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1.
本文首先介绍了青藏高原盐湖的基本概况,分布特征;重点叙述了该区盐湖自然资源的类型、盐类沉积矿物组合,卤水的水化学成分,盐湖资源的规模和开发利用现状;提出了今后开发利用盐湖资源的方向和途径。 相似文献
2.
本文首先介绍了青藏高原盐湖的基本概况,分布特征;重点叙述了该区盐湖自然资源的类型、盐类沉积矿物组合,卤水的水化学成分,盐湖资源的规模和开发利用现状;提出了今后开发利用盐湖资源的方向和途径。 相似文献
3.
More than one-half of the world's population is dependent on ground water for everyday uses such as drinking, cooking, and hygiene. In fact, it is the most extracted natural resource in the world. As a result of growing populations and expanding economies, many aquifers today are being depleted while others are being contaminated. Notwithstanding the world's considerable reliance on this resource, ground water resources have long received only secondary attention as compared to surface water, especially among legislatures and policymakers. Today, while there are hundreds of treaties governing transboundary rivers and lakes, there is only one international agreement that directly addresses a transboundary aquifer. Given that many of the aquifers on which humanity so heavily relies cross international borders, there is a considerable gap in the sound management, allocation, and protection of such resources. In order to prevent future disputes over transboundary aquifers and to maximize the beneficial use of this resource, international law must be clarified as it applies to transboundary ground water resources. Moreover, it must be defined with a firm basis in sound scientific understanding. In this paper we offer six conceptual models is which ground water resources can have transboudary consequences. The models are intended to help in assessing the applicability and scientific soundness of existing and proposed rules governing transboundary ground water resources. In addition, we consider the development of international law as it applies to ground water resources and make recommendations based on the models and principles of hydrogeology. The objective is the development of clear, logical, and science-based norms of state conducts as they relate to aquifers that traverse political boundaries. 相似文献
4.
This paper focuses upon south-eastern Lithuanian Quaternary aquifer system groundwater resources formation modelling. Groundwater model calibration has been performed for a pre-development and transient flow conditions. The results demonstrate that there is an intense interaction between groundwater and surface water bodies which form groundwater resources and runoff. For Quaternary cover the majority of unconfined groundwater outflows to surface water streams, the remaining part discharges through the confined interglacial/interstadial aquifers and lateral outflows across the boundaries. Groundwater prognostic exploitable resources can be obtained without a significant negative impact on the geoenvironment. The main sources of exploitable resources formation are increase in groundwater recharge and lateral inflow (40.7%), decreased outflow via streams and lateral boundaries (41.2%) and drawing up additional flow from the hydraulically connected streams (14.5%). 相似文献
5.
Yanjun Shen Taikan Oki Shinjiro Kanae Naota Hanasaki Nobuyuki Utsumi Masashi Kiguchi 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(10):1775-1793
AbstractChanges in water resources availability, as affected by global climate warming, together with changes in water withdrawal, could influence the world water resources stress situation. In this study, we investigate how the world water resources situation will likely change under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) by integrating water withdrawal projections. First, the potential changes in water resources availability are investigated by a multi-model analysis of the ensemble outputs of six general circulation models (GCMs) from organizations worldwide. The analysis suggests that, while climate warming might increase water resources availability to human society, there is a large discrepancy in the size of the water resource depending on the GCM used. Secondly, the changes in water-stressed basins and the number of people living in them are evaluated by two indices at the basin scale. The numbers were projected to increase in the future and possibly to be doubled in the 2050s for the three SRES scenarios A1b, A2 and B1. Finally, the relative impacts of population growth, water use change and climate warming on world water resources are investigated using the global highly water-stressed population as an overall indicator. The results suggest that population and socio-economic development are the major drivers of growing world water resources stress. Even though water availability was projected to increase under different warming scenarios, the reduction of world water stress is very limited. The principal alternative to sustainable governance of world water resources is to improve water-use efficiency globally by effectively reducing net water withdrawal.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor D. Gerten 相似文献
6.
P.W. Birnie 《Marine pollution bulletin》1974,5(6):90-93
The United Nations Environmental Programme Secretariat has now settled into new headquarters in Nairobi, and its governing council met there recently. An ambitious programme for investment in marine pollution control and for the conservation and management of marine resources has been agreed upon, although the financial backing for this is weak. Non-governmental organizations have also held a meeting there and have made additional proposals for UNEP activity. 相似文献
7.
Wang Ji-Yang Chen Mo-Xiang Wang Ji-An Deng Xiao Wang Jun Shen Hsien-Chieh Hsiung Liang-Ping Yan Shu-Zhen Fan Zhi-Cheng Liu Xiu-Wen Huang Ge-Shan Zhang Wen-Ren Shao Hai-Hui Zhang Rong-Yan 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1981,9(1):57-76
Geothermal studies have been conducted in China continuously since the end of the 1950's with renewed activity since 1970. Three areas of research are defined: (1) fundamental theoretical research on geothermics, including subsurface temperatures, terrestrial heat flow and geothermal modeling; (2) exploration for geothermal resources and exploitation of geothermal energy; and (3) geothermal studies in mines.Regional geothermal studies have been conducted recently in North China and more than 2000 values of subsurface temperature have been obtained. Temperatures at a depth of 300 m generally range from 20 to 25°C with geothermal gradients from 20 to 40°C/km. These values are regarded as an average for the region with anomalies related to geological factors.To date, 22 reliable heat flow data from 17 sites have been obtained in North China and the data have been categorized according to fault block tectonics. The average heat flow value at 16 sites in the north is 1.3 HFU, varying from 0.7 to 1.8 HFU. It is apparent that the North China fault block is characterized by a relatively high heat flow with wide variations in magnitude compared to the mean value for similar tectonic units in other parts of the world. It is suggested that although the North China fault block can be traced back to the Archaean, the tectonic activity has been strengthening since the Mesozoic resulting in so-called “reactivation of platform” with large-scale faulting and magmatism.Geothermal resources in China are extensive; more than 2000 hot springs have been found and there are other manifestations including geysers, hydrothermal explosions, hydrothermal steam, fumaroles, high-temperature fountains, boiling springs, pools of boiling mud, etc. In addition, there are many Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary basins with widespread aquifers containing geothermal water resources in abundance. The extensive exploration and exploitation of these geothermal resources began early in the 1970's. Since then several experimental power stations using thermal water have been set up in Fengshun (Fungshun), 相似文献
8.
Concerns about the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus have motivated many discussions regarding new approaches for managing water, energy and food resources. Despite the progress in recent years, there remain many challenges in scientific research on the WEF nexus, while implementation as a management tool is just beginning. The scientific challenges are primarily related to data, information and knowledge gaps in our understanding of the WEF inter-linkages. Our ability to untangle the WEF nexus is also limited by the lack of systematic tools that could address all the trade-offs involved in the nexus. Future research needs to strengthen the pool of information. It is also important to develop integrated software platforms and tools for systematic analysis of the WEF nexus. The experience made in integrated water resources management in the hydrological community, especially in the framework of Panta Rhei, is particularly well suited to take a lead in these advances. 相似文献
9.
在当今全球各国对油、气能源的需求和我国在工业化进程中油气能源十分紧缺的前提下,共享世界油、气能源的同时,必须立足于本土,迅速建立起安全、稳定,且可保证持续供给的油、气能源战略后备基地.油、气田勘探和开采中,尚存在着大于或远大于通常所规范的油、气生成稳定温度和深度限定,而向深部勘察油、气的理念又受到传统油、气成因理论的严峻挑战.为此,近些年来,通过对沉积建造、结晶基底,深部油气生成的物理（主指温度、压力）条件、物源和聚集储存空间的研究,提出：①沉积盆地中存在双相（陆相+海相）沉积建造,而基底则分为中、新生代沉积基底和古老的变质岩结晶基底,即双层基底;②地壳深部介质的物理－化学属性和变质岩及存储空间为油、气的生成和聚集提供了物质基础;③厘定了在有机成因主导下,油、气混合成因（有机+无机）的新理念;④第二深度空间（5000~10000 m）的油、气探查和开发将必是未来深部发现大型和超大型油、气田和深化研究的必然轨迹. 相似文献
10.
T. Estrela 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1154-1167
Abstract Impacts on water resources produced by climate change can be exacerbated when occurring in regions already presenting low water resources levels and frequent droughts, and subject to imbalances between water demands and available resources. Within Europe, according to existing climate change scenarios, water resources will be severely affected in Spain. However, the detection of those effects is not simple, because the natural variability of the water cycle and the effects of water abstractions on flow discharges complicate the establishment of clear trends. Therefore, there is a need to improve the assessment of climate change impacts by using hydrological simulation models. This paper reviews water resources and their variability in Spain, the recent modelling studies on hydrological effects of climate change, expected impacts on water resources, the implications in river basins and the current policy actions. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Estrela, T., Pérez-Martin, M.A., and Vargas, E., 2012. Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (6), 1154–1167. 相似文献
11.
The keynote paper by Garrett Hardin 44 years ago introduced the term 'tragedy of the commons' into our language (Hardin, 1968); this term is now used widely, but it is neither universally accepted nor fully understood. Irrespective, the 'tragedy of the commons' is an increasing reality for more than 500 million people that rely on the biodiversity resources and services of tropical coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass beds and associated fisheries. These natural resources continue to decline despite major advances in our scientific understanding of how ecosystems and human populations interact, and the application of considerable conservation and management efforts at scales from local user communities to oceans. Greater effort will be required to avert increasing damage from over-exploitation, pollution and global climate change; all deriving from increasing exploitation driven by poverty and progress i.e. continuing to expand development indefinitely and extraction of resources at industrial scales. However, the 'tragedy' concept has been widely criticized as a simple metaphor for a much larger set of problems and solutions. We argue that the 'tragedy' is essentially real and will continue to threaten the lives of millions of people unless there are some major moral and policy shifts to reverse increasing damage to coastal habitats and resources. We agree with the conclusion by Hardin that the solution to the tragedy will not be through the application of natural sciences, but via implementing exceedingly difficult and controversial moral decisions. An extreme example of a moral and controversial direction suggested by Hardin was in re-examining the 'freedom to breed' as an inherent human value. The need for 'moral decisions' is even greater in 2012. 相似文献
12.
This paper emphasizes the use of fuzzy sets for incorporating objective and subjective uncertainties to address coevolutionary alignment of a suite of water resources redistribution alternatives in a transboundary channel–reservoir system. The highlighted decision making complexity arises from the interactions between two neighboring water systems (i.e., the Tseng-Wen and Kao-Ping River Basins, South Taiwan) where a pending diversion plan has been under intensive debate for over a decade. While the local stakeholders make uncertain science linked with uncertain politics resulting in endless delay of the diversion plan, the environmental advocacy groups stress the increasing concern of loss of biological integrity due to changes of land use when sharing water resources across the boundary. Consequently, there is a need to generate a novel integration that enables us to consider a vast number of internal weirs, water intakes, reservoirs, drainage ditches, and transfer pipelines within the basin and bring out the connectivity via diversion between these two neighboring river basins under uncertainty. To explore the managerial implications with varying risk perception and risk attitude, four types of fuzzy operators tailored for the fuzzy multi-objective decision analysis depict greater flexibility in representing the complexity of possible trade-offs among those alternatives. These trade-offs in the multi-objective evaluation context are constrained by physical, chemical, socioeconomic, managerial, and technical factors reflecting the needs for adaptive water resources management. Findings indicates that the use of fuzzy operators is instructive, which could provide unique guidance for enlightening the potential barriers in sustainable water resources management at the regional scale. 相似文献
13.
Abstract This study considers the management of an aquifer with artificial recharge whose water resources are mainly used for irrigation and where the irrigation return flows and natural discharge are considerable. These two variables are dependent on the use and increase of water resources. The interaction between some inflow and outflow variables is taken into account in the computation of the actual volume of water available, there being a pre-established artificial recharge of the aquifer. Conversely, the artificial recharge for a given water demand may be calculated. The most important inflow and outflow variables are used in an equation system (the water balance for each period of time) for these interactions and the total inflow and outflow. An iterative procedure is developed that solves the equation and with it the computation of the actual availability of water and storage. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Water Policy》2001,3(3):229-255
This paper examines the evolution structure and characteristics of the management systems of 12 transboundary river basins: The Mekong, Indus, Ganges–Brahmaputra, the Nile, Jordan, Danube, Elbe, Rio Grande and Colorado, Rio de la Plata, Senegal and Niger. The paper presents the legal principles which guide the legal regime of the studied rivers, particularly the principle of equitable use of transboundary water resources and the obligation not to cause harm in the management of transboundary water resources. The practice of management in the abovementioned rivers is divided into three categories:(a) Treaties and agreements stopping short of allocating water between riparian states such as free navigation treaties or institutions which were established for a sole purpose such as combating pollution (Elbe, Danube, Rhine).(b) Treaties and agreements allocating water between states (the Indus, Nile, Ganges, Jordan).(c) Agreements for joint management of internationally shared waters (Colorado and Rio Grande, Mekong, Senegal and Niger).Some of the institutions discussed in this paper have evolved only after a long conflict (Indus, Ganges, Jordan) and that there is a danger of adopting institutions for only a portion of a river basin (Mekong, Nile). The success of institutions which were founded on basin-wide joint management lie in their territorial coverage and broad functional frameworks. These institutions also reflect, in the best way, the current legal norms in the management of transboundary water resources. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACTConcerns about the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus have motivated many discussions regarding new approaches for managing water, energy and food resources. Despite the progress in recent years, there remain many challenges in scientific research on the WEF nexus, while implementation as a management tool is just beginning. The scientific challenges are primarily related to data, information and knowledge gaps in our understanding of the WEF inter-linkages. Our ability to untangle the WEF nexus is also limited by the lack of systematic tools that could address all the trade-offs involved in the nexus. Future research needs to strengthen the pool of information. It is also important to develop integrated software platforms and tools for systematic analysis of the WEF nexus. The experience made in integrated water resources management in the hydrological community, especially in the framework of Panta Rhei, is particularly well suited to take a lead in these advances. 相似文献
17.
The relationship among the population, economy and water resources is complex, and the contradictions and conflicts will appear and aggravate with the rapid development of economy and society in Northeast China. Based on the statistical analysis of the available data, this paper depicted the static distribution characteristics of the population, economy and water resources of Northeast China in 2011. It was found that the spatial distribution of the population, economy and water resources was unbalanced in Northeast China. The water resources mismatched with the population and economy. The population and economy were relatively dense and developed in the southwestern part of Northeast China respectively, while the water resources was relatively scarce. However, the situations in the northern part of Northeast China were opposite to those in the southwestern part. The population-economy inconsistence indexes of the cities in northern part of Northeast China showed a significant trend of spatial aggregation and heterogeneity. The cities with lower (<1.5) and higher (>1) inconsistence indexes all faced the problem of water resources shortage. Applying geometric gravity center method and grey correlation model, the result indicated that there was relatively high spatial relevance and the relative deviation among the spatial dynamic distributions of the population, economy and water resources was large. The gravity centers of economy and per capita average annual total water resources moved westward, while the gravity center of population gravity center moved eastward in the period of 1997–2011 in Northeast China. It must be noted that, the migration trend of the economy gravity center was more significant than those of the population and water resources. 相似文献
18.
Adams SM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(8-12):649-657
An operational framework is developed to serve as a guideline for investigating causal relationships between environmental stressors and effects on marine biota. Because of the complexity and variability of many marine systems, multiple lines of evidence are needed to understand relationships between stressors and effects on marine resources. Within this framework, a weight of evidence approach based on multiple lines of evidence are developed and applied in a sequential manner by (1) characterizing the study system which involves determining if target biota are impaired, assessment of food and habitat availability, and measuring contaminant levels in the environment, (2) assessing direct effects of contaminant exposure on target biota using biomarkers and assessing indirect effects of exposure using suites of bioindicators, and (3) applying standard causal criteria based on epidemiological principles and diagnostic health profiling techniques to assess potential causes. Use of multiple lines of evidence should also reduce the risk of false positives (Type I error or falsely concluding that there is a causal relationship when there is none) and false negatives (Type II error or falsely concluding there is not a causal relationship when there actually is). Understanding causal relationships and the mechanistic processes between environmental stressors and effects on biota is important in the effective management and restoration of impaired marine ecosystems. 相似文献
19.
Global climate change and its impacts on water resources planning and management: assessment and challenges 总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2
Population explosion and its many associated effects (e.g. urbanization, water pollution, deforestation) have already caused
enormous stress on the world’s fresh water resources and, in turn, environment, health, and economy. According to latest World
Health Organization estimates, about 900 million people still lack access to safe drinking water, about 2.5 billion people
lack access to proper sanitation, millions of people die every year from water-related disasters and diseases, and economic
losses in the order of billions of dollars occur due to water-related disasters. With the global climate change anticipated
to have threatening consequences on our water resources and environment both at the global level and at local/regional levels
(e.g. increases in the number and magnitude of floods and droughts, increases in sea levels), a general assessment is that
the future state of our water resources will be a lot worse than it is now. The facts that over 300 rivers around the world
are being shared by two or more nation states and that there are already numerous conflicts in the planning, development,
and management of water resources in these basins further complicate matters for future water resources planning. In view
of these, any sincere effort towards proper management of our future water resources and resolving potential future water-related
conflicts will need to overcome many challenges. These challenges are both biophysical science-related and human science-related.
The biophysical science challenges include: identification of the actual causes of climate change, development of global climate
models (GCMs) that can adequately incorporate these causes to generate dependable future climate projections at larger scales,
formulation of appropriate techniques to downscale the GCM outputs to local conditions for hydrologic predictions, and reliable
estimation of the associated uncertainties in all these. The human science challenges have social, political, economic, and
environmental facets that often act in an interconnected manner; proper ‘communication’ of (or lack thereof) our climate-water
‘scientific’ research activities to fellow scientists and engineers, policy makers, economists, industrialists, farmers, and
the public at large crucially contributes to these challenges. The present study is intended to review the current state of
our water resources and the climate change problem and to detail the challenges in dealing with the potential impacts of climate
change on our water resources. 相似文献
20.
ＰＲＯＢＡＢＬＥＭＡＸＩＭＵＭＦＬＯＯＤＦＯＲＤＡＭＳＡＦＥＴＹＡＳＳＥＳＳＭＥＮＴＣ．Ｆ．ＬＥＥ（Ｆｏｒｍｅｒｌｙ，ＭａｎａｇｅｒｏｆＧｅｏｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌａｎｄＨｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ；ＭａｎａｇｅｒｏｆＣｉ... 相似文献