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从含Thomsen各向异性参数的qP波相速度表示式出发,建立并求解三维VTI介质中的频散方程,得到三维VTI介质中的相移算子,进而将以相移算子为基础的最优分裂Fourier方法推广到三维VTI介质,发展了一个三维VTI介质的深度偏移方法.文中使用的各向异性介质的速度模型与现行的各向异性构造的速度估计方法一致,将各向同性、弱各向异性及强各向异性统一在一个模型中.文中提出的偏移算法对相移法引入了高阶校正项来补偿介质横向变化的影响,使该方法可应用于横向非均匀VTI介质的陡角度成像,文中给出的偏移脉冲响应很好地证明了这一点. 相似文献
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大地电磁(MT)响应的反演已被广泛用于探索地球内部的电导率分布.因为大多数三维反演方法的反演结果都会受到初始模型的影响,因此在三维大地电磁反演中,使用好的初始模型非常重要.尽管均匀初始模型广泛用于三维反演,但一维的初始模型也是个不错的选择,因为一维模型较均匀模型可以更恰当地描绘地球内部的实际电导率变化.本研究提出了一种分两步进行的三维反演方法,该反演方法尤其适用于海洋大地电磁研究.该方法首先反演得到一维初始模型,进而依此反演三维电导率结构,并且这两次反演中均考虑了表层三维地形变化.该方法测试了含有不同地形变化(凹陷、平滑变化、槽形和方形高原地形)和不同三维棋盘类型异常(尖锐或平滑横向电导率变化)的三维电导率模型.文章比较了基于所提出方法获得初始模型和基于地形校正方法得到的初始模型,还对基于本研究方法得到的三维反演结果与基于不同的均匀初始模型得到的反演结果进行了比较.利用新引入的模型矢量参数的方向信息讨论了这些反演的结果,验证了该方法的性能和有效性.文章还揭示了新引入的模型向量参数可用于显示反演的收敛性,将有助于选择合适的反演模型. 相似文献
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地震定位是地震监测与减灾研究重要基础.基于均匀或横向均匀介质模型,利用震源轨迹确定震源位置的交切法具有稳健和效率高的优点,但定位精度较低,特别是震源深度.为提高震源定位精度,我们提出适用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位交切法.将地壳速度模型由均匀或横向均匀介质模型扩展为三维复杂速度模型;均匀或横向均匀介质模型对应的原假设为球面或双曲面的震源轨迹通过最小走时树射线追踪技术予以确定.确定震源位置的震源轨迹以到时差作为约束条件;将震源定位于震源轨迹交汇最密集的点处,即总的到时差残差(RDT)最小的点处.定位结果的不确定性可通过RDT值较小节点的空间分布予以定性表示.考察了准确速度模型、扰动速度模型、扰动观测到时及地震在台网外等4种情况下改进方法的地震定位效果,结果表明改进的交切法可用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位;综合利用P波与S波的到时差信息,可明显改善震源位置约束;使用多条震源轨迹进行定位,有助于减少由随机因素导致的定位误差. 相似文献
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研究了三维各向异性裂缝介质的正演模拟的三种不同有限差分法,即标准交错网格(SSG)、旋转交错网格(RSG)和Lebedev方法(LS),详细对比分析这三种交错网格方法在模拟复杂各向异性介质的优势与局限.提出一种新的改进方法,简化了LS有限差分法在任意各向异性介质中的正演模拟.为了模拟三维大规模复杂各向异性介质的地震响应,提出一个优化的正演模拟计算流程：将模型参数分为模型介质参数和模型构造参数.该计算流程适用于三种有限差分法中的任何一种.使用LS方法实现任意三维各向异性裂缝介质地震响应的三维全波场模拟,通过使用三种不同的有限差分模拟方法进行二维和三维模型数值模拟试验,验证了所提出方法有效. 相似文献
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随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Transverse Isotropy, TI)介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Vertical Transverse Isotropy, VTI)介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量. 相似文献
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本文提出一个新算法,用来高精度计算三维不均匀地球模型中地震位错引起的地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化.具体地说,我们首先把实际三维不均匀地球分解成球对称地球模型和对应的横向不均匀增量,分别进行计算,二者对应的计算结果分别称为球对称解和三维响应.由于球对称解可直接利用球对称地球模型位错理论计算得到,本文的目标是计算三维响应即地球的横向不均匀结构对同震重力变化的影响.然后,我们把三维响应再分为震源的响应和地球横向不均匀结构的响应,它们可分别借助对震源函数的扰动以及对平衡方程式的变分求解.本文推导出六个特殊点源位错引起的地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化计算公式(一个垂直走滑位错,两个相互垂直的倾滑位错,三个开裂位错),对这些公式进行适当组合就可以计算任意位置任意类型位错产生的同震重力变化,对应的计算公式同步给出.接着,依据36阶P波速度模型,我们利用岩石试验经验关系式推导出三维S波速度模型,密度模型,位场模型以及重力模型.最后,利用上述三维模型,本文计算出三种典型类型的点源位错产生的同震重力变化,结果显示三维响应与位错类型,震源深度都有关系,其最大响应占球对称解的0.5%左右,且在所有影响因素中S波速度模型影响最大.数值结果同时表明,三维响应中震源的响应与地球横向不均匀构造的响应处于同一量级.本文给出的地表和空间固定点同震重力变化计算公式可分别高精度解析地表重力和卫星重力观测数据(GRACE、GOCE等),提高大地测量数据理论解析水平. 相似文献
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讨论了地面可控源电磁勘探三维非线性共轭梯度反演的可行性以及反演过程中考虑场源的必要性.反演采用非线性共轭梯度反演方法.反演过程中,模型响应利用交错网格有限差分技术计算.反演数据采用与发射源平行的电场x分量Ex.利用层状导电模型作为背景,设计了两个理论模型进行数值试验:第一个模型中包含两个电阻率异常,以检验反演的有效性;第二个模型中,在测区外设置了一个低阻异常,以考察源的信息在反演中的作用.两个模型的反演分别从层状背景模型开始,迭代120次后终止.数值试验结果表明,(1)非线性共轭梯度反演所获得的电阻率分布和理论模型吻合较好;(2)非线性共轭梯度算法收敛速度较慢,需要较多的迭代次数完成反演;(3)对于可控源频率电磁勘探,必须考虑源位置信息.因此,本文采用考虑场源信息的地面可控源非线性共轭梯度反演方法能完成真正意义上的可控源频率电磁测深数据的反演. 相似文献
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传统核磁共振地下含水量解释多采用基于均匀半空间或层状导电模型的一维反演,分层给出地下含水信息.然而,这些方法忽略了地下复杂电阻率分布信息对结果的影响,也不能很好地反映局部三维含水构造.本文从三维电介质中核磁共振响应的正演理论出发,提出首先利用瞬变电磁数据进行基于等效导电平面法的快速电阻率成像,然后将成像结果作为核磁共振三维反演的电性模型,进行联合解释.激发磁场的分布采用有限元法直接求解,通过引入伪δ源实现电流源的加载,并强加散度条件排除了三维磁场模拟中"弱解"的影响.针对核磁共振灵敏度矩阵的病态性和数据中存在的干扰信号,提出考虑罚项的非线性拟合目标函数,利用线性化方法进行核磁共振反演.模型数据表明该方法能较准确反映地下三维含水构造,实测算例进一步证明了方法的有效性.本研究将促使核磁共振方法在岩溶、裂隙水、孤立水体等复杂水文地质条件及隧道、矿井灾害水源探测等方面得到有效应用. 相似文献
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Pressure pulsing technology is an innovative method that has been developed with the aim of overcoming preferred flow paths associated with remediation techniques that rely on the injection of reagents. Numerical and field experiments were conducted to assess how pressure pulsing affects groundwater flow and solute transport during reagent injection. A series of field experiments were performed at two field sites where a monitoring network designed to capture the breakthrough of solutes delivered from an injection well was installed. Pressure pulsing and conventional injection methods were used at each site. One site was comprised of fine sand with low heterogeneity, while the other was moderately heterogeneous with discrete layers varying from fine sand to silt. The data suggest that breakthrough was more uniform for the pressure pulsing injections; however, this difference was minor and complicated by sorption of some of the tracers employed. The groundwater flow and solute transport modeling exercise simulated the rapid boundary pressure modulation that occurs in association with pressure pulsing. Two‐dimensional (2D) simulations revealed that repeated sudden onset of injection cessation produces brief periods of gradient reversal and the development of a mixing zone near the injection well. The spatial extents of this mixing zone were found to be highly dependent upon the hydraulic diffusivity of the medium, with medium heterogeneity and pulsing frequency playing secondary roles. Three‐dimensional (3D) numerical simulations were used to benchmark the observations from one of the field sites. The results from the modeling effort showed that solute breakthrough from a pressure pulsing injection is more dispersed relative to a conventional injection as a result of the mixing zone phenomenon; however, we were unable to directly observe this mixing zone using the instrumentation deployed at the two field sites. 相似文献
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Eric J. Martin Kevin G. Mumford Bernard H. Kueper 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2016,36(1):54-61
Electrical resistance heating (ERH) experiments were performed in a two‐dimensional water‐saturated porous medium comprising an electrically conductive, low‐permeability clay lens embedded within a less electrically conductive, higher permeability silica sand. These were compared to experiments performed in homogeneous silica sand. All experiments were performed in the absence of a non‐aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) or dissolved volatile organic compound (VOC). Temperature monitoring showed preferential heating in the clay lens and higher overall heating rates throughout the test cell compared to the homogeneous case. Gas production was localized around the sand–clay interface due to high temperature and low capillary displacement pressure. Above the clay lens, unexpected temperature plateaus were observed, similar to those observed in previous experiments during NAPL–water co‐boiling. A conceptual model based on the consumption of thermal energy as latent heat of vaporization in the highly localized heating and gas production region adjacent to the clay lens is proposed to explain the temperature plateaus. Supporting data is drawn from images of the gas phase and electric current measurements. These results show that the use of co‐boiling plateaus as an indicator of NAPL–water co‐boiling could be misleading during applications of ERH at sites containing electrically conductive, low‐permeability clay lenses embedded within less electrically conductive, higher‐permeability sands. 相似文献
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本文讨论了大地电磁感应转换函数在使用上有争议的问题.用几个不同的三维(3D)模型计算了感应矢量和转换函数,特别对它们的虚部进行了分析.方形和矩形导电体的感应具有二维(2D)特征,其感应曲线可用来估计导体的埋深和范围.由二个埋深不同导体组成的结构,则表现出非二维特性,其感应函数曲线变化复杂,实虚矢量夹角大,两个转换函数的值即使在主轴方向也可能大小相当. 相似文献
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We estimated the effects of hydrogeological and surface temperature warming on subsurface thermal regime from the temperature-depth profiles and hydrological data of groundwater quality both in the quaternary and tertiary systems in the Sendai Plain as a preliminary step toward reconstruction of climate changes.Annual mean air temperature in the plain has increased about 1.5 °C in the last 70 years and this surface warming resulted in low or negative thermal gradient. However, anomaly of thermal gradient was recognized in not all temperature-depth profiles. Groundwater chemical compositions and stable isotope data (δD and δ18O) show that the groundwater flow system has marked difference between those of tertiary and quaternary systems. Calculated results of three dimensional groundwater flow and heat transport model ensure the above hypothesis and shows that thermal gradient changes at close to basement of the quaternary system. The differences in groundwater flow systems are expressed as subsurface thermal gradient anomalies in the temperature-depth profiles in the Sendai Plain. Furthermore, one-dimensional numerical analyze including the effect of surface warming indicates that calculated profile has departure from steady state line at depths in 60-80 m agree well with observed one. 相似文献
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Interval velocity analysis using post‐stack data has always been a desire, mainly for 3D data sets. In this study we present a method that uses the unique characteristics of migrated diffractions to enable interval velocity analysis from three‐dimensional zero‐offset time data. The idea is to perform a standard three‐dimensional prestack depth migration on stack cubes and generate three‐dimensional common image gathers that show great sensitivity to velocity errors. An efficient ‘top‐down’ scheme for updating the velocity is used to build the model. The effectiveness of the method is related to the incorporation of wave equation based post‐stack datuming in the model building process. The proposed method relies on the ability to identify diffractions along redatumed zero‐offset data and to analyse their flatness in the migrated local angle domain. The method can be considered as an additional tool for a complete, prestack depth migration based interval velocity analysis. 相似文献
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The electrical conductivity of Posidonia black shales — from magnetotelluric exploration to rock samples 
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下载免费PDF全文 We carried out a magnetotelluric field campaign in the South–East Lower Saxony Basin, Germany, with the main goal of testing this method for imaging regional Posidonia black shale sediments. Two‐dimensional inversion results of the magnetotelluric data show a series of conductive structures correlating with brine‐saturated sediments but also with deeper, anthracitic Westphalian/Namurian coals. None of these structures can be directly related with the Posidonia black shale, which appears to be generally resistive and therefore difficult to resolve with the magnetotelluric method. This assumption is supported by measurements of electrical resistivity on a set of Posidonia shale samples from the Hils syncline in the Lower Saxony basin. These rock samples were collected in shallow boreholes and show immature (0.53% Ro), oil (0.88% Ro), and gas (1.45% Ro) window thermal maturities. None of the black shale samples showed low electrical resistivity, particularly those with oil window maturity show resistivity exceeding 104 Ωm. Moreover, we could not observe a direct correlation between maturity and electrical resistivity; the Harderode samples showed the highest resistivity, whereas the Haddessen samples showed the lowest. A similar trend has been seen for coals in different states of thermal maturation. Saturation of the samples with distilled and saline water solutions led to decreasing electrical resistivity. Moreover, a positive correlation of electrical resistivity with porosity is observed for the Wickensen and Harderode samples, which suggests that the electrical resistivity of the Posidonia black shale is mainly controlled by porosity. 相似文献
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S. H. Ju 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(9):1431-1442
This paper discusses how to use the three‐dimensional (3D) time‐domain finite‐element method incorporating the least‐squares method to calculate the equivalent foundation mass, damping and stiffness matrices. Numerical simulations indicate that the accuracy of these equivalent matrices is acceptable when the applied harmonic force of 1+sine is used. Moreover, the accuracy of the least‐squares method using the 1+sine force is not sensitive to the first time step for inclusion of data. Since the finite‐element method can model problems flexibly, the equivalent mass, damping and stiffness matrices of very complicated soil profiles and foundations can be established without difficulty using this least‐squares method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于BISQ模型的三维双相各向异性介质数值模拟 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
Biot-flow and squirt-flow are the two most important fluid flow mechanisms in porous media containing fluids. Based on the BISQ （Biot-Squirt） model where the two mechanisms are treated simultaneously, the elastic wave-field simulation in the porous medium is limited to two-dimensions and two-components （2D2C） or two-dimensions and three-components （2D3C）. There is no previous report on wave simulation in three- dimensions and three-components. Only through three dimensional numerical simulations can we have an overall understanding of wave field coupling relations and the spatial distribution characteristics between the solid and fluid phases in the dual-phase anisotropic medium. In this paper, based on the BISQ equation, we present elastic wave propagation in a three dimensional dual-phase anisotropic medium simulated by the staggered-grid high-order finite-difference method. We analyze the resulting wave fields and show that the results are an improvement. 相似文献