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1.
济阳坳陷始新统孔店组深部碎屑岩中普遍发育碳酸盐胶结物。依据普通薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射、阴极发光、流体包裹体测温和碳氧同位素等实验结果,对济阳坳陷始新统孔店组深部砂岩中的碳酸盐胶结物进行了深入研究。结果表明:碳酸盐胶结物类型有方解石、铁方解石、铁白云石和菱铁矿等,胶结方式有早期基底式胶结、成岩期点状胶结、成岩后期裂缝充填,胶结物的纵向上和横向上分布具有一定的规律性;早期基底式胶结主要形成于原始沉积水介质的化学沉积分异作用,这种沉积分异作用主要发生在湖盆沉积的同生期,由于化学物质的饱和度分异造成;成岩期胶结物主要跟成岩演化过程中流体的自由流动、粘土矿物转化、有机质的演化和地质环境的变化有关,断裂构造活动形成的深部热液也是形成部分碳酸盐胶结物的主要原因;碳酸盐胶结物对储层具有明显的改造作用,早期基底式胶结沉淀作用对岩石储层具有强烈胶结作用和抗压实作用,成岩期碳酸盐的沉淀作用对储层空间具有明显的堵塞作用,成岩过程中的碳酸盐矿物的溶解作用提高了深部地层的储层质量。 相似文献
2.
碳酸盐胶结特征不仅反映了成岩环境,而且可表明成岩阶段及其对储层质量的影响。综合运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学等方法,对莱州湾凹陷北洼古近系沙三段砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的分布规律、形成环境、物质来源、沉淀温度以及其对储层物性的影响进行了系统研究。结果表明：沙三段发育两期碳酸盐胶结物,分别为形成于埋藏早期的菱铁矿和隐晶方解石,以及成岩作用中后期形成的方解石、白云石、铁方解石和铁白云石,其中方解石是最主要的胶结物类型。碳酸盐胶结物形成于埋藏作用中后期的高盐度流体环境,与有机质脱羧作用相关,有机碳是最主要的碳来源,Ca2+是长石的溶蚀和粘土矿物转化的产物。包裹体均一温度研究结果表明,碳酸盐胶结物在油气充注的同时或之后形成。形成于成岩作用早期的碳酸盐胶结物在一定程度上增强了岩石骨架颗粒固结和抗压实能力,同时也是后期有机酸溶蚀的主要对象,对储层物性起到促进作用;溶蚀作用之后形成的碳酸盐胶结物占据粒间孔隙和部分溶蚀孔隙,对储层物性起到破坏作用。 相似文献
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铁是海洋沉积物中重要的氧化还原敏感性元素之一,是早期成岩过程中地球化学循环变化的重要动力因素。早期成岩过程中,表层沉积物中铁氧化物的赋存形态主要可分无定形(弱晶型)铁氧化物和晶型铁氧化物,且前者的含量主要决定着沉积物中铁氧化物的还原活性;铁氧化物可以通过与硫酸盐还原产生的硫化物反应进行还原,还能在铁还原菌的参与下被表层沉积物中的有机质还原,沉积物中活性铁含量、有机质含量、沉积速率、植物根系导氧作用及底栖生物的扰动均能对铁还原率造成影响。早期成岩过程中可以形成黄铁矿,形成机理主要有:1)沉积物中先前形成的硫复铁矿(Fe_3S_4)等前体物质通过加硫反应形成;2)硫过饱和的球粒胶体通过脱水、成核、结晶以及聚合作用而成单个草莓状黄铁矿或初始自行黄铁矿微晶成核、生长、聚集、固化的小型黄铁矿微球团并入更大的胶体状黄铁矿结核、草莓状黄铁矿分组,从而形成黄铁矿集合体;黄铁矿化度(DOP)可作为区分古海洋氧化还原环境的指标。对铁同位素的研究表明,异化还原作用(DIR)过程中产生的铁同位素值偏低;页岩中黄铁矿的铁同位素在2.3Ga附近发生的突变反映了第一次大气氧气增高事件。磁学参数对铁相变化具有良好的反应,环境磁学在早期成岩过程研究中的应用,有助于快速划分铁还原带、研究环境中重金属循环行为。 相似文献
4.
试论动物非矿化组织的保存 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
动物非矿物化组织在特异埋葬条件下可保存为化石。缺氧和快速埋葬有利于非矿化组织的保存，但不能阻止微生物的破坏作用。无菌环境下可保存软躯体组织，但在构造变动和古气候变迁等因素的影响下会彻底破坏，不可能在地质历史时期长期存在。最稳定的保存形式是与成岩作用有关的保存类型和以碳化有机质薄膜形式的保存类型。与动物非矿化组织保存有关的常见成岩自生矿物有磷酸盐矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黄铁矿等。其中，磷酸盐矿物在成岩作用过程中结晶最早，可以保存动物的微细构造。这些矿物可以矿化交代动物的肉质和角质使其成为矿化实体；也可以呈假形、铸型或铸模等形式保存。布尔吉斯页岩保存类型中，非矿化组织以碳化有机质薄膜或含水的颧硅酸盐矿物两种形式保存。前可能与粘土矿物吸附有机质、阻止酶的降解作用有关，后可能由自生粘土矿物的交代作用造成。 相似文献
5.
锶同位素地层学在碎屑岩成岩研究中的应用 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
基于同一地质历史时期海水的锶同位素组成为一定值的锶同位素地层学基本原理,可将锶同位素地层学用于碎屑岩成岩作用研究,以评价海相和非海相对成岩作用的影响.三个不同类型的研究实例说明:1)海相碎屑岩成岩流体的锶同位素组成的演化途径有较好的规律性,陆相影响随成岩作用的进行而增加,相对晚期的碳酸盐胶结物的87Sr/86Sr比值通常高于相对早期的碳酸盐胶结物,变化的本底值即为同期海水的锶同位素组成,该数值为一定值;2)有沉积期深源锶和非同期海相影响的陆相碎屑岩中,碳酸盐胶结物的锶同位素比值可能低于大陆淡水,但埋藏成岩过程中相对晚期的碳酸盐胶结物的87Sr/86Sr比值仍高于相对早期的碳酸盐胶结物;3)当深部流体影响碎屑岩的整个成岩过程时,深源锶的烙印可以抹掉或减少不同成岩阶段不同程度陆相影响造成的各种碳酸盐胶结物之间锶同位素组成的差别,使各种碳酸盐胶结物都具有很低的87Sr/86Sr比值,因而缺乏其它沉积盆地中常见的相对晚期碳酸盐胶结物87Sr/86Sr比值高于早期胶结物的一般模式。 相似文献
6.
碳酸盐胶结物是东营凹陷中央隆起带砂岩储层中重要的自生矿物,但其形成机制目前尚无深入研究.首先在岩相观察下针对东营凹陷中央隆起带沙河街组的碳酸盐胶结物进行期次划分并归纳其发育特征,再依据各期碳酸盐胶结物的共生矿物、碳氧同位素组成、流体包裹体温度、元素化学成分等信息对其形成机制进行研究.研究结果表明:研究区碳酸盐胶结物的碳不仅受到有机质成熟过程中排放的有机酸的影响,还受到沙四段沉积的湖相碳酸盐岩溶解的影响.研究区沙河街组主要发育四期碳酸盐胶结物:第一期碳酸盐胶结物以白云石为主,其形成过程与甲烷细菌对有机质的分解作用有关;第二期碳酸盐胶结物以方解石为主,与第一期碳酸盐胶结物之间夹有一层绿泥石薄膜,胶结物的形成与孔隙流体的浓缩导致的Ca、HCO3-过饱和现象相关;第三期碳酸盐胶结物主要为方解石、白云石和铁白云石,以充填长石溶孔和原生孔隙为特征,其物质来源于长石的溶蚀及泥岩的脱水作用;第四期碳酸盐胶结物多为铁方解石和铁白云石,以充填早期碳酸盐溶蚀后形成的次生孔隙为特征,物质来源于粘土矿物的转化,多与黄铁矿颗粒共生,其形成过程受到烃类流体活动的影响. 相似文献
7.
以层序地层研究为基础,根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、镜质体反射率、X衍射及地球化学等分析,对东营凹陷沙河街组层序与成岩的关系进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:不同层序部位具有不同的成岩响应,低位体系域主要发育微晶方解石胶结、硬石膏胶结、黄铁矿胶结等,湖盆扩张体系域主要发育有铁碳酸盐胶结、粘土矿物胶结等;高位体系域主要发育有白云石胶结、铁白云石胶结、溶蚀作用、粘土矿物胶结等;层序界面附近主要发育溶蚀现象和铁碳酸盐岩胶结现象。层序发育过程中,原始水介质条件及元素富集规律是引起早期成岩响应的主要因素,并对早期的成岩物质组分造成强烈影响;讨论了层序对成岩演化的控制作用,主要体现在3个方面:a.层序发育控制了原始成岩组分,进而控制后期成岩改造;b.早期成岩作用对层序发育过程具有一定的响应关系,后期成岩改造掩盖了部分成岩响应;c.层序界面通过河流作用、沉积间断减缓压实作用、后期成岩流体的侵入作用对成岩演化造成影响。 相似文献
8.
蓟县铁岭子村附近新出露的下马岭组下部黑色岩系中富含菱铁矿,对这些菱铁矿形成机制的认识直接关系到对下马岭期乃至中元古代古海洋氧化还原状态和地球化学性质的判断。文中利用碳同位素对其成因加以制约,进而反演该时期的古海洋环境。结果显示,这些菱铁矿的碳同位素组成变化范围为-19.2‰~-7.8‰,平均约-15.0‰,明显偏离正常海相沉积碳酸盐岩,而更接近有机质来源的碳酸盐或重碳酸根的δ13C值,说明菱铁矿碳酸根的碳主要源自于有机质。这意味着这些菱铁矿是在早期成岩过程中由三价铁的氧化物或氢氧化物转化而来,而不是直接从海水中沉淀形成。海洋中的铁首先以氧化铁或氢氧化铁的形式发生沉淀,并与有机质一起埋藏于海底缺氧带中。后在成岩过程中发生氧化还原反应,三价铁作为氧化剂氧化有机质使之生成CO2,有机质则作为还原剂将三价铁还原为二价铁,二者结合即构成菱铁矿。同时,有机质热脱羧反应提供的CO2保证了更多的二价铁以菱铁矿的形式保存在地层中。据此可推断,至少在燕辽盆地,下马岭期古海洋已呈现广泛氧化状态,其氧化程度足以将海洋中的铁氧化为三价铁。同时,地层中硫含量极低,说明该时期古海洋贫硫。下马岭期燕辽盆地这种氧化、贫硫的古海洋特征不同于传统的分层海洋模式,因此有必要进行更深入系统的研究。 相似文献
9.
粘土矿物在地表环境中广泛存在,并且与环境中的有机质紧密结合在一起。前人的研究发现,粘土矿物的可膨胀层间域可以有效地保存有机质,防止其在微生物诱导的氧化还原环境的波动的环境中被矿化。然而这一过程在高温条件下是否同样成立尚属未知。本文选取一种代表性有机质12-氨基十二酸(ALA)与典型含铁粘土矿物绿脱石(NAu-2)合成有机质-粘土矿物复合体,在两株高温-超高温铁还原细菌的作用后,通过多种水化学和矿物学的表征手段,研究其矿物结构的变化、有机质的结合稳定性和脱附情况。结果发现细菌对绿脱石结构铁的还原过程中造成的矿物结构的破坏(还原性溶解)是控制ALA从NAu-2中脱附的主要原因。高温条件也会略微促进ALA从NAu-2的层间域中脱附出来。总体来说,受限于微生物对结构铁的还原程度(30%),最终在结构铁还原反应结束后还是有相当大量的ALA在层间保存了下来。这一结果证明了粘土矿物的层间域在高温条件下同样也能够作为有机质保存的有效场所。 相似文献
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11.
Alexandre Raphael Cabral Harilaos Tsikos Yasuyuki Muramatsu Tomoko Sekiya 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011,71(3):297-301
A reconnaissance bulk geochemical study was carried out on ten samples from the Palaeoproterozoic Hotazel iron formation, South Africa, with emphasis on iodine and bromine abundances. Very low-absolute contents recorded for both halogens, i.e. 0.08–0.26 μg/g for I and 0.35–1.23 μg/g for Br, indicate that they should largely have been lost during burial diagenesis. Bulk I/Br ratios (0.08–0.50), however, show marginal variation across the selected sample set and broadly resemble those that typify recent marine sediments containing organic matter. The possibility emerges that both elements are organic matter-sourced and may thus provide a potential proxy for the role of biological processes during deposition and diagenesis of Precambrian iron formations. 相似文献
12.
海洋沉积物的早期成岩作用是其沉积和埋藏过程中发生的一系列生物、物理和化学变化,其驱动力为有机质的降解,根据反应自由能大小,参与反应的氧化剂顺序为:O2>NO3 - 4 2 -
13.
铁作为地壳中丰度最高的元素之一,广泛参与到一系列地球化学循环中。现代海洋中的铁主要来源于河流、冰川和风的铁氧化物颗粒和溶解铁的输入。陆源输入的铁氧化物在有机质埋藏、降解的早期成岩作用过程中,发生一系列转化过程而埋藏下来,该过程被称作活性铁循环。氧化 强氧化条件利于沉积物中氧化铁的持续产生或者至少保持不被溶解的状态,从而形成棕色-红色沉积物;还原条件利于沉积物中铁氧化物的溶解,形成菱铁矿、黄铁矿(铁硫化物) 等形式的埋藏,并可能造成溶解铁在海洋内的迁移。Raiswell、Canfield、Poulton等通过对现代典型海洋环境活性铁循环研究,提出了一系列用于判别古海洋氧化 还原条件的活性铁指标体系,并成功地将太古宙以来的古海洋划分成为含铁的大洋、硫化的大洋和氧化的大洋等3个演化阶段。由于活性铁的不同形态对磷具有不同的生物地球化学效应,将造成“氧化条件下磷的优先埋藏、缺氧条件下优先释放的现象”。磷是海洋生产力的限制性元素,铁和磷循环的上述耦合关系将造成“缺氧的大洋生产力越高,富氧的大洋生产力越低”现象的出现。目前已在白垩纪古海洋缺氧 富氧沉积中初步证实了上述反馈关系的存在,但是对活性铁埋藏形式对该特殊沉积的贡献还需要进一步的工作。 相似文献
14.
Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robert A Berner 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(4):605-615
Sedimentary pyrite formation during early diagenesis is a major process for controlling the oxygen level of the atmosphere and the sulfate concentration in seawater over geologic time. The amount of pyrite that may form in a sediment is limited by the rates of supply of decomposable organic matter, dissolved sulfate, and reactive detrital iron minerals. Organic matter appears to be the major control on pyrite formation in normal (non-euxinic) terrigenous marine sediments where dissolved sulfate and iron minerals are abundant. By contrast, pyrite formation in non-marine, freshwater sediments is severely limited by low concentrations of sulfate and this characteristic can be used to distinguish ancient organic-rich fresh water shales from marine shales. Under marine euxinic conditions sufficient H2S is produced that the dominant control on pyrite formation is the availability of reactive iron minerals.Calculations, based on a sulfur isotope model, indicate that over Phanerozoic time the worldwide average organic carbon-to-pyrite sulfur ratio of sedimentary rocks has varied considerably. High ratios during Permo-Carboniferous time can be explained by a shift of major organic deposition from the oceans to the land which resulted in the formation of vast coal swamps at that time. Low ratios, compared to today, during the early Paleozoic can be explained in terms of a greater abundance of euxinic basins combined with deposition of a more reactive type of organic matter in the remaining oxygenated portions of the ocean. The latter could have been due to lower oceanic oxygen levels and/or a lack of transportation of refractory terrestrial organic matter to the marine environment due to the absence of vascular land plants at that time. 相似文献
15.
Mitsugu Nishimura 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(3):423-432
Organic molecules originating only from the in situ diagenesis of biogenic molecules are ideal geochemical fossils which may provide information essential for the characterization and reconstruction of depositional environments and subsequent chemical reactions during diagenesis. It is proposed herein that this is the case for the 5β-isomers of stanols and stanones produced during stenol hydrogenation in young aquatic sediments, if shown to be essentially free of any major anthropogenic pollution (particularly, sewage). In order to clarify the environmental factors controlling the production of the 5β-steroidal isomers from stenols in recent aquatic sediments, attempts were made to relate the occurrence of 5β-stanols to various environmental parameters. Positive correlations between elevated concentrations of 5β-stanols and the degree of autochthonous contribution to sedimentary organic matter were consistently found in various surface aquatic sediments from a wide variety of depositional environments and also in older sediments extending even to the late Pleistocene. According to this finding, it was concluded that the primary factor controlling the conversion of stenols to 5β-stanols through 5β-stanones in anaerobic aquatic sediments is probably the relative contribution of autochthonous organic matter suitable for microbial metabolism (i.e. metabolizable organic matter) to the sediments. Consequently, it is proposed that the 5β-isomers of stanols and stanones, at least in immature aquatic (marine and non-marine) sediments, can serve as primary markers for defining the quality of sedimentary organic matter (viz. the relative contribution of metabolizable organic materials to sedimentary organic matter) and as indicators for the types and rates of microbiological activities responsible for early diagenesis of organic matter in anaerobic sediments. It is also suggested that the combination of the 5β-steroidal isomers with organic source parameters will allow these compounds to assist in indicating oxic or anoxic depositional environments. 相似文献
16.
Abundances of organic carbon, sulfur, and reactive iron in sediments of three upwelling environments (Peru, Oman and Benguela) suggest that organic carbon/reduced sulfur ratios (C/S-ratios) in this category of marine sediments deviate considerably from previously established empirical ratios in normal marine sediments. To clarify the discrepancies, we investigated those components of the diagenetic system that limit the formation of pyrite: sulfate concentrations and reduction rates in pore waters, availability of reactive iron, and the quantity and quality of organic matter. All three limitations are evident in our sample pools. The results suggest that C/S-ratios in recent and fossil marine sediments rich in organic matter may be unsuitable as paleoenvironmental indicators. 相似文献
17.
The reduction of sulfate by sulfate reducing bacteria in the anoxic zone is an extremely important process during early diagenesis of marine sediments. Our data from Great Bay, NH reinforce the proposal that the rate of sulfate reduction is directly proportional to the reactivity of the organic matter or the amount of readily metabolizable organic matter present in the sediment and, hence, the source of the organic material in the anoxic zone. It appears that organic matter rich in marine organic remains is more easily degraded in the anoxic zone and that sulfate reduction rates can vary considerably in an estuarine system where many types of organic material may be deposited. 相似文献
18.
Using some uranium deposits and recent U-bearing sediments as examples, it is shown that all U-bearing rocks are characterized by an association of organic matter and calcium phosphate, irrespective of the quantitative relationship between these components. A considerable proportion of these components was delivered into sediments with remains of marine planktonic and nektonic organisms. Along with organic matter, calcium phosphate played a significant role in uranium concentration. This is related to a high sorption ability of the calcium phosphate. Uranium accumulated during diagenesis as a result of diffusion exchange between bottom and interstitial waters. The combination of anoxic bottom environment with high bioproductivity in upper aerated waters, a typical phenomenon in oceanic upwelling zones, is the most favorable factor of uranium concentration in the sedimentary process. This determines the stable paragenetic association of organic matter, phosphorus, and uranium in marine sediments, such as black shales and organogenic phosphate deposits. 相似文献
19.
Diagenesis of metal-organic complexes in sediments: Formation of metal sulphides from cystine complexes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J.D. Saxby 《Chemical Geology》1973,12(4):241-248
Metal-cystine complexes of iron, lead, zinc, copper and nickel under mild artificial diagenesis give rise to crystalline metal sulphides and insoluble organic matter as well as gaseous and “oily” organic products. Under confined reducing conditions at 200°C for 100 h a virtual 100% conversion of metal complex to metal sulphide occurs, while < 10% of the associated organic material may remain as kerogen. Such a mechanism could account for the formation of metal sulphides and in particular pyrite from protein- or amino acid-rich material in carbonaceous sediments during diagenesis. 相似文献