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根据作者等人野外实地考察,1920年海原8(1/2)级大地震的地层断层全长225km,共由6条几何参数不同的次级断层呈有规律的斜列状组合而成.每一条次级断层都可分为形变性质不同的三段,其中中段以水平走滑性质为主;两端以垂直形变为主,表现为逆断层和正断层性质.垂直和水平位移的测量数据也表明,每一条次级断层的中段水平位移最大,向两端逐渐减小,以至消失,而垂直位移正好相反,中段小,两端大.整个断层的地震位移显示出多个峰值的形变特征.这种形变特征表明,海原大地震的6条次级断层都是各个相对独立的水平位移间断面(即位错面),每个位错面,都可以代表一次独立的次级地震破裂事件.作者等据此认为,巨大的8(1/2)级海原大地震可能是由6次相对独立的次级地震事件接续发生的结果. 相似文献
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Influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on earthquake occurrence trend of active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region 
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下载免费PDF全文 The Wenchuan earthquake coseismic deformation field is inferred from the coseismic dislocation data based on a 3-D geometric model of the active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region. Then the potential dislocation displacement is inverted from the deformation field in the 3-D geometric model. While the faults' slip velocities are inverted from GPS and leveling data, which can be used as the long-term slip vector. After the potential dislocation displacements are projected to long-term slip direction, we have got the influence of Wenchuan earthquake on active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region. The results show that the northwestern segment of Longmenshan fault, the southern segments of Xianshuihe fault, Anninghe fault, Zemuhe fault, northern and southern segments of Daliangshan fault, Mabian fault got earthquake risks advanced of 305, 19, 12, 9.1 and 18, 51 years respectively in the eastern part of Sichuan and Yunnan. The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault, Nujiang fault, Longling-Lancang fault, Nantinghe fault and Zhongdian fault also got earthquake risks advanced in the western part of Sichuan-Yunnan region. Whereas the northwestern segment of Xianshuihe fault and Xiaojiang fault got earthquake risks reduced after the Wenchuan earthquake. 相似文献
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大地震的发生会引起区域位移场和应力场发生变化,进而改变区域内及临近断层的应力状态和地震活动性.目前,研究学者可据已有的断层滑动模型来计算分析大地震同震应力变化,同时采用库仑应力触发理论来进一步分析震后余震分布和断层危险性.然而,历史上曾经发生过不少大地震,例如,1920年的海原MS8.5大地震,是全球范围内少见的特大地震之一.局限于无确切的地震台站地震波等资料,前人在研究历史地震的影响时往往给出一些简单的断层滑动模型,将断层面上错动量视为均匀分布.为更准确地了解历史地震对后续地震的影响,基于前人研究和一般地震滑动形态分布规律及地震反射剖面等资料,以海原MS8.5大地震为例,探讨了如何建立海原大地震断层滑动模型,并分别搭建了简单断层滑动模型和复杂断层滑动模型的全球同震横向不均匀并行椭球型地球模型.通过对海原MS8.5地震的同震位移场和应力场的计算,发现采用复杂断层滑动模型比简单断层滑动模型地表位错分布更切合实际.同时,进一步计算和分析了此次大地震对青藏高原东北缘近100年历史地震和周围断层的应力触发作用,得出断层滑动模型对同震计算结果的影响集中在发震断层附近而对远场影响较小. 相似文献
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Characteristics of Recent Horizontal Crustal Movement and Tectonic Deformation in the Northwest China Region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
INTRODUCTIONThe vector diagramof the crustal horizontal movement of the north margin of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) block obtained from GPS measurements of 2001 ~2003 shows that the western part of theregion presents a southwestward movement oppositetothetrend beforethe Nov.14 ,2001 west KunlunMountains PassMS8 .1 earthquake ,which mayreflectthe post-earthquake relaxationand adjustment ofthe region (Zhang Xi ,2004) .It was the variation of regional dynamics that led to instability of thepo… 相似文献
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自1920年海原发生M8.5地震以来,青藏高原东北缘接连发生了1927年古浪M8.0地震、1932年昌马M7.6地震等一系列大地震,使其进入了强震活动的丛集期。为了探究青藏高原东北缘这一系列地震间的相互作用及区域地震危险性,建立青藏高原东北缘的三维Maxwell黏弹性有限元模型,模拟了区域自1920年以来17次M6.7以上地震的同震及震后库仑应力演化。结果显示：研究区自1920年海原M8.5大地震之后,后续的16次地震中,有13次地震发生在库仑应力变化为正的区域,说明了地震间的相互作用可能是导致区域地震丛集的主要原因之一。系列地震发生后,阿尔金断裂、柴达木盆地断裂西段、东昆仑断裂中段、鄂拉山断裂北段、共和盆地断裂南段、日月山断裂南段、庄浪河断裂、礼县—罗家堡断裂、成县盆地断裂西段、文县断裂西段、龙首山断裂南段、六盘山断裂东段、西秦岭北缘断裂东段、海原断裂西段和祁连断裂东段位于库仑应力变化为正的区域,且大部分断裂或断裂段的累积库仑应力变化超过了0.01 MPa,它们未来的地震危险性较高。 相似文献
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Paleoearthquake rupture behavior and recurrence of great earthquakes along the Haiyuan fault,northwestern China 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
ZHANG Peizhen MIN Wei DENG Qidong & MAO Fengying State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology China Seismological Bureau Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(3):364-375
Paleoseismological studies have shown that indi-vidual past large-magnitude earthquakes can be recog-nized in the geological record and the timing betweenevents can be measured through Quaternary datingtechniques[1—6]. Thus, through paleoseismological st-udies, it is possible to determine age of each prehis-toric event so that recurrence intervals of large earth-quakes may be evaluated which provides a means toexpand the limited view of earthquakes offered by thehistorical and instrumental re… 相似文献
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QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FAULT ACTIVITY BASED ON HIGH-PRECISION AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA: A CASE OF XIAOHONGSHAN FAULT IN XIANGSHAN-TIANJINGSHAN FAULT ZONE 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 High-precision and high-resolution topography are the basis of quantitative study of active tectonics. Traditional methods are mainly interpreted from the remote sensing image and can only obtain two-dimensional, medium-resolution DEM(5~10m grid unit)or local three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics. A combination of offset and micro-relief information is essential for understanding the long-term rupture pattern of faults, such as in seismic hazard evaluation. The recently developed high-resolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR)technology can directly carry out high-precision and omni-directional three-dimensional measurement of the landform, and provide fine geomorphologic data for the study of active tectonics, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of surface rupture process and fault activity characteristics. In this study, we take part of the Xiaohongshan Fault, the western segment of Xiangshan-Tianjingshan Fault located in Gansu Province(NE Tibet), as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults. Using the airborne LiDAR technology, we obtain the three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics with high accuracy and establish the three-dimensional topographic model of the fault geomorphic. A high-resolution digital elevation model(DEM)of the Jingtai-Xiaohongshan Fault was extracted based on high-precision LiDAR data. Then the faulted geomorphic markers(gullies, ridges and terraces)were measured in detail along the fault, and different offset clusters and long-term sliding vector of different segments of the fault were finally acquired. We obtained the 82 horizontal displacements and 62 vertical displacements of geomorphic markers. According to the offset amounts, we observed peaks in the histogram by using the method of cumulative offset probability density and interpreted that each peak may represent an earthquake that ruptured the Xiaohongshan Fault. The results show that the horizontal and vertical displacements fall into five clusters, and the smallest cluster may indicate the coseismic slip of the most recent earthquake, while the other clusters may represent the slip accumulation of multiple preceding earthquakes. The sliding vectors constrained by the horizontal and vertical displacement of several typical geomorphic markers show obvious differences on different segments of the fault. The results show that the fault segment is divided into three segments from west to east, which indicates that the fault activity is not uniform along the fault. 相似文献
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利用1999—2015年GPS水平速度场, 基于块体-位错模型, 反演了青藏高原东北缘4条主要断裂(海原断裂, 六盘山断裂, 陇县—宝鸡断裂, 西秦岭北缘断裂)的闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率的空间分布, 并分析了各断裂的地震危险性。 结果显示, 六盘山断裂南段、 陇县-宝鸡断裂北段、 西秦岭北缘断裂东段闭锁程度最强, 闭锁深度达到24 km左右; 西秦岭北缘断裂东段滑动亏损速率最大, 平均值达到3 mm/a; 六盘山断裂南段、 陇县—宝鸡断裂北段滑动亏损速率平均值达到1.9 mm/a, 稍弱于西秦岭北缘断裂东段; 海原断裂闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率相对较小, 闭锁程度和滑动亏损都仅分布在浅部。 我们认为现阶段海原断裂的地震危险性相对较小, 六盘山断裂南段、 陇县—宝鸡北段、 西秦岭北缘断裂东段地震危险性高于这些断裂的其他段落。 这些结果对于青藏高原东北缘地震危险性判定和地震灾害评估具有参考意义。 相似文献
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昌马断裂带是是青藏高原北部一条活动强烈的左旋走滑断裂带。它表现为重力、航磁、地壳厚度的综合异常梯度带，属于断面陡、切割深的超岩石圈断裂。昌马断裂带由１２条长４公里至１８公里不等的不连续的主断层和４条次级断层组成，可划分为东、中、西三大段落。断裂的水平位移和滑动速率具有分段性，全新世以来，东、中、西三段的左旋水平滑动速率分别为４．１毫米／年，２．６毫米／年和１．５毫米／年。北东东、北北西和北西西三个方向断层的位移具有分级特征，不同级别的位移具有良好的同步性。全新世以来北东东、北北西和北西西三个方向断层的水平滑动速率分别为４．１毫米／年、３．８毫米／年和２．７毫米／年。白垩纪以来，昌马断裂呈天平式运动，显示了枢纽断裂运动特征，枢纽轴位于断裂中段。昌马地震震源破裂性质及其反映的震源应力场与地震破裂带的破裂性质及其反映的构造应力场不一致。昌马地震震源机制解反映了北北西～南南东挤压，作用应力近于水平的震源应力场；昌马地震破裂带的变形组合反映了东北～南西挤压的构造应力场。昌马地震破裂带长１２０公里，分为东部正走滑段、中部逆走滑段和西部尾端破裂段，显示了多个水平位移峰值。全新世以来，沿昌马断裂发生了６次强震事件，强震复发 相似文献
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为了解决采用Trimble GX 3D地面激光三维扫描仪分析互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征时,未有效模拟地表垂直和水平位移的基本特征,获取的地表破裂位错特征结果不准确的问题。提出新的互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征研究方法,先构建地震地表弹性位错模型,分析互层胶结土正断层的地表三维断裂特征,得到地表在受到走滑、逆冲和张开错动导致的地表错位变化情况;再通过正断层地震地表破裂离心机试验,获得互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征。试验结果说明,所提方法可有效分析互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征,且破裂点在土体模型中部和中下部的裂缝深度分别为22.4 m和33.4 m,裂缝上的破裂点处于土体模型的中下部时,裂缝的深度越深。 相似文献
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INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FINE FAULT GEO-METRY BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION DEM DATA DERIVED FROM UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY OF TANGJIAPO SITE ON THE HAIYUAN FAULT 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Fault-related tectonic geomorphologic features are integrated expressions of multiple strong seismological events and long-term surface processes, including crucial information about strong earthquake behavior of a fault. It's of great significance to identify the strong seismic activity information from faulted landscapes, which include the date and sequence of the seismic activities, displacements, active fault features, for studying the seismic rupture process, predicting the future seismic recurrence behavior and evaluating the seismic hazard of the fault.
However, due to the restriction of measuring techniques and the subsequent poor quality of the acquired data, it has been difficult to accurately extract such information from complex tectonic landforms to study active faults for a long time. Recently, "small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(sUAV)" photogrammetric technique based on "Structure from Motion(SfM)" provides a cost-efficient and convenient access to high-resolution and high-accuracy "digital elevation models(DEMs)" of tectonic landforms.
This paper selects the Tangjiapo area at the Haiyuan Fault to conduct data collection, in which the structural and geomorphic features are well preserved. Using a small quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle(Inpire 2), we collect 1598 aerial photographs with a coverage area of 0.72km2. For calibrating the accuracy of the aerial data, we set 10 ground control points and use differential-GPS to obtain the spatial coordinates of these control points. We use model software Agisoft PhotoScan to process these digital pictures, obtaining high-resolution and high-accuracy DEM data with the geographic information, in which data resolution is 2.6cm/pix and the average density of point cloud is 89.3 point/m2. The data with these accuracy and resolution can fully show the real geomorphic features of the landform and meet the requirements for extracting specific structural geomorphic information on the surface.
Through the detailed interpretation of the tectonic landforms, we identify a series of structures associated with the strike-slip fault and divide the alluvial fan into four stages, named s1, s2, s3, and s4, respectively.Wherein, the s1 is the latest phase of the alluvial fan, which is in the extension direction of the Haiyuan Fault and there isn't any surface fracture, indicating that the s1 was formed after the M8.5 Haiyuan earthquake in 1920. The rupture zone on the s2 fan is composed of varied kinds of faulting geomorphologic landforms, such as a series of en echelon tension-shear fractures trending 270°~285°, fault scarps and seismic ridges caused by the left-lateral motion of the seismic fault. In addition, a number of field ridges on the s2 fan were faulted by the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake, recording the co-seismic displacements of the latest earthquake event. Relatively speaking, the surface rupture structure of the s3 fan is simple, mainly manifested as linear fault scarp with a trend of 270°~285°, which may indicate that multiple earthquakes have connected the different secondary fractures. And a small part of s4 fan is distributed in the southwest of the study area without fault crossing.
Furthermore, we measured the horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps. The faulted ridge on the s2 fan and faulted gully on the s3 fan provide good linear markers for obtaining the fault left-lateral dislocation. We used the graphical dislocation measurement software LaDiCaoz developed based on Matlab to restore the gully position before the earthquake by comparing the gully morphology on both sides of the fault, and then determined the horizontal offset of s2, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s3 is(8.6±0.6)m. In addition, based on the DEM data, we extracted the fault scarp densely along the fault strike, and obtained the vertical offset of s2, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s3 is(1.79±0.16)m.
Moreover, we detect slope breaks in the fault scarp morphology. For compound fault scarps generated by multiple surface rupture earthquakes, there are multiple inflection points on the slope of the topographic section, and each inflection point represents a surface rupture event. Therefore, the slope break point on the scarp becomes an important symbol of multiple rupture of the fault. The statistical result shows that the slope breaks number of s2 is 1 and that of s3 is 2. Based on the analysis of horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps as well as its slope breaks, two surface rupturing events can be confirmed along the Tangjiapo area of the Haiyuan Fault. Among them, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the older event are(4.3±0.95)m and(0.85±0.22)m, respectively, while that of the latest event are(4.3±0.4)m and(0.95±0.14)m, which are the coseismic horizontal and vertical offsets of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.
These recognitions have improved our cognitive level of the fine structure of seismic surface rupture and ability to recognize paleoearthquake events. Therefore, the high-resolution topographic data obtained from the SfM photogrammetry method can be used for interpretation of fine structure and quantitative analysis of microgeomorphology. With the development of research on tectonic geomorphology and active tectonics toward refinement and quantification, this method will be of higher use value and practical significance. 相似文献
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通过对海原地震震中区(唐家坡村西—乱堆子东)的大比例尺实测填图,获得了地震断层带上各类冲沟左旋位移的若干数据。规模越大的冲沟位移数据也越大。其中73条小冲沟和田埂的位移均为1920年8.5级大震一次造成,最大位移达10米。 从杨户章沟到古墩子之间的西华山北缘断裂,各类冲沟位移量都较大。根据发育了两级阶地的冲沟的平均位移量、位移开始的时间、大震造成的最大位移及平均位移,计算了该段断层的滑动速率和8.5级大地震的重复率 相似文献
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利用区域GPS和水准测量资料,结合地震构造背景的分析,本文研究2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带地区的震间地壳形变,探讨引起这种形变的活动构造与动力学模式,并由此认识汶川地震的孕育与成因机制.主要结果表明：1997～2007年期间,自龙门山断裂带中段朝北西约230 km的地带内存在垂直于断裂的水平缩短变形、以及平行于断裂的水平右旋剪切变形,缩短率为1.3×10-8/a （即：0.013 mm/km/a）,角变形速率为2.6×10-8/a;同一地带在1975～1997年期间还表现出垂直上隆变形,上隆速率在龙门山前山断裂与中央断裂之间仅0.6 mm/a,而至龙门山后山断裂及其以西达2～3 mm/a.这些反映了在汶川地震之前至少10～30余年,龙门山断裂带中段的前山与中央断裂业已闭锁、并伴有应变积累.造成这种形变的主要原因是：以壳内的低速层为“解耦”带,巴颜喀拉地块上地壳朝南东的水平运动在四川盆地西缘受到华南地块的阻挡、转换成龙门山断裂带中段的逆冲运动;由于该断裂段的震间闭锁,致使西侧的巴颜喀拉地块的上地壳发生横向缩短以及平行断裂的右旋剪切变形.然而,龙门山断裂带北段在1997～2007年期间除了有大约0.9 mm/a的右旋剪切变形外,横向的缩短变形极微弱,这可能与该断裂段西侧的岷江、虎牙、龙日坝等断裂带吸收了巴颜喀拉地块朝东水平运动的大部分有关.另外,汶川地震前,横跨龙门山断裂带中段与北段的地壳形变特征的差异,与汶川地震时能量释放的空间分布吻合. 相似文献
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通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查与地质填图,对滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究.结果表明,黑河断裂为一条规模较大的区域性活动断裂带,西起沧源县南,向东南止于澜沧江断裂,全长约168 km,走向280°～310°.该断裂晚第四纪新活动性具有一定的差异性和分段性.根据其几何结构、最新活动性及1988年澜沧7.6级地震破裂带特征,可将黑河断裂从西向东划分为沧源-木戛、木戛-南代和南代-勐往三条次级断裂段.其中的中、西段长约88 km,全新世活动显著,活动性质以右旋走滑为主.沿断裂形成了丰富的断错地貌现象.西段断裂的最新活动断错了全新世晚期地层;中段是1988年澜沧7.6级地震的发震断裂之一.根据对断错冲沟的测量和年代测试,得到其全新世以来右旋滑动速率为(3.54±0.78)mm/a,与区域上其它断裂的滑动速率大致相当,反映了其区域构造活动的整体性和协调性. 相似文献
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2008年5月12日的汶川8.0级地震使龙门山断裂带形成了3条同震地表破裂带,这表明有多条活动断层同时参与地震破裂,其过程复杂,现象丰富。本文对小鱼洞地表破裂带及其与另2条地表破裂带的交汇区域进行了野外调查,并对小鱼洞地表破裂带的活动性质和展布特征进行了分析。小鱼洞地表破裂带位于彭州市小鱼洞镇附近,是汶川8.0级地震形成的一条走向NW的逆冲并具有左旋走滑分量的同震地表变形带。调查结果显示,小鱼洞地表破裂带表现出明显的分段性特征：小鱼洞镇一带的中段,逆冲量和走滑量最大;小鱼洞镇向东南方向延伸的南段,逆冲量和走滑量逐渐变小;小鱼洞镇向西北方向进入山区的北段,则表现为以逆冲为主的活动性质。 相似文献
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本文用三维非连续变形与有限元相结合（DDA+FEM）的方法,在青藏川滇地区三维构造块体相互制约的大背景中,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约束,计算得到研究区的初始位移场和应力场与该地区GPS测量结果和震源机制分布结果基本一致.在此基础上进一步数值模拟1997年玛尼7.9级大震的发生过程,研究大震引起研究区各块体边界断层应力状态变化的特征.（1）发震断层两侧发生左旋走滑错动,最大水平位错大约7 m;（2）深部位错面上位错分布与用地震波资料震源反演的结果类似;（3）最大差应力变化等值线图与由星载D\|INSAR技术获取的地表形变场图像相似;（4）地表垂直位移表明地震断层面略向北逆冲.计算模拟得到了玛尼地震发生引起青藏川滇地区构造块体系统各边界断层上库仑破裂应力变化的分布,表明玛尼大震的发生除了使其发震断层的两端库仑破裂应力增大,应力进一步集中外,位于上地壳层上东昆仑断裂中段的2001年昆仑山8.1大震（H=11 km）发震断层段的库仑破裂应力增加约2 MPa,位于中地壳层上喀拉昆仑断裂带中的2008年改则6.9级地震（H=30 km）发震断层段的库仑破裂应力也增加约0.7 MPa,可见这两个已接近破裂强度地段的失稳对发生大震起了一定促进作用.研究结果也表明：作者发展的三维DDA+FEM方法能有效地用于大震活动与各构造块体相互作用关系的研究. 相似文献
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利用1999—2007期和2009—2013期中国大陆GPS速度场数据,采用DEFNODE负位错反演程序估算了川滇菱形块体东边界——鲜水河—安宁河—则木河—小江断裂带在汶川地震前后的断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损空间分布动态变化特征,讨论了汶川地震对该断裂系统的影响范围和程度,并结合b值空间分布和地震破裂时-空结果分析了断裂系统的强震危险段.结果表明,汶川地震前鲜水河断裂最南端为完全闭锁(闭锁深度25km),中南段地表以下10~15km深度为强闭锁状态,中北段基本处于蠕滑状态;安宁河断裂最南端闭锁很弱,其余位置闭锁深度为10~15km;则木河断裂除最南端闭锁较弱以外,其余位置基本为完全闭锁;小江断裂在巧家以南、东川以南、宜良附近、华宁以北等四处位置闭锁较弱,其余位置为强闭锁.10年尺度的GPS速度场反演所得断层闭锁程度所指示的强震危险段,主要为鲜水河断裂道孚—八美段、安宁河断裂中段、则木河断裂中北段、小江断裂北段东川附近、小江断裂南段华宁—建水段,该结果与地质尺度的断层地震空区和30年尺度的b值空间分布所指示的危险段落具有一致性.汶川地震后断裂带远、近场速度分布和块体运动状态发生变化,这种区域地壳运动调整使得负位错模型反演得到的断裂带闭锁情况发生一定变化.汶川地震前后川滇菱形块体东边界平行断层滑动亏损速率均为左旋走滑亏损,且在安宁河断裂北端、则木河断裂中北段滑动亏损速率最大;除鲜水河断裂中南段与最南端和小江断裂东川附近以外,其余断裂震后滑动亏损速率均有所增加.垂直断层滑动亏损速率既有拉张亏损也有挤压亏损,且鲜水河断裂最南端由震前挤压转变为震后拉张,其余断裂除了安宁河断裂和小江断裂中段与最北端存在挤压滑动亏损速率外均为拉张速率. 相似文献