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1.
In the 1950s, few people had travelled widely through different parts of the tropics and interpretations on tropical landforms, soils, vegetation and climate largely rested on impressions gained from residence or long sojourns in particular tropical countries. Most academic geography on the tropics was then written by expatriates and lacked the perspective gained from long experience of tropical regions. Particular problems of understanding arose as people attempted to extrapolate from one part of the tropics to another. Since then, understanding has advanced enormously, largely through the efforts of tropical scientists working in their own institutions and through the greater technological ability to study tropical lands both remotely and through easier field access. The establishment of a number of field stations, aimed primarily at the biological sciences, but also facilitating the work of geographers, has been a major stimulus to this effort. Concerns over practical issues, particularly local development and global climatic change have prompted new avenues of research, many of which have been assisted by the great increase in data collection in tropical countries. For the future, South-South dialogue between tropical physical geographers is needed to improve their ability to ask meaningful questions so that they can contribute to teach the rest of their discipline more about serious applied and applicable geography. 相似文献
2.
Multiple geographies of the Arab Internet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Arab world plays a relatively minor role in the rapidly changing geographies of global cyberspace. This paper explores the multiple geographies of the Arab Internet. First, it addresses Internet penetration rates, which averaged 7.8 per cent in 2006, although these varied widely among and within the region's countries. Between 2000 and 2006, the number of users jumped by 830 per cent, indicating these geographies are in rapid flux. It then examines the telecommunications infrastructure of the Middle East and North Africa, including fixed and mobile telephone networks and Internet cafes. Third, it turns to the reasons why the Internet has experienced relatively late adoption among Arab countries, including the dominance of the Latin alphabet, high access costs reflecting state-owned telecommunications monopolies, low Arab literacy rates, and restrictive gender relations that keep the proportion of female users low. The paper pays special attention both to government censorship of the Arab Internet as well as resistance to such controls and attempts to utilize the Internet counter-hegemonically. Finally, it explores the impacts of the Internet on some Arab societies, including the opening of discursive communities of politics, the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, Iraq and electronic commerce. 相似文献
3.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):327-339
The rapid growth in this decade of World Wide Web access through the Internet is supported by a complex matrix of telecommunications infrastructure. This paper presents an overview of the history of the Internet and recent efforts to measure its structure and performance, and examines the spatial organization of the commercial Internet backbone. The research presented in this paper differs from previous Internet measurement work in that we apply network analysis methods to evaluate Internet connectivity. Transportation network analysis techniques are applied to measure 1) connectivity of individual service provider networks and 2) accessibility of cities to Internet service. The results reveal many different strategies implemented by service providers in network design as well as large differences in levels of accessibility of cities and regions in the United States. There is also an apparent disparity between population and city accessibility to the Internet. 相似文献
4.
The rapid growth in this decade of World Wide Web access through the Internet is supported by a complex matrix of telecommunications infrastructure. This paper presents an overview of the history of the Internet and recent efforts to measure its structure and performance, and examines the spatial organization of the commercial Internet backbone. The research presented in this paper differs from previous Internet measurement work in that we apply network analysis methods to evaluate Internet connectivity. Transportation network analysis techniques are applied to measure 1) connectivity of individual service provider networks and 2) accessibility of cities to Internet service. The results reveal many different strategies implemented by service providers in network design as well as large differences in levels of accessibility of cities and regions in the United States. There is also an apparent disparity between population and city accessibility to the Internet. 相似文献
5.
进入21世纪以来中国互联网发展的时空差异及其影响因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
进入21世纪以来,中国的互联网事业得到了飞速发展,但目前的普及率还远远低于大多数发达国家或地区。在空间上,中国东、中、西地区的互联网普及率差异显著,省际发展存在极大的地域集中性,同时,城乡之间也存在着明显的数字鸿沟。通过分别对2001年和2008年31个省市(区)的从经济、文化、社会等方面选取的11项指标进行因子分析,得出影响区域互联网普及率的3个主因子:区域现代化综合水平因子、区位因子和信息基础设施因子,并对其进行多元回归,发现各个主因子的影响系数发生了较大变化。最后,动态地分析了各个主因子是如何影响互联网发展与变化的,并为中国的互联网发展提供一些政策建议。 相似文献
6.
We use unit records of the 2006 census to show that access to the Internet in the home varies geographically in New Zealand primarily as a result of demographic and socio‐economic differences among individuals. Of particular significance is the much lower rates of domestic access experienced by Māori and Pacific Island individuals even after controlling for differences in their age, gender, education, income, occupation and settlement type. While differences in Internet access by ethnicity has been noted before, it is the magnitude and persistence of this difference in New Zealand after controlling for correlated factors that renders this study unique. Our results have important implications in an education environment increasingly reliant on Web access, but they also raise questions about the extent of access to the Internet outside the home. 相似文献
7.
互联网正在迅速地成为世界经济增长和社会进步的重要动力。本文首先分析了全球互联网技术扩散的地理格局,研究表明发达国家和发展中国家的数字鸿沟依然明显。接着分析了政治因素对互联网技术扩散的影响因素,并通过计量的手段探究了社会经济因素的效果,结果表明人均产出变量是互联网渗透率区域变差的决定因素。在此基础上探讨了互联网的这种地理格局对未来地区社会经济发展的潜在影响。最后提出了超越数字鸿沟的基本举措:加快经济发展、重视互联网基础设施和教育投资和增进国际间的合作。 相似文献
8.
Recent advances in precipitation-bias correction and application 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Significant progresses have been made in recent years in precipitation data analyses at regional to global scales. This paper re-views and synthesizes recent advances in precipitation-bias corrections and applications in many countries and over the cold re-gions. The main objective of this review is to identify and examine gaps in regional and national precipitation-error analyses. This paper also discusses and recommends future research needs and directions. More effort and coordination are necessary in the determinations of precipitation biases on large regions across national borders. It is important to emphasize that bias cor-rections of precipitation measurements affect both water budget and energy balance calculations, particularly over the cold regions. 相似文献
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10.
A Global Approach to the Spatial Diversity and Dynamics of Internet Domains 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Krzysztof Janc 《Geographical review》2016,106(4):567-587
The objective of this paper is to describe the place of individual countries in digital space through the lens of Internet domains and specific websites. We will discuss the global geography of domains in reference to states and other entities of spatial organization, and changes in the positions of individual websites. These issues will be approached with an awareness of the significant changes taking place in the functioning of the Web, particularly cyberbalkanization. This study mainly used data from Alexa rankings, the best free source of information available on the behavior of Internet users. One conclusion is the clear U.S. dominance over other countries in relation to number of most popular domains. Despite the clear U.S. dominance, the BRIC countries—Brazil, Russia, India, and China—play an increasingly significant role in the geography of domains. The trends discussed in this article are related to the so‐called balkanization of the Internet. Regulations of its functioning and the growing importance of national websites and search engines have contributed to deepening the differences between Internet users in different countries. 相似文献
11.
知识经济是相对于传统经济的、新型的、富有生命力的经济类型它以知识创新、转化和利用为特征,能带来巨大的经济效益,利于提高社会、生态效益,协调人与自然的关系。它既是人类知识进步和发达国家或地区生产力高度发展的结果,又为发展中国家或地区的生产组织的选择指明了方向。文章结合知识经济,内涵,讨论了发展中国家或地区在知识经济时代的生产组织选择的重点和方向问题。 相似文献
12.
Despite persistent images to the contrary, most fieldworkers are accompanied. Yet, there has been limited discussion on the nature of accompanied fieldwork, particularly by geographers. Drawing on our experiences in three countries in the tropics, we discuss the dynamics of being accompanied in “the field” by our children and female co‐researchers. Specifically, we focus on issues of access and rapport; the impacts of their presence on our positionality; and the implications these have for power relations and research outcomes. We demonstrate how being accompanied entangles our personal and professional selves and can result in more egalitarian power relations as we become “observers observed”. We argue that by paying attention to the dynamics of accompanied fieldwork, there is the potential to enhance the conceptual focus of our methodological concerns and to provide a more theoretically sophisticated mode of exploring the ways in which our multiple identities intersect while in “the field”. 相似文献
13.
互联网与中国信息网络城市的崛起 总被引：42，自引：3，他引：39
从互联网骨干网络拓扑结构入手,对中国互联网进行了初步的地理学分析,着重考察了基于这种新的信息基础设施架构之上的中国城市体系格局。结果表明：一个由信息网络城市组成的城市网络已在中国浮现,北京、上海和广州之间的互联网骨干连接构成了我国长距离电子通信的核心层次。互联网基础设施建设正在重构城市的竞争优势,而地理区位因素仍在其中起着重要的作用。 相似文献
14.
中国互联网用户增长的省际差异及其收敛性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
进入21世纪以来,中国的互联网事业得到了飞速发展;但同时互联网发展的区域差异仍表现得十分明显。采用σ-收敛、β-收敛和俱乐部收敛3种分析方法,对1997~2008年期间中国(港澳台地区除外)互联网用户增长的收敛性进行了探析,并对影响互联网普及率的关键因素进行了条件β-收敛的检验。结果发现,中国互联网用户增长的省际差异变动存在着较为明显的σ-收敛和β-收敛。控制人均GDP、城镇化水平、基础设施水平、受教育程度、对外开放度、地理位置等变量后,地区间存在条件β-收敛。东、中、西三大区域存在着较为显著的俱乐部收敛趋势,收敛速度则表现为东部慢于中部,中部慢于西部。 相似文献
15.
珠江三角洲城市群的城市竞争力时空演变 总被引：35，自引：7，他引：28
在界定城市竞争力概念的基础上,通过构建城市竞争力评价模型,以珠江三角洲城市群为案例,从城市群的角度进行城市竞争力评价研究。通过建立珠江三角洲城市群城市竞争力评价指标体系,运用主成分分析方法,选择1990年和2001年两个时间断面,对珠江三角洲城市群城市竞争力影响要素及其内部城市竞争力的时空演变规律进行了归纳总结,并对其成因进行了深入剖析。 相似文献
16.
《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1987,7(2):153-174
Rising pressures of population and resource use in the humid tropics make the establishment and maintenance of more productive yet sustainable agricultural systems ever more necessary. This is particularly so for the small-scale farmers who form the majority of the poor population in many countries. A range of agricultural practices that can improve output on a sustained basis are already well recognized. These include more effective fallow-management, fertilization and manuring, improving tillage practices, intercropping and agroforestry.While the scientific community has achieved much in the humid tropics, the potential contribution of indigenous cultivators is increasingly recognized and progress will demand their integration into the research and development process.The search for sustainable production must confront not only many ecological constraints but also many of an economic, social and political character. The wider development process discriminates against the strengthening of sustainable agriculture and tends to generate more exploitative forms of production. This is evident, for instance, with the spread of poor, inexperienced farmers into humid tropical colonization zones. Effective diffusion of ecologically sound agriculture in the humid tropics requires the inclusion of a full socioeconomic perspective as part of an interdisciplinary approach to this crucial problem of land management. 相似文献
17.
Throughout much of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the tropics and subtropics were constructed as a relatively homogenous realm. The supposed 'pathological potency' of these regions was assumed to render them particularly hazardous for European constitutions relative to 'temperate' locations. The interior of Africa represented one such apparently pestilential place. This paper examines how the experiences of nineteenth-century missionaries based at various stations in central southern Africa might have been influenced by popular and scientific debates focusing on environment, climate and health in Africa. We also illustrate how their perspectives may have challenged popular homogenized conceptualizations of interior Africa as a uniformly dangerous place for Europeans and helped to identify a spatially varied pathological geography of the region. 相似文献
18.
This paper examines the fieldwork undertaken by the distinguished French geographer Pierre Gourou (1900–99) in the Tonkin Delta (Red River Delta) of northern Vietnam in the 1920s and 1930s, and his wider configuration of “the tropical world” as a distinct space of knowledge and radical otherness. Gourou's fieldwork endeavours in French Indochina are interpreted in the light of recent work on “tropicality”: the idea that “the tropics” need to be understood as a western cultural construction and colonising discourse that essentialised the hot, wet regions of the world, and exalted the temperate world over its tropical counterpart. The paper focuses on Gourou's monumental 1936 study Les paysans du delta tonkinois, étude de géographie humaine. It is argued that in this study, and his later comparative work on the tropics, Gourou elaborated a distinct geographical variant of tropicality, but one that, ultimately, reinforced the essentialist logic and momentum of this discourse. Particular attention is paid to the geographical ideas, fieldwork techniques and discursive strategies that Gourou used in his 1936 study, and the French colonial context in which he worked. The article shows how Gourou appealed to western reason and science as tools of study, identified overpopulation as the key problem facing the Tonkin Delta, and suggested that colonial practices of modernisation had a limited place and ineffectual role in the rice plains of the region. 相似文献
19.
信息高速公路与地理信息系统──综述地理科学的信息革命 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
国家信息基础设施(NII)是一个能为全球广大用户提供大量信息及信息服务的计算机网络系统,其雏形Internet已连接了全球150多个国家和地区,并提供了诸如新闻广告、电子邮件、远程对话等一系列服务.中国也已经以“金桥工程”为起步开始实施中国国家信息基础设施计划.国家空间数据基础设施作为其组成部分之一,其核心是WebGIS的建设以及地理空间数据的标准与规范化.同时信息高速公路建设为GIS的发展也创造了新的条件,促进了WebGIS等的发展,改变了GIS集成方式,拓宽了GIS应用领域,并将推动地理科学的信息革命. 相似文献
20.
城市的网络优势--中国互联网骨干网络结构与节点可达性分析 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
过去十余年,中国的互联网得到飞速发展,新的基础设施空间架构也已经基本形成。本文在回顾有关通信网络与城市体系的文献基础上,尝试建立一种评价中国互联网城市可达性的方法,并对五大骨干网络的空间结构和节点可达性进行了分析。结果表明:中国互联网基础设施的空间格局整体上趋于均衡,节点可达性基本遵循原有的城市等级体系;北京、广州和上海三大国家交换中心和几大区域核心节点城市的可达性位列顶层;节点可达性的高低与城市地理区位存在紧密联系。 相似文献