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深度图像的表示是实现三维目标识别、配准等工作的前提。针对地面三维激光扫描得到的点云数据,提出一种基于投影变换的深度图像生成算法。采用投影变换将三维点沿观察坐标系的法向量投影到观察平面上,使投影向量和观察平面垂直,这样观察点和观察平面间的距离就不会影响物体的投影大小和形状,有效避免了"失真"现象的发生。利用灰度图像生成深度图像,使用方案对地面激光扫描系统获取的建筑物实验数据进行具体处理。结果表明,文中基于投影变换的图像生成方法更能直观地反映建筑物表面的几何分布特征,为后续特征的提取奠定基础。 相似文献
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Diego González-Aguilera Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzálvez Javier Gómez-Lahoz 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2009,64(3):308-316
Driven by progress in sensor technology, algorithms and data processing capabilities, close range photogrammetry has found a wide range of new application fields over the past two decades. Particularly, the emergence of terrestrial laser scanner has contributed to the close range photogrammetry “popularization” through many promising new applications. Nevertheless, a central issue in many of these developments is the integration of sensor technology with reliable data processing schemes to generate highly automated photogrammetric measurements systems.This paper presents a flexible approach for the automatic co-registration of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and amateur digital cameras (DC) to be used effectively in practice. Particularly, the developed approach deals with two different images: a camera image acquired with a DC and a range image obtained with a TLS. To this end, an open-source tool “USAlign” has been developed for testing the different experiments. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):253-261
The Miller Oblated Stereographic Projection, implemented by both the American Geographical Society and the Defense Mapping Agency in small-scale mapping of Africa, Europe, Asia and Australasia, is conformal for most land masses, reducing overall scale and area distortion by using a double projection. “Fill-in” sections are not conformal. Developed in 1953–1955 by O. M. Miller, the projection is implemented via tables for map construction. With the advent of computer-assisted intelligence and operations systems that use this projection to provide electronic images, the computation of rectangular projection coordinates from geographic locations via table look-up is no longer adequate. This paper presents an algorithm, based upon the original Miller work, which performs this transformation in a form applicable to scientific programming languages. 相似文献
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Data obtained via airborne position and orientation system (POS) is in WGS 84 global geocentric reference frame, while the national coordinate reference system for topographic mapping in China is generally Gauss-Kruger projection coordinate system. Therefore, data obtained via a POS must be transformed to national coordinate system. Owing to the effects of earth curvature and meridian deviation, there are some errors in the process of angle transformation from roll, pitch, and heading (Φ ,Θ ,Ψ )obtained dir... 相似文献
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AbstractI. Introduction.—Map projection is a branch of applied mathematics which owes much to J. H. Lambert (v. this Review, i, 2, 91). In his “Beyträge zum Gebrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung” (Berlin, 1772) he arrived at a form of projection whereof the Transverse Mercator is a special case, and pointed out that this special case is adapted to a country of great extent in latitude but of small longitudinal width. Germain (“Traité des Projections”, Paris, 1865) described it as the Projection cylindrique orthomorphe de Lambert, but he also introduced the name Projection de Mercator transverse or renversée; he shows that Lambert's treatment of the projection was remarkably simple. 相似文献
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AbstractAn observer looking seawards views the horizon along a curvilinear path which is tangent to the surface of the sea. The distance to the tangent point depends on the height of his eye. The angle of depression of the ray at the observer's standpoint is known as “the dip of the visible sea horizon”. 相似文献
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The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper. A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation, which is aimed at “confining structure”, is developed. Various scanning modes and their mathematical models based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation are discussed. According to the features of a huge object the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is determined as the main method in an actual application. The observation of four sound concrete posts and forced centering plates. Subsequently, it is transformed into the huge object coordinate system. The scanning mode with plumb plane is selected as the main mode in the whole work. And other assistant methods, such as close range photogrammetry and the method of using reflection sheet, are applied to the work of “scanning dead angle”. At last, a surveying accuracy estimation of this method is done and a surveying accuracy test is finished. It can be concluded that the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is considered to be an effective and applied method, and has many superiority to some other surveying methods in the work of surveying “confining structure”. 相似文献
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Steven E. Greco 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(4):288-293
ABSTRACTConceptually, the theory and implementation of “map projection” in geographic information system (GIS) technology is difficult to comprehend for most introductory students and novice users. Compounding this difficulty is the concept of a “map projection file” that defines map projection parameters of geo-spatial data. The problem of the “missing projection file” appears ubiquitous for all users, especially in practice where data is widely shared. Another common problem is inadvertent misapplication of the “Define Projection” tool that can result in a GIS dataset with an incorrectly defined map projection file. GIS education should provide more guidance in differentiating the concepts of map projection versus projection files by increasing understanding and minimizing common errors. A novel pedagogical device is introduced in this paper: the seven possible states of GIS data with respect to map projection and definition. The seven possible states are: (1) a projected coordinate system (PCS) that is correctly defined, (2) a PCS that is incorrectly defined, (3) a PCS that is undefined, (4) a geographic coordinate system (GCS) that is correctly defined, (5) a GCS that is incorrectly defined, (6) a GCS that is undefined, and (7) a non-GCS. Recently created automated troubleshooting tools to determine a missing map projection file are discussed. 相似文献
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There have been rapid population and accelerating urban growth with associated changes in land use and soil degradation in northeast China, an important grain-producing region. The development of integrated use of remote sensing, geographic information systems, and combined cellular automata– Markov models has provided new means of assessing changes in land use and land cover, and has enabled projection of trajectories into the future. We applied such techniques to the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the tenth largest city in China. We found that there had been significant losses of the land uses termed “cropland”, “grassland”, “wetland”, and “floodplain” in favour of “built-up land” and lesser transformations from “floodplain” to “forestland” and “water body” over the 18-year period. However, the transition was not a simple process but a complex network of changes, interchanges, and multiple transitions. In the absence of effective land use policies, projection of past trajectories into a balance state in the future would result in the decline of cropland from 65.6% to 46.9% and the increase of built-up area from 7.7% to 23.0% relative to the total area of the prefecture in 1989. It also led to the virtual elimination of land use types such as unused wetland and floodplain. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(60):217-219
AbstractMap Projections.—A matter that should have been mentioned in the original article under this title (E.S.R., vii, 51, 190) is the definition of a map projection. In the list of carefully worded “Definitions of Terms used in Surveying and Mapping” prepared by the American Society of Photogrammetry (Photogrammetrie Engineering, vol. 8,1942, pp. 247–283), a map projection is defined as “a systematic drawing of lines on a plane surface to represent the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude of the earth or a section of the earth”, and most other published works in which a definition appears employ a somewhat similar wording. This, however, is an unnecessary limitation of the term. Many projections are (and all projections can be) plotted from rectangular grid co-ordinates, and meridians and parallels need not be drawn at all; but a map is still on a projection even when a graticule is not shown. Objection could be raised also to the limitation to “plane surface”, since we may speak of the projection of the spheroid upon a sphere, or of the sphere upon a hemisphere. Hence, it is suggested that “any systematic method of representing the whole or a part of the curved surface of the Earth upon another (usually plane) surface” is an adequate definition of a map projection. 相似文献
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《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):109-116
AbstractIn this paper the cartographic grids engraved on two antique instruments from Iran for finding the sacred direction and distance to Mecca are discussed. It appears that these grids can be well explained in terms of the Mecca-centred retro-azimuthal orthographic projection described in 1968 by J. E. Jackson. In this projection the lines of constant latitude reduce to a set of ellipses with their major axes parallel to the equator and the lines of the constant longitudes reduce to a set of non-equidistant straight lines parallel to the north-south direction. It is shown that the curves actually engraved on the instrument conform to this projection and can be fairly easily constructed. This interpretation of the grid on the Iranian instruments stands in contrast with another explanation, recently proposed by King (1999), which is based on medieval Arabic concepts such as the so-called 'methods of the zijes'. Insufficiently accurate workmanship makes it impossible to distinguish between the two explanations through the study of the instruments themselves. The newly gained insight into the projection itself, however, shows that a direct relation between the Iranian maps and Islamic mappings insight knows from the ninth century, as suggested by King, does not exit. Thus, it is concluded that it is as yet completely unknown when and where the very idea behind the Iranian cartographic grid was first conceived, and that the quest for their historical background is still open. 相似文献
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邵巨良 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》1998,(4)
讨论一个摄影测量网络的三维自动重建。其中,重点讨论了无需相似性量测的多片影像匹配。该匹配算法包括了所有影像作为参考影像的连续考虑和整个网络同时匹配。本文中,三维坐标矢量只用于剔除多余候选点,对精度提高无任何贡献。本方法的精度是通过子像素的特征点提取和多片交会得到的。 相似文献
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针对球体横墨卡托投影与基于地球椭球体的导航设备结合使用存在误差以及传统椭球横墨卡托投影依据经差分带不适用于极区的问题,在分析双重投影可用于极区存在计算奇异和计算溢出问题的基础上,研究了一种基于双重投影的横墨卡托投影极区应用改进方法。首先利用函数等效变换和经线长度比计算公式推导出椭球投影到球体上的坐标变换、球体半径和长度比计算公式,然后利用分段函数的方法研究了球体横墨卡托投影计算公式,综合两个阶段给出了完整的坐标变换公式和长度比计算公式,最后推导了子午线收敛角计算公式。理论分析和算例仿真表明,该改进方法能够解决极区投影计算奇异和计算溢出问题,近极点地区长度变形较小,且与导航设备采用的地球模型一致,可消除由于地球模型不同引起的误差,提高航海绘算精度。 相似文献
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R. Wood 《The Photogrammetric Record》1972,7(40):454-465
A number of proposals have been put forward for the extraction of three dimensional data from a pair of electron microscope photographs taken from different angles. The methods used have, in general, been either point by point analyses or rather inconvenient. This paper shows that an existing photogrammetric plotter of topographic accuracy can, with very simple modification, be converted to give continuous plotting facilities from certain such micrographs. 相似文献
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同名点及高程平面约束的航空影像直线匹配算法 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对直线匹配的难点问题及匹配约束的有效性,提出了同名点及高程平面约束的航空影像直线匹配算法。该算法在边缘点匹配结果和直线提取结果的基础上,首先利用直线邻域内的同名点确定候选直线及直线投影平面的高程值,再结合物方和像方相似性约束确定同名直线;然后根据直线索引对"一配多"的匹配结果进行整合,并对结果中的多直线进行合并,得到"一对一"的同名直线;最后利用"像方-物方-像方"的映射模式确定同名直线的同名端点。论文选取典型纹理特征的航空影像进行直线匹配试验,结果表明,本文算法能获得可靠的直线匹配结果。 相似文献