170.4 and 102.2 mg C d−1 m−2 in the euphotic and aphotic zones, respectively. The rates determined in the identified water masses showed a tight coupling of respiratory processes and Mediterranean circulation patterns. The increasing respiratory rates in the deep layers of the Levantine Sea are explained by the introduction of younger waters recently formed in the Aegean Sea.  相似文献   

16.
Investigations of lithogenic and biogenic particle fluxes using long-term sediment traps are still very rare in the northern high latitudes and are restricted to the arctic marginal seas and sub-arctic regions. Here data on the variability of fluxes of lithogenic matter, CaCO3, opal, and organic carbon and biomarker composition from the central Arctic Ocean are presented for a 1-year period. The study was carried out on material obtained from a long-term mooring system equipped with two multi-sampling traps, at 150 and 1550 m depth, and deployed on the southern Lomonosov Ridge close to the Laptev Sea continental margin from September 1995 to August 1996. In addition, data from surface sediments were included in the study. Annual fluxes of lithogenic matter, CaCO3, opal, and particulate organic carbon were 3.9, 0.8, 2.6, and 1.5 g m−2 y−1, respectively, in the shallow trap and 11.3, 0.5, 2.9, and 1.05 g m−2 y−1, respectively, in the deep trap.Both the shallow and the deep trap showed significant variations in vertical flux over the year. Higher values were found from mid-July to the end of October (total mass flux of 75–130 mg m−2 d−1 in the shallow trap and 40–225 mg m−2 d−1 in the deep trap). During all other months, fluxes were fairly low in both traps (most total mass flux values <10 mg m−2 d−1). The interval of increased fluxes can be separated into (1) a mid-July/August maximum caused by increased primary production as documented in high abundances of marine biomarkers and diatoms and (2) a September/October maximum caused by increased influence of Lena River discharge indicated by maximum lithogenic flux and large amounts of terrigenous/fluvial biomarkers in both traps. During September/October, total mass fluxes in the deep trap were significantly higher than in the shallow trap, suggesting a lateral sediment flux at greater depth. The lithogenic flux data also support the importance of sediment input from the Laptev Sea for the sediment accumulation on the Lomonosov Ridge on geological time scales, as indicated in sedimentary records from this region.  相似文献   

17.
Hydrographic, geochemical, and direct velocity measurements along two zonal (7.5°N and 4.5°S) and two meridional (35°W and 4°W) lines occupied in January–March, 1993 in the Atlantic are combined in an inverse model to estimate the circulation. At 4.5°S, the Warm Water (potential temperature θ>4.5°C) originating from the South Atlantic enters the equatorial Atlantic, principally at the western boundary, in the thermocline-intensified North Brazil Undercurrent (33±2.7×106 m3 s−1 northward) and in the surface-intensified South Equatorial Current (8×106 m3 s−1 northward) located to the east of the North Brazil Undercurrent. The Ekman transport at 4.5°S is southward (10.7±1.5×106 m3 s−1). At 7.5°N, the Western Boundary Current (WBC) (17.9±2×106 m3 s−1) is weaker than at 4.5°S, and the northward flow of Warm Water in the WBC is complemented by the basin-wide Ekman flow (12.3±1.0×106 m3 s−1), the net contribution of the geostrophic interior flow of Warm Water being southward. The equatorial Ekman divergence drives a conversion of Thermocline Water (24.58⩽σ0<26.75) into Surface Water (σ0<24.58) of 7.5±0.5×106 m3 s−1, mostly occurring west of 35°W. The Deep Water of northern origin flows southward at 7.5°N in an energetic (48±3×106 m3 s−1) Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), whose transport is in part compensated by a northward recirculation (21±4.5×106 m3 s−1) in the Guiana Basin. At 4.5°S, the DWBC is much less energetic (27±7×106 m3 s−1 southward) than at 7.5°N. It is in part balanced by a deep northward recirculation east of which alternate circulation patterns suggest the existence of an anticyclonic gyre in the central Brazil Basin and a cyclonic gyre further east. The deep equatorial Atlantic is characterized by a convergence of Lower Deep Water (45.90⩽σ4<45.83), which creates an upward diapycnal transport of 11.0×106 m3 s−1 across σ4=45.83. The amplitude of this diapycnal transport is quite sensitive to the a priori hypotheses made in the inverse model. The amplitude of the meridional overturning cell is estimated to be 22×106 m3 s−1 at 7.5°N and 24×106 m3 s−1 at 4.5°S. Northward heat transports are in the range 1.26–1.50 PW at 7.5°N and 0.97–1.29 PW at 4.5°S with best estimates of 1.35 and 1.09 PW.  相似文献   

18.
Using simultaneous sampling with a commercial-sized trawl, a zooplankton net, and a sediment trap, we evaluated the contribution of vertically migrating micronekton to vertical material transport (biological pump) at two stations (3°00′N, 146°00′E and 3°30′N, 145°20′E) in the western equatorial North Pacific. The gravitational sinking particulate organic carbon flux out of the euphotic zone was 54.8 mg C m−2 day−1. The downward active carbon flux by diel migrant mesozooplankton was 23.53 and 9.97 mg C m−2 day−1, and by micronekton 4.40 and 2.26mg C m−2 day−1 at the two stations. Assuming that the micronekton sampling efficiency of the trawl was 14%, we corrected the downward carbon flux due to micronekton respiration to 29.9 and 15.2mg C m−2 day−1, or 54.6 and 27.7% of the sinking particle flux at the two stations. The corrected micronekton gut fluxes were 1.53 and 0.97mg C m−2 day−1. The role of myctophid fish fecal matter as a possible food resource for deep-sea organisms, based on its fatty acid and amino acid analysis, is discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Porewater nutrient dynamics during emersion and immersion were investigated during different seasons in a eutrophic intertidal sandflat of Tokyo Bay, Japan, to elucidate the role of emersion and immersion in solute transport and microbial processes. The water content in the surface sediment did not change significantly following emersion, suggesting that advective solute transport caused by water table fluctuation was negligible. The rate of change in nitrate concentration in the top 10 mm of sediments ranged from −6.6 to 4.8 μmol N l−1 bulk sed. h−1 during the whole period of emersion. Steep nutrient concentration gradients in the surface sediment generated diffusive flux of nutrients directed downwards into deeper sediments, which greatly contributed to the observed rates of change in porewater nutrient concentration for several cases. Microbial nitrate reduction within the subsurface sediment appeared to be strongly supported by the downward diffusive flux of nitrate from the surface sediment. The stimulation of estimated nitrate production rate in the subsurface layer in proportion to the emersion time indicates that oxygenation due to emersion caused changes in the sediment redox environment and affected the nitrification and/or nitrate reduction rates. The nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus pools in the top 10 mm of sediment decreased markedly during immersion (up to 68% for nitrate and up to 44% for soluble reactive phosphorus), however, this result could not be solely explained by molecular diffusion.  相似文献   

20.
A transect of CTD profiles crossing the North Atlantic Current (NAC) along WOCE line ACM6 near 42.5°N during August 1–7, 1993, provides geostrophic shear velocity profiles, which were absolutely referenced using simultaneous POGO transport float measurements and velocity measurements from a ship-mounted acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP). The NAC absolute transport was 112±23×106 m3 s−1, which includes a portion of the transport of the Mann Eddy, a large permanent anticyclonic eddy commonly adjacent to the NAC. The NAC transport estimated relative to a level of no motion at the bottom would have underestimated the true total absolute transport by 20%. A surprisingly large 58×106 m3 s−1 flowed southward just inshore of the NAC. This flow, centered near 1500 dbars about 200 km offshore of the shelf-break, was fairly barotropic with a peak velocity of greater than 20 cm s−1, and the water mass characteristics were of Labrador Sea Water. These absolute transport observations suggest southward recirculation inshore of the NAC at 42.5°N and a stronger NAC than has previously been observed.  相似文献   

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