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1.
《岩土力学》2017,(5):1472-1480
对于岩土类的颗粒材料,在特定的应变加载路径下会发生非局部化的失稳现象,此时应力状态处于Mohr-Coulomb屈服面内,试样整体急剧失稳。采用颗粒离散元方法,研究抗转动特性对颗粒材料在等比例应变加载路径下宏、细观力学特性的影响。模拟发现,较为松散的试样更易发生分散性失稳,此时颗粒集合体的应力-应变状态满足Hill材料失稳准则。采用考虑颗粒转动的接触模型进行离散元模拟,通过改变颗粒间接触的转动摩擦系数,从宏观和细观层面分析等比例应变加载路径中颗粒材料的稳定性。颗粒抗转动能力的增强可以降低材料发生分散性失稳的可能性,随着转动摩擦系数的增加,应力路径由应变软化逐渐转为应变硬化,原本会发生分散性失稳的松散颗粒集合体表现出与密实颗粒集合体相似的宏观力学特性;颗粒集合体的内部结构表现出相应的细观作用机制,转动摩擦系数的增加有效地抑制了颗粒转动,虽然降低了颗粒体系的配位数,但增加了颗粒之间的接触力,增强了颗粒体系力链结构的稳定性和各向异性,形成稳定的结构持续抵抗外荷载的施加,从而试样整体不会形成松散的接触状态而失去稳定性。 相似文献
2.
松砂极易液化,微小的应力状态变化也会影响其液化特性。基于多向循环单剪试验,采用松砂作为试验材料,开展不同静剪应力大小、方向和复杂剪切路径下的循环单剪试验,研究复杂初始应力状态下松砂循环单剪特性,得到以下主要结论：（1）随静剪应力比增大,试样剪应力峰值增大,第1个循环内孔隙水压力增量变大,试样更易液化;初始静剪应力大小对孔隙水压力的影响在剪切初期更显著。（2）随初始静剪应力和动剪应力主轴之间夹角增大,试样在X方向的剪应力峰值减小,试样孔隙水压力加速增长,在第1个循环以及最后1个循环内孔隙水压力增量变大,循环间差值增大,试样更易发生瞬时液化。（3）8字形剪切路径试样的应力-应变滞回圈面积最大,每个循环消耗能量最多,圆形剪切路径次之,直线剪切路径最小。复杂剪切路径会在剪切开始时诱发孔隙水压力的突然增加,加大各循环中孔隙水压力的增量,试样更易液化。（4）影响松砂液化因素的排序为：初始静剪应力与动剪应力夹角、剪切路径、初始静剪应力大小。 相似文献
3.
为了深化对工程实践中黄土排水状态和影响的认识,通过三轴剪切试验控制应变增量比研究了饱和重塑黄土在不排水、强制吸水、自由排水、强制排水、部分排水5种排水条件下的剪切特性。结果表明,饱和重塑黄土的剪切特性与排水条件密切相关：在不排水和强制吸水条件下,黄土试样表现为应变软化,从广义上讲,在强制吸水条件下试样的剪胀性被强制发挥;在自由排水和强制排水条件下,黄土试样表现出硬化趋势,其中,在强制排水条件下试样的剪胀性受到抑制;在部分排水条件下,黄土试样为应变软化或应变软化到硬化的过渡状态,此时,黄土的剪切特性不仅与应变增量比有关,也受到孔隙比的影响,应变增量比越接近0,试样的软化程度越明显,而试样的孔隙比越小,其在剪切初始阶段的剪胀趋势越明显,试样的峰值强度和残余强度越高。另外,基于渐近状态方程和剪胀方程,量化分析了饱和重塑黄土的渐近状态和剪胀性,发现试样的渐近状态应力比与剪胀程度呈负相关关系。 相似文献
4.
压力作用下颗粒发生破碎是引起砂土力学特性变化的重要因素之一, 对于钙质砂这种易破碎的材料更是如此。为进一步弄清颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变强度影响, 本文对钙质砂进行三轴固结排水剪切试验得到应力-应变曲线, 并筛分得到三轴试验前后钙质砂颗分曲线。通过引入Hardin定义的颗粒相对破碎率Br, 分析了相对密度、围压与颗粒破碎的关系及颗粒破碎对钙质砂应力-应变和抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随围压的增大颗粒破碎增量逐渐减小, 直到破碎达到一个上限值, 此时围压和相对密度对颗粒破碎影响很小; 颗粒间的滑动标志着应力达到极限状态, 而颗粒破碎会阻碍应力达到极限状态, 在本实验中, 低围压时颗粒破碎少, 颗粒相对运动形式为滑移, 使应力-应变曲线为软化型, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 颗粒破碎在剪切过程中始终发生, 使应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型; 颗粒破碎使体变从剪胀逐渐发展到剪缩, 且破碎越严重剪缩越严重; 在低围压下钙质砂强度主要由剪胀和咬合提供, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 剪胀消失, 咬合减小, 使峰值摩擦角减小, 抗剪强度降低。 相似文献
5.
成样方法对饱和粉砂不同应力路径下固结排水剪切试验结果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用应力控制式静力三轴仪,采用干装法和湿装法制备相对密实度50%的饱和粉砂试样,在平均主应力增大(CTC)、不变(TC)、减小(RTC)3种应力路径条件下进行了固结排水剪切试验(CD试验),获得了应力-应变关系、体应变规律以及抗剪强度指标。探讨了实验室常用的干装和湿装两种成样方法对于饱和粉砂试样的不同应力路径的试验结果的影响。试验结果表明:在3种应力路径条件下,干装样均呈应变软化和剪胀现象,而湿装样基本呈应变硬化和剪缩现象;干装样的主应力差峰值均大于湿装样,主应力差峰值的差异最大的是CTC路径;干装法制备试样在RTC路径的剪胀性最强,TC路径次之,CTC路径最弱;干装样的有效内摩擦角均明显高于湿装样;成样方法相同时,CTC路径与RTC路径获得的有效内摩擦角非常接近,TC路径与RTC路径获得的有效内摩擦角亦比较接近。应力路径对试样的有效内摩擦角的影响远小于成样方法的影响。 相似文献
6.
颗粒形状是影响粗粒土密实度、力学与渗流等特性的主要因素之一。为了分析颗粒形状对粗粒土剪切特性的影响,采用离散元法生成4种不同形状的颗粒组,进行粗粒土直剪试验模拟与剪切宏细观响应研究,得出了颗粒形状对剪应力-剪位移、体应变-剪位移的影响,分析了粗粒土剪切应力、应变特性与剪胀特性。通过分析剪切带厚度、颗粒旋转量值、平均接触数、孔隙率及接触力系等宏细观参量的演化规律,研究颗粒形状在宏细观尺度上对粗粒土的影响。研究表明:异形颗粒间的咬合自锁作用大于纯圆颗粒,试样的抗剪强度有随形状系数的减小而增大的趋势。试样颗粒在外荷载作用下发生运动,应变主要表现在颗粒运动剧烈、剪胀幅度较大的剪切带内。颗粒形状系数F减小,试样的初始平均接触数增加,内摩擦角φ增大,剪切带内孔隙率增量越大,剪胀幅度越大。剪切过程中强力链聚集于剪切带内并起骨架作用,随着形状系数的减小,力链长度在0～5所占百分比呈增大趋势;剪切带内强力链的数目随着形状系数的减小而增加,峰值含量在30%～35%之间。 相似文献
7.
《岩土力学》2020,(2)
为研究排水边界条件对饱和软黏土强度特性的影响,利用GDS-DYNTTS动三轴仪开展了饱和软黏土的不排水试验和自由排水试验。采用控制体应变与轴向应变增量比ξ的方法进行了部分排水条件下饱和软黏土的强度特性试验,从孔隙水压力、p-q平面的有效应力路径和渐近状态特性等方面研究了排水边界条件对饱和软黏土力学特性的影响。基于渐近状态特性和剪胀特性,将应变增量比ξ引入应力路径本构模型,建立了饱和黏性土渐近状态本构方程。通过与孔压、有效应力路径实验结果的对比验证了模型的合理性。试验结果表明饱和黏性土的应变增量比ξ应小于0.3;排水条件影响正常固结黏土剪胀性的发挥程度、有效应力路径以及土的抗剪强度大小。随着应变增量比ξ的增大,饱和黏性土的孔隙水压和有效应力比减小而强度增大。试验后期,饱和黏性土试样长期处于临界状态,改变排水条件可抑制或加速土体的破坏。 相似文献
8.
《岩土力学》2021,(2)
为研究排水边界条件对饱和软黏土强度特性的影响,利用GDS-DYNTTS动三轴仪开展了饱和软黏土的不排水试验和自由排水试验。采用控制体应变与轴向应变增量比ξ的方法进行了部分排水条件下饱和软黏土的强度特性试验,从孔隙水压力、p-q平面的有效应力路径和渐近状态特性等方面研究了排水边界条件对饱和软黏土力学特性的影响。基于渐近状态特性和剪胀特性,将应变增量比ξ引入应力路径本构模型,建立了饱和黏性土渐近状态本构方程。通过与孔压、有效应力路径实验结果的对比验证了模型的合理性。试验结果表明饱和黏性土的应变增量比ξ应小于0.3;排水条件影响正常固结黏土剪胀性的发挥程度、有效应力路径以及土的抗剪强度大小。随着应变增量比ξ的增大,饱和黏性土的孔隙水压和有效应力比减小而强度增大。试验后期,饱和黏性土试样长期处于临界状态,改变排水条件可抑制或加速土体的破坏。 相似文献
9.
剪胀方程描述的是塑性应变增量比例大小的变化规律,是构建弹塑性模型的重要组成部分。然而目前堆石料的剪胀方程大都是根据等围压 路径得到的,这些剪胀方程是否能反映不同应力路径条件下堆石料的剪胀规律还尚不明了。开展了等围压 、等轴向力 、等平均主应力p、等主应力比 共4种应力路径下的堆石料大型三轴试验,研究了应力路径对堆石料剪胀规律的影响。试验表明：不同路径的剪胀比 和应力比 均呈近似线性关系,但剪胀比与应力比不存在一致的关系,表现出明显的应力路径相关性;在 - 空间中,剪胀线随着应力增量方向的变化会发生平移和转动,其斜率 和截距参数 均随 ( )的增大而增大;目前的剪胀理论不能较好地描述剪胀的应力路径相关性,提出了一个考虑应力增量方向影响的修正剪胀方程并对其进行了试验验证。 相似文献
10.
剪胀性是岩土材料的重要特性之一,为研究不同工况条件下粗粒料室内大型直剪试验中的剪胀特性,采用新型室内大型直剪仪对3组不同含水率、4组不同剪切速率、5组不同含砾率等3种不同影响因素的试样进行了室内大型直剪试验,分析了剪切时试样的垂直位移与水平剪切位移及垂直应力的关系。试验结果表明：在保持其他影响因素相同条件下,垂直应力的增加导致相同水平剪切位移对应的剪缩量增加;试样的最大剪缩量随着含水率的增加有一定程度的增大,而随着剪切速率的增加而减小;含砾率低于30%试样的最大剪缩量较含砾超过于30%试样的剪缩量大很多,最大剪缩量差别为3倍。当试样含砾率小于50%时,由于试样中富含细颗粒的影响,使得应力-应变曲线具有应变软化属性以及剪胀性趋于一固定值。峰值强度前的应力比-位移增量关系采用非线性的二次项拟合比线性关系的拟合度更好,认为Matsuoka提出的二维剪胀公式不适用于粗粒料,将其修正成二次多项式并给出试验中的经验参数μ的取值区间。 相似文献
11.
常剪应力路径下含气砂土的三轴试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天然气水合物完全分解时,产生的气体使得能源土孔隙压力急速增加,有效应力减小,进而引起土体液化破坏。此时深海能源土斜坡的应力状态与静力液化失稳过程可简化为含气土在常剪应力排水(或不排水)应力路径下的破坏问题。以此为背景,提出了制备含气砂土试样的改进充气管法,并开展了含气砂土的常剪应力路径三轴试验。22组试验结果表明:同一孔隙比的含气密砂在不同围压与常剪应力下具有相同的失稳线;含气砂土试样失稳时的应力比和体变均随初始相对密实度的增大而增大;含气密砂在常剪应力路径下饱和度对失稳特征影响的规律性在排水与不排水条件下均不明显,但在不排水条件下含气砂土的孔压(或体变)对变形的敏感性降低;含气密砂在常剪应力路径到达失稳点之后,排水条件下是瞬变的液化鼓胀破坏,不排水条件下是渐变的剪切破坏。 相似文献
12.
Macroscopic and microscopic behaviors of granular materials under proportional strain path: a DEM study 
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下载免费PDF全文 Under the proportional strain loading path, particle assemblies may exhibit various failure modes. Besides the strain localization, the diffuse failure may also occur under certain conditions. The diffuse failure mode corresponds to a homogeneous occurrence of failure with stress states strictly included within the plastic limit condition. This paper emphasizes the influences of the density degree and the rolling resistance under the strain path. A contact model considering rolling friction is adopted in a discrete element method analysis as an approximate means to account for the effects of particle shape. Mechanical responses indicate that loose assemblies without the rolling resistance are more vulnerable to static liquefaction. A sample with a smaller initial void ratio or larger rolling friction coefficient will reinforce the stability of the structure and reduce the likelihood of failure. For microscopic properties, the evolution of coordination numbers, contact forces, force chains and the anisotropies of the assemblies are explored and discussed. Rotational resistance helps increase the shear stress of the granular material, and the microscopic parameters indicate that the assembly has a strong anisotropy and a stable structure to resist the increasing loading. 相似文献
13.
The failure mechanism and limit support pressure are essential factors for the stability assessment of tunnel face during shield tunneling. Previous studies were mostly based on the assumption that soil fails when the plastic limit is reached. The static liquefaction of saturated sand at pre-failure state often largely reduces shear strength; a stable tunnel face could be destabilized and even collapses abruptly. This paper aims to explore the static liquefaction failure of tunnel face in saturated sands by 3D discrete element simulation. The particle shape is considered by using clump composed of two identical spheres, and the micro-material parameters are calibrated by fitting against triaxial tests. The tunnel face is initially supported by the earth pressure at rest, and then the pressure is reduced by applying a displacement on the free surface until soil body completely collapses. The second-order work during the unloading process is calculated, and a negative value denotes the initiation of static liquefaction. The distribution of negative second-order work point shows the initiation and propagation of static liquefaction. The ultimate failure mode is shown to be composed of a sliding wedge and an overlying chimney, and the chimney is confined to a local area for soil arching. The experienced stress path of tunnel face verifies the existence of static liquefaction instability, indicating the stability analysis should consider static liquefaction rather than simply using the conventional plastic limit state analysis.
相似文献14.
We define a flow liquefaction potential for determining flow liquefaction susceptibility during proportional strain triaxial compression. The flow liquefaction potential is a function of inconsistency between the natural dilative tendency of the soil and the imposed dilatancy during proportional strain triaxial compression. It helps us analyze why given the right conditions, a loose soil that contracts during drained triaxial compression and liquefies under undrained triaxial compression may be stable under proportional strain triaxial compression. Conversely, we also use the flow liquefaction potential to analyze why a dense soil that dilates during drained triaxial compression and is stable under undrained triaxial compression may liquefy under proportional strain triaxial compression. The undrained loose case is a special case of proportional strain triaxial compression under which a soil can liquefy. The central objective of this paper was to investigate the origins of flow liquefaction instability. Hence, we also analyze stress evolution during proportional strain triaxial compression and discuss the mechanics of the test leading up to flow liquefaction instability. We arrive at a necessary precursor for instability, which can serve as a warning sign for flow liquefaction instability, while the soil is still stable. The precursor is not a condition of sufficiency and should also not be confused with the onset of instability itself. The same loading must be applied continuously to induce flow liquefaction instability. The current progress is encouraging and facilitates a deeper understanding of origin of flow liquefaction instabilities. 相似文献
15.
饱和土体静态液化失稳理论预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过在屈服准则和剪胀性方程中引入材料状态参数,建立了一个与材料状态相关的本构模型,用于模拟不同初始孔隙比和围压下土体的应力-应变关系。基于二阶功理论,建立了饱和土体静态液化失稳理论判别准则。通过预测一系列饱和松砂三轴不排水试验结果,验证了所建立的本构模型及判别预测准则的合理性。分析结果表明,静态液化发生于土体硬化阶段,静态液化触发伴随着剪应力达到峰值,其后剪应力降低且孔隙水压力持续增长。进一步地,模拟了充分降解的城市固体废弃物在不排水条件下的应力-应变特性,并预测到了潜在失稳线及静态液化触发点。 相似文献
16.
南京砂强度特征与静态液化现象分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在松散、中密和密实状态下,以南京粉细砂三轴固结不排水试验结果为基础,进行了强度、变形与静态液化特征的分析。松散南京砂强度特性表现出典型的应变软化,当轴向变形小于1 %时强度达到最大值,而后急剧降低;在50,100 kPa围压时发生了静态液化。但随着固结压力的增大,静态液化消失。与南京砂具有相同土骨架的松散纯净砂却在低围压下未出现静态液化,其形成机制是：粉粒的存在未使土体孔隙比发生较大变化,却引起更大的体缩性;中密和密实南京粉细砂表现出加工硬化的强度特征,临界应力状态线倾角高达55°,具有较高的抗静态液化能力。 相似文献
17.
传统三轴试验径变形的测量多采用链式环状传感器,假设试件为对称破坏,呈X型或沿中心轴对称破坏为合理测量方式,绘制偏应力与体积应变曲线斜率没有意义,如果在三向等量加卸载下斜率具有含义。弹性阶段比例极限和峰值应力恒定,外加应力大于比例极限应力时比例极限和峰值应力随损伤变化。破坏区荷载与位移关系曲线是材料力学与结构综合体现,应将应力和应变改为视应力与视应变;传统的迟滞回线面积是能量耗散表征是不正确的,应是能量存储、转换和耗散表征;沿中心轴破坏应为拉破坏,能很好地解释岩体中拉裂纹现象,因此提出循环加卸载试验以卸载曲线线性段作为材料参数确定依据。对于孔隙连通材料,施加应力大于比例极限应力,在不排水任意应力状态水压力卸载至0,以卸载曲线的线性段决定相应材料参数,建议传统三轴试验改为50 mm×50 mm×100 mm六面体试件。在比例极限应力内,损伤变量恒定,在外加应力大于比例极限应力时,沿应力主轴各方向损伤演化不一致,且随应力路径变化。 相似文献
18.
Liquefaction is associated with the loss of mean effective stress and increase of the pore water pressure in saturated granular materials due to their contractive tendency under cyclic shear loading. The loss of mean effective stress is linked to loss of grain contacts, bringing the granular material to a “semifluidized state” and leading to development and accumulation of large cyclic shear strains. Constitutive modeling of the cyclic stress-strain response in earthquake-induced liquefaction and post-liquefaction is complex and yet very important for stress-deformation and performance-based analysis of sand deposits. A new state internal variable named strain liquefaction factor is introduced that evolves at low mean effective stresses, and its constitutive role is to reduce the plastic shear stiffness and dilatancy while maintaining the same plastic volumetric strain rate in the semifluidized state. This new constitutive ingredient is added to an existing critical state compatible, bounding surface plasticity reference model, that is well established for constitutive modeling of cyclic response of sands in the pre-liquefaction state. The roles of the key components of the proposed formulation are examined in a series of sensitivity analyses. Their combined effects in improving the performance of the reference model are examined by simulating undrained cyclic simple shear tests on Ottawa sand, with focus on reproducing the increasing shear strain amplitude as well as its saturation in the post-liquefaction response. 相似文献
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本文以兰州黄土为研究对象,开展了不同加载速率条件下的K0压缩试验,并结合试验结果和“等速线理论”研究了震动荷载作用下黄土的动力学响应及其影响因素。研究结果显示,随着加载速率的升高,回弹系数(a)、塑性压缩系数(b)、前期固结压力(σp)以及内变量参考时间(τp)均会产生显著变化。其中,加载速率的升高对内变量参考时间影响最为剧烈,而加载速率对黏塑性应变速率参数(c)的影响可以忽略。通过对比震动荷载作用下土体应变发展的计算和实测结果表明,基于加载速率较快的试验结果获取的模型参数,其理论预测精度较高。在计算动力学问题中,σp的量值较静力条件下获取的参数要小2~3个数量级,这是使用该模型计算动力问题与静力问题的最大不同。进一步的计算分析表明,震动荷载作用下的动应变幅值与回弹系数正相关,而(b-a)/c和应力比(震动荷载的平均值与前期固结压力之比)正比于动荷载初期作用下发生的塑性应变(“残余应变”)。因而,在评价土体动荷载作用下的“残余应变”时,应综合考虑各力学参数和应力状态的影响。 相似文献
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Predicting the initiation of static liquefaction of cross‐anisotropic sands under multiaxial stress conditions 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Experimental evidence has shown that the liquefaction instability of sands can be affected by its material density, stress state, and inherent anisotropy. In order to predict the initiation of the static liquefaction of inherent cross‐anisotropic sands under multidimensional stress conditions, a rational constitutive model is needed. An elastoplasticity model able to capture the influences of intermediate principal stress ratio (b = (σ 2 ? σ 3)/(σ 1 ? σ 3)) and loading direction on stress–strain relationships and volumetric properties was proposed. The yield function was formulated to be controlled by Lode angle, loading direction, and material state; the stress–dilatancy was a material state‐dependent function. After using the existing drained hollow cylinder tests to validate the proposed model, this model was used to simulate the existing undrained hollow cylinder tests. During this simulation, the second‐order work criterion was used to determine the initiation of static liquefaction. The results showed that an increase in both the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle induces a decrease in the second‐order work. Static liquefaction is initiated more easily at a stress state with a large intermediate principal stress ratio and a large loading angle, and the mobilized friction angle at the instability points decreases with the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献