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1.
活动层土壤热状况是寒区陆面物理过程研究的重要内容之一。利用五道梁能量收支观测站1993年9月～2000年12月份实测辐射及土壤热通量资料结合五道梁气象站1961-2010时段的气象资料分析了近50 a来该地区活动层土壤的热状况。结果表明：五道梁地区土壤热通量有显著的年际、年代际变化;20世纪60～80年代,土壤热通量小于0.0 W/m2,活动层土壤以放热为主,自90年代以来,土壤热通量大于0.0 W/m2,活动层土壤以吸热为主。过去50 a中该地土壤热通量呈现增大趋势,平均每10 a土壤热通量增大0.31 W/m2。土壤热通量随净辐射的增大而增大。土壤热平衡系数的变化特点与土壤热通量的变化特点一致。60～80年代,活动层土壤热平衡系数<1,该地区冻土相对比较稳定,而自90年代以来此间土壤热平衡系数<1,表明该地多年冻土呈现出退化迹象。活动层土壤热平衡系数可表示为气温、地表温度及水汽压的函数。 相似文献
2.
Long-term temperature data on a soil layer 3.2 m in thickness have been used in the differentiation of a topographically highly complicated permafrost on the territory of Transbaikalia. It was found that the geographical ranges are most clearly identified from mean annual temperature values. The schematic map displays the areas with the temperatures –4 to–1°C,–1 to 1°C and 1 to 4°C which are in good agreement with the permafrost distribution pattern (continuous and discontinuous permafrost, and permafrost islands). A classification of the thermal conditions of soils is carried out according to the highest mean monthly temperature at all depths. We identified four types which are characterized by the qualitative assessment as warm, moderately warm, cold and very cold. A relevant cartographic model shows the distribution of the thermal regime of soils for a warm season. The dot method was used to provide a clear display of available information on soil temperature, and it was possible to show the existence of small areas of the types of thermal regime and their fragmentation. Current changes in soil temperature were determined for August, which are in good agreement with regional changes in ground air temperature. In either case, we observed positive linear trends. Assessments of thermal resources of the soil layer and their geographical patterns belonging to the widespread depression-valley and valley natural systems as well as to the relatively planate surfaces of Transbaikalia can be used for scientific and practical purposes. 相似文献
3.
1951—2010年中国土壤温度时空变化特征及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤温度状况对于研究气候变迁、地球物质能量循环以及土壤性质演变具有重要意义,但目前对国家尺度上土壤温度状况的长期序列和空间变化缺少研究。因此,本文基于土壤温度内插法和地理加权回归（GWR）模型,使用1951—2010年中国880个气象站点的观测数据,研究了中国土壤温度状况时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：① 中国60年来土壤温度变化整体趋势为东北地区升温,西南地区少部分地区降温;② 中国土壤温度状况可划分为冷性土壤温度状况（东北地区、青藏高原地区和内蒙古东部）、温性土壤温度状况（新疆南部、内蒙古和山西南部以及山东）和热性土壤温度状况（华中、华东、华南以及西南的云南、贵州和四川）;③ 经纬度和气温与土壤温度具有良好的响应关系,其中气温是最重要的影响因素;④ 中国60年来整体呈现温性土壤向北迁移（约46.5 km）、冷性土壤向南迁移（约43.4 km）的趋势。研究结果可为地理学、土壤学等相关领域深入研究提供一定参考,并为土壤系统分类研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
4.
Tectono-thermal modelling of sedimentary basins with episodic extension and inversion, a case history of the Jiyang Basin, North China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A two‐dimensional kinematic model is presented for superimposed basins. It is based on a finite‐element algorithm in the Lagrangian system, which incorporates different stages of lithosphere stretching and shortening to simulate alternating extension and inversion. The Jiyang Basin, developed in the North China, is a superimposed basin comprising four proto‐type basins separated by several unconformities. Four‐phase extension and two‐phase inversion have developed in this basin since the Late Mesozoic era. The thermal history of the basin is modelled based on a seismic cross‐section across the basin. Tectonic subsidence (or uplift) histories from backstripping serve as the objective functions, and crustal thickness, as well as heat flow, provides additional constraints. Effects of different Mesozoic erosion on the thermal history are discussed. Modelling results show that the thermal history of the Jiyang Basin since the Late Mesozoic can be divided into six stages, including four phases of heating accompanied by following thermal attenuation, and two phases of cooling with following thermal recovery. The model also implies a variant pattern of thermal regime in the basin. In the deepest centres of the depressions, the maximum heat flow occurred during the Late Mesozoic, but in the slopes of the depressions, the maximum heat flow appeared in the Cenozoic era. 相似文献
5.
A case study is made of the Mendeleev volcano (Kunashir Island, Southern Kuril Chain) to carry out a quantitative assessment of the influence of magmatic energy of an active volcano on the thermal regime of the soil and the ground-level air level as well as on the water balance and forest formation processes in the insular volcanic landscape. It is established that the influent channels of steam-hydrotherms cause an anomalous rise in soil temperature thereby having a substantial influence on the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. Using a specially developed method, we calculated the geotherm-caused temperature anomalies in the soil. Calculations showed that the forest communities of the Mendeleev volcanic landscape evolved into existence and persist under the same heat and energy conditions as their zonal marginalmainland counterparts. The active volcano compensates for a deficiency in the climatic resource and ensures a stable functioning and a structural configuration of these “climatically unjustified” (extrazonal) island-arc ecosystems. We have empirically substantiated the proposition that geothermal energy of passive volcanoes serves as the factor for acceleration evolution of the insular phytobiota. This constitutes the phenomenon of biogeocenological organization of the volcanogenic landscape in the continent-to-ocean transition zone. It is shown that the magmatic geotherms of the Mendeleev volcano promoted the transgression of species and whole communities from southern areas to this boreal-forest region. We examine the rearrangement of the forest cover toward an increase in its floro- and phytocenotic diversity, the formation of relatively stable boreal-subboreal forest ecosystem with subtropical relicts as well as rudimentary buffer forest communities. It is demonstrated that a geothermal heating of the soil on the slopes and at the foot of the volcanoes of the Kuril Ridge is a large-scale (rather than an exceptional) phenomenon in the hydrothermal regime of forest ecosystems of island-arc ecoregions. 相似文献
6.
A response of radial increments in coniferous species to year-to-year fluctuations in soil temperature of the Baikal and Upper-Chara depressions is demonstrated. The study revealed a reliable correlation between soil temperature variations and variability in the increment index of coniferous species in March and July–August (exclusive of the droughty Priol’khonie). Soil temperature at a depth of 0.8 m was reconstructed from tree-ring chronologies. It is found that the largest contribution to the value of a positive trend of soil temperature is made by its intense rise during the last decade of the 20th century. 相似文献
7.
在陆-气相互作用中,土壤热状况（土壤温度、土壤导热率等）和土壤湿度等陆面状况对大气环流和气候变化都有着重要影响。黄土高原横跨干旱、半干旱及半湿润地区,为我国第二大高原,幅员辽阔。该复杂下垫面上的陆-气相互作用不仅直接影响到黄土高原地区的气候和环境变化,而且对东亚、乃至全球的气候和环境变化都可能产生重要影响。而对黄土高原区域的土壤热状况及土壤温度的研究是黄土高原陆-气相互作用研究的重要组成部分。分析了黄土高原典型塬区不同下垫面的土壤温度状况,分析了造成各种下垫面温度分布和变化不同的原因,得到如下结论：在近地层,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤温度振幅逐渐减小,40 cm土壤温度相对以上各层变化不明显。就季节变化而言,土壤温度在1 a中有两次稳定状态。第一次出现在4月上旬,其值约为6 ℃左右;第二次出现在11月中旬,温度值为14 ℃。相对于全年土壤温度而言,在12月到次年2月有一个低温中心,温度低于零度;7～8月间有一个暖中心。各层土壤温度在1月份是最低的,其后一路上升,4、5月份是土壤温度快速上升期,至8月上旬土壤温度达到最大值,为土壤升温期;其后温度开始下降。土壤温度梯度具有明显的日变化特征,夜间,土壤的热量是从深层传向地表的,而随着太阳高度角的加大,土壤温度梯度转为负值,深层土壤从地表获得能量,到了傍晚19时左右,温度梯度又转为正值;土壤温度梯度的变幅在有植被时要明显小于无植被时。各站的日平均土壤导热率,柴寺、塬下和中心站分别是1.43,1.24,1.17 W·m-1·k-1,土壤物理性质和土壤质地的不同是各站土壤温度分布和土壤热传导率存在差异的原因之一。 相似文献
8.
池州地区石灰岩分布区茶园土壤*及其形成环境 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本文对安徽省池州地区广大茶园分布在石灰岩所构成的丘陵及岗地这一特殊现象进行了探讨。指出:在湿润的亚热季风气候条件下,其成土作用过程仍然是纯淋溶过程和富铝化过程,而地貌条件及本区石灰岩的建造及岩性也强烈地影响了这些过程的进行,因而在广大的茶园中虽随处可见石灰岩露头,但土壤却为酸性或弱酸性的地带性土壤,符合茶树的适生条件。 相似文献
9.
Soil thermal properties and heat transfer processes near Ny-Alesund, northwestern Spitsbergen, Svalbard 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
JAAKKO PUTKONEN 《Polar research》1998,17(2):165-179
The annually thawing active layer of permafrost is central to considerations of climate change consequences in arctic areas and interpretations of deep permafrost temperatures that constitute and exceptional archive of past climate change. Moreover, a sound understanding of the thermal regime of the active layer is of great interest, because all chemical, biological and physical processes are concentrated there. The author studied this layer by examining the soil physical properties and heat transfer processes that dictate soil temperatures for an arctic desert site in northwestern Spitsbergen. A wide array of soil physical properties based on field observations and laboratory measurements were defined. These include mineralogy, grain size distribution, local regolith thickness, porosity, density, typical soil moisture profile, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Heat transfer processes were studied through modeling of soil temperatures. The heat transfer model accounted for much of the observed soil thermal regime. It was found that thermal conduction, phase change of soil water at 0°C, and changes in unfrozen water content are the primary thermal processes that explain the observed soil temperatues in this field site. Melt-water infiltration, which is often overlooked in the energy budget, causes abrupt warming events and delivers considerable energy to the soil in late spring. An increase in frequency or magnitude of infiltration events could mimic simple spring time surface warming. Advection of ground water and soil internal evaporation were found to be generally unimportant at the site studied. 相似文献
10.
SiQiong Luo BoLi Chen ShiHua Lyu XueWei Fang JingYuan Wang XianHong Meng LunYu Shang ShaoYing Wang Di Ma 《寒旱区科学》2018,10(1):80-94
The simulation of soil temperature on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a dominant role in the performance of both global climate and numerical weather forecast models. To improve the simulation of soil temperature on the TP, the Johansen soil thermal conductivity parameterization scheme was introduced into Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) and Regional Climatic Model 4 (RegCM4). The improved CLM3.5 and RegCM4-CLM were utilized to conduct offline and regional simulation experiments on the TP. Comparison of the new and old schemes revealed that CLM3.5 provides high thermal conductivity parameters of mineral soil solid on the TP. The Johansen scheme is more practical for the TP than the soil thermal conductivity parameterization in CLM3.5. The simulation of soil temperature and liquid water content was improved in offline experiment. The improved parameterization scheme can also reduce the simulation error of soil temperature in winter throughout the entire TP. 相似文献
11.
Based on the analysis and comparison of soil temperature, thermal regime and permafrost table under the experimental embankment of crushed rock structures in Beiluhe, results show that crushed rock structures provide an extensive cooling effect, which produces a rising permafrost table and decreasing soil temperatures. The rise of the permafrost table under the embankment ranges from an increase of 1.08 m to 1.67 m, with an average of 1.27 m from 2004 to 2007. Mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock layer embankment decreased significantly from 2005 to 2007, with average decreases of ?1.03 °C at the depth of 0.5 m, ?1.14 °C at the depth of 1.5 m, and ?0.5 °C at the depth of 5 m. During this period, mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock cover embankment showed a slight decrease at shallow depths, with an average decrease of ?0.2 °C at the depth of 0.5 m and 1.5 m, but a slight rise at the depth of 5 m. After the crushed rock structures were closed or crammed with sand, the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer embankment was greatly reduced and that of the crushed rock cover embankment was just slightly reduced. 相似文献
12.
粤北岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤钙离子的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在广东省英德市九龙镇峰林平原选择峰林坡麓灌丛、积水洼地、砂糖橘林、竹林、菜地、稻田6种不同土地利用类型,采集不同土地利用方式下不同深度的土壤,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定了土壤全钙、交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数,结果表明：1）菜地、稻田、砂糖橘林和竹林土壤厚度显著大于自然坡麓和积水洼地;2）岩溶积水环境中（积水洼地和稻田）土壤全钙质量分数平均超过59 g/kg;其次为坡麓土壤,平均为20.83 g/kg;人工耕作的砂糖橘林和菜地土壤全钙质量分数分别降低至3.51和2.76 g/kg,而相邻的非岩溶区土壤的全钙质量分数仅为1.43 g/kg;3）耕地施肥会增加土壤的交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数,菜地和砂糖橘林土壤交换态钙离子、水溶性钙占全钙的比例分别为38.04%、23.08%和1.41%、0.88%,而积水洼地和坡麓灌丛只有7.86%、6.87%和0.25%、0.46%。由于菜地和砂糖橘林的全钙质量分数降低,而交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数增加会进一步加剧钙元素流失;4）不同土地利用类型土壤全钙、交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数随深度变化呈波状下降趋势,积水洼地与稻田钙随深度的变化远比菜地、砂糖橘林和竹林剧烈;5）土壤厚度、岩石裸露率、坡度相互呈显著负相关,土壤全钙、交换态钙、水溶性钙之间均呈显著正相关,岩石裸露率与交换态钙呈显著负相关,水、土壤厚度、岩石裸露率与坡度共同决定了土壤钙的分布和迁移。 相似文献
13.
After the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission(QTPT) line is another major permafrost engineering project with new types of engineering structures. The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations are crucial for the stability of QTPT. We analyzed the change characteristics and tendencies of the ground temperature based on field monitoring data from 2010 to 2014. The results reveal that soil around the tower foundations froze and connected with the artificial permafrost induced during the construction of footings after the first freezing period, and the soil below the original permafrost table kept freezing in subsequent thawing periods. The ground temperature lowered to that of natural fields, fast or slowly for tower foundations with thermosyphons,while for tower foundations without thermosyphons, the increase in ground temperature resulted in higher temperature than that of natural fields. Also, the permafrost temperature and ice content are significant factors that influence the ground temperature around tower foundations. Specifically, the ground temperature around tower foundations in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions decreased slowly, while that in cold and ice poor permafrost regions cooled faster. Moreover, foundations types impacted the ground temperature, which consisted of different technical processes during construction and variant of tower footing structures. The revealed changing process and trend of the ground temperature is beneficial for evaluating the thermal regime evolution around tower foundations in the context of climate change. 相似文献
14.
冻融作用与土壤理化效应的关系研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
冻融使土壤经历一系列物理、化学和生物变化过程,冻融作用对土壤的影响主要表现为:改变土壤结构、含水量分布和水热运动,影响微生物活性和以微生物为媒介的有机质矿化作用,改变土壤元素的生物地球化学循环过程,从而对土壤生态系统结构和功能产生影响。冻融作用对土壤理化性质的作用主要受冻融速率、温度、冻融交替次数和土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、土壤质地状况等因素的影响。通过冻融作用改善土壤结构,提高土壤微生物活性和养分的有效性,有利于耕作和促进植物生长,但也可通过含水量的重新分布和径流淋失而导致土壤养分损失。 相似文献
15.
《Basin Research》2018,30(Z1):479-496
Analysis of current temperature data in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago results in the recognition of two major thermal regimes. High temperature regions are observed where salt diapirs and salt cored anticlines are present. Low temperature fields are observed along the western and southern basin margins and around Cornwall‐Amund Ringnes islands, where regional Mesozoic aquifers are exposed to surface, connected to basin boundary faults, or regional unconformities. Meteoric and Holocene sub‐glacial water recharge are inferred to be responsible for the low geothermal regime and low formation water salinity. Neither exhumation associated with the Eocene “Eurekan” orogeny nor volcanic intrusion associated with opening of Amerasia Basin in late Jurassic‐early Cretaceous have been interpreted to be a significant influence on the present day temperature field, although thermal indicators show evidence of elevated thermal alteration of organic matter pointing to earlier, but now dissipated, thermal anomalies. 相似文献
16.
Thermal Regime of Rock and its Relation to Snow Cover in Steep Alpine Rock Walls: Gemsstock,Central Swiss Alps 
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下载免费PDF全文 Anna Haberkorn Marcia Phillips Robert Kenner Hansueli Rhyner Mathias Bavay STEPHAN P. Galos Martin Hoelzle 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(3):579-597
Snow cover influences the thermal regime and stability of frozen rock walls. In this study, we investigate and model the impact of the spatially variable snow cover on the thermal regime of steep permafrost rock walls. This is necessary for a more detailed understanding of the thermal and mechanical processes causing changes in rock temperature and in the ice and water contents of frozen rock, which possibly lead to rock wall instability. To assess the temporal and spatial evolution and influence of the snow, detailed measurements have been carried out at two selected points in steep north‐ and south‐facing rock walls since 2012. In parallel, the one‐dimensional energy balance model SNOWPACK is used to simulate the effects of snow cover on the thermal regime of the rock walls. For this, a multi‐method approach with high temporal resolution is applied, combining meteorological, borehole rock temperature and terrain parameter measurements. To validate the results obtained for the ground thermal regime and the seasonally varying snowpack, the model output is compared with near‐surface rock temperature measurements and remote snow cover observations. No decrease of snow depth at slope angles up to 70° was observed in rough terrain due to micro‐topographic structures. Strong contrasts in rock temperatures between north‐ and south‐facing slopes are due to differences in solar radiation, slope angle and the timing and depth of the snow cover. SNOWPACK proved to be useful for modelling snow cover–rock interactions in smooth, homogenous rock slopes. 相似文献
17.
A susceptibility model of sapping-related depressions has been produced by analysing the statistical relationship between the location of depressions and topographical variables. Sapping erosion plays an important role in the growth of gullies developed over poorly-consolidated quartzite conglomerates in the northern sector of the Duero Tertiary Basin (the Cantabrian Mountain Range of Spain). Gullies, topsoil subsidence depressions related to sapping processes, and shallow slides have been identified over sandy soils in an area of 37 km2. This area underwent major changes in land use during the 20th century, leading to the expansion of gully erosion processes. On the surface, depressions of several meters in diameter, caused by internal erosion related to sapping processes, can be identified. Using the topographical location of these topsoil depressions and several topographical variables, 14 discriminate functions were derived to provide information about the influence of topography on the development of sapping erosion processes. The functions have accuracy levels varying from 56 to 81%. The most accurate function was regionalized by means of a Geographical Information System and was used to complete a land classification method which is based on the Mahalanobis distance to the multivariate average (centroid) of a sapping erosion form group. The classification of this model allows the identification of areas with different relative probabilities of sapping processes and the resultant growth of gullies. 相似文献
18.
胡杨是干旱荒漠和低湿盐碱地区,防治土地荒漠化的好树种,因它具有耐盐碱的生物学特性,PH值为7.3-9.1间的土壤上生长良好。本文主要介招了胡杨在盐碱严重地区用地膜覆盖育苗的几项具体措施。 相似文献
19.
Temperature and water flow through a culvert beneath the Alaska Highway near Beaver Creek,Yukon,were measured at hourly intervals between June and October 2013.These data were used to simulate the effect of the culvert on the thermal regime of the road embankment and subjacent permafrost.A 2-D thermal model of the embankment and permafrost was developed with TEMP/W and calibrated using field observations.Empirical relations were obtained between water temperatures at the entrance to the culvert,flow into the culvert,and water temperatures inside the structure.Water temperatures at the entrance and inside the culvert had a linear relation,while water temperatures inside the culvert and water flow were associated by a logarithmic relation.A multiple linear regression was used to summarize these relations.From this relationship,changes in the flow rate and water temperatures at the entrance of the culvert were simulated to obtain predicted water temperatures in the culvert.The temperatures in the culvert were used in the thermal model to determine their effects on the ground thermal regime near the culvert.Variation of ±10% in water flow rate had no impact on the thermal regime underneath the culvert.Variation of water temperature at the entrance of the culvert had a noticeable influence on the thermal regime.A final simulation was conducted without insulation beneath the culvert.The thaw depth was 30 cm with insulation,and 120 cm without insulation,illustrating the importance of insulation to the ground thermal regime. 相似文献
20.
通过对科尔沁沙地3种类型风沙土中地温的变化特征分析,有植被覆盖和裸露地表条件下地温的关系探讨。结果表明:①地温随时间进程有明显的日变化规律,随深度加深地温日变化振幅按指数规律减小;②半固定风沙土的浅层(5~20 cm)地温略高于流动风沙土和固定风沙土,尤其表现在地温达到最大值时;③流动风沙土土壤热扩散率λ较大,固定风沙土土壤热扩散率λ较小;4有植被覆盖的风沙土中平均地温略高于裸露地表下的平均地温。 相似文献