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1.
The leaching behaviour of fly ash from a Co smelter situated in the Zambian Copperbelt was studied as a function of pH (5–12) using the pH-static leaching test (CEN/TS 14997). Various experimental time intervals (48 h and 168 h) were evaluated. The leaching results were combined with the ORCHESTRA modelling framework and a detailed mineralogical investigation was performed on the original FA and leached solid residues. The largest amounts of Co, Cu, Pb and Zn were leached at pH 5, generally with the lowest concentrations between pH 9 and 11 and slightly increased concentrations at pH 12. For most elements, the released concentrations were very similar after 48 h and 168 h, indicating near-equilibrium conditions in the system. Calcite, clinopyroxenes, quartz and amorphous phases predominated in the fly ash. Various metallic sulfides, alloys and the presence of Cu, Co and Zn in silicates and glass were detected using SEM/EDS and/or TEM/EDS. The leaching of metals was mainly attributed to the dissolution of metallic particles. Partial dissolution of silicate and glass fractions was assumed to significantly influence the release of Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Al and Si as well as Cu, Co and Zn. The formation of illite was suggested by the ORCHESTRA modelling to be one of the main solubility-controlling phases for major elements, whereas Co and Zn were controlled by CoO and zincite, respectively. Sorption of metals on hydrous ferric oxides was assumed to be an important attenuation mechanism, especially for the release of Pb and Cu. However, there is a high risk of Co, Cu, Pb and Zn mobility in the acidic soils around the smelter facility. Therefore, potential local options for “stabilisation” of the fly ash were evaluated on the basis of the modelling results using the PHREEQC code.  相似文献   

2.
The Huangshaping polymetallic deposit is located in southeastern Hunan Province, China. It is a world-class W–Mo–Pb–Zn–Cu skarn deposit in the Nanling Range Metallogenic Belt, with estimated reserves of 74.31 Mt of W–Mo ore at 0.28% WO3 and 0.07% Mo, 22.43 Mt of Pb–Zn ore at 3.6% Pb and 8.00% Zn, and 20.35 Mt of Cu ore at 1.12% Cu. The ore district is predominantly underlained by carbonate formations of the Lower Carboniferous period, with stocks of quartz porphyry, granite porphyry, and granophyre. Skarns occurred in contact zones between stocks and their carbonate wall rocks, which are spatially associated with the above-mentioned three types of ores (i.e., W–Mo, Pb–Zn, and Cu ores).Three types of fluid inclusions have been identified in the ores of the Huangshaping deposit: aqueous liquid–vapor inclusions (Type I), daughter-mineral-bearing aqueous inclusions (Type II), and H2O–CO2 inclusions (Type III). Systematic microthermometrical, laser Raman spectroscopic, and salinity analyses indicate that high-temperature and high-salinity immiscible magmatic fluid is responsible for the W–Mo mineralization, whereas low-temperature and low-salinity magmatic-meteoric mixed fluid is responsible for the subsequent Pb–Zn mineralization. Another magmatic fluid derived from deep-rooted magma is responsible for Cu mineralization.Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns and trace element features of calcites from W–Mo, Pb–Zn, and Cu ores are different from one another. Calcite from Cu ores is rich in heavy rare earth elements (187.4–190.5 ppm), Na (0.17%–0.19%), Bi (1.96–64.60 ppm), Y (113–135 ppm), and As (9.1–29.7 ppm), whereas calcite from W–Mo and Pb–Zn ores is rich in Mn (> 10.000 ppm) and Sr (178–248 ppm) with higher Sr/Y ratios (53.94–72.94). δ18O values also differ between W–Mo/Pb–Zn ores (δ18O = 8.10‰–8.41‰) and Cu ores (δ18O = 4.34‰–4.96‰), indicating that two sources of fluids were, respectively, involved in the W–Mo, Pb–Zn, and Cu mineralization.Sulfur isotopes from sulfides also reveal that the large variation (4‰–19‰) within the Huangshaping deposit is likely due to a magmatic sulfur source with a contribution of reduced sulfate sulfur host in the Carboniferous limestone/dolomite and more magmatic sulfur involved in the Cu mineralization than that in W–Mo and Pb–Zn mineralization. The lead isotopic data for sulfide (galena: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.48–19.19, 207/204Pb = 15.45–15.91, 208/204Pb = 38.95–39.78; sphalerite: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.54–19.03, 207/204Pb = 15.60–16.28, 208/204Pb = 38.62–40.27; molybdenite: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.45–19.21, 207/204Pb = 15.53–15.95, 208/204Pb = 38.77–39.58 chalcopyrite: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.67–19.38, 207/204Pb = 15.76–19.90, and 208/204Pb = 39.13–39.56) and oxide (scheelite: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.57–19.46, 207/204Pb = 15.71–15.77, 208/204Pb = 38.95–39.13) are different from those of the wall rock limestone (206Pb/204Pb = 18.34–18.60, 207/204Pb = 15.49–15.69, 208/204Pb = 38.57–38.88) and porphyries (206Pb/204Pb = 17.88–18.66, 207/204Pb = 15.59–15.69, 208/204Pb = 38.22–38.83), suggesting Pb206-, U238-, and Th 232-rich material are involved in the mineralization. The Sm–Nd isotopes of scheelite (εNd(t) = − 6.1 to − 2.9), garnet (εNd(t) = − 6.8 to − 6.1), and calcite (εNd(t) = − 6.3) from W–Mo ores as well as calcite (εNd(t) = − 5.4 to − 5.3) and scheelite (εNd(t) = − 2.9) from the Cu ores demonstrate suggest more mantle-derived materials involved in the Cu mineralization.In the present study we conclude that two sources of ore-forming fluids were involved in production of the Huangshaping W–Mo–Pb–Zn–Cu deposit. One is associated with the granite porphyry magmas responsible for the W–Mo and then Pb–Zn mineralization during which its fluid evolved from magmatic immiscible to a magmatic–meteoritic mixing, and the other is derived from deep-rooted magma, which is related to Cu-related mineralization.  相似文献   

3.
Active and abandoned mine activities constitute the sources of deterioration of water and soil quality in many parts of the world, particularly in the African Copperbelt regions. The accumulation in soils and the release of toxic substances into the aquatic ecosystem can lead to water resources pollution and may place aquatic organisms and human health at risk. In this study, the impact of past mining activity (i.e., abandoned mine) on aquatic ecosystems has been studied using ICP-MS analysis for trace metals and Rare Earth Elements (REE) in sediment samples from Lubumbashi River (RL) and Tshamilemba Canal (CT), Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Soil samples from surrounding CT were collected to evaluate trace metal and REE concentrations and their spatial distribution. The extent of trace metal contamination compared to the background area was assessed by Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo). Additionally, the trace metal concentrations probable effect levels (PELs) for their potential environmental impact was achieved by comparing the trace metal concentrations in the sediment/soil samples with the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). Spearman's Rank-order correlation was used to identify the source and origin of contaminants. The results highlighted high concentrations of trace metals in surface sediments of CT reaching the values of 40152, 15586, 610, 10322, 60704 and 15152 mg kg−1 for Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn, respectively. In the RL, the concentrations reached the values of 24093, 2046, 5463, 3340, 68290 and 769 mg kg−1 for Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn, respectively. The ΣREE varied from 66 to 218 and 142–331 mg kg−1 for CT and RL, respectively. The soil samples are characterized by variable levels of trace metals. The EF analysis showed “extremely severe enrichment” for Cu and Co. However, no enrichment was observed for REE. Except for Mo, Th, U, Eu, Mo, Ho and Tm for which Igeo is classified as “moderately polluted and/or unpolluted”, all elements in different sites are classified in the class 6, “extremely polluted”. The trace metal concentrations in all sampling sites largely exceeded the SQGs and the PELs for the Protection of Aquatic Life recommendation. Cu and Co had positive correlation coefficient values (r = 0.741, P < 0.05, n = 14). This research presents useful tools for the evaluation of water contamination in abandoned and active mining areas.  相似文献   

4.
The Lanping basin is a significant Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag mineralization belt in the Sanjiang Tethyan metallogenic province. A series of sediment-hosted Himalayan Cu–Ag–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposits have been discovered in the western part of the basin, controlled by a thrust–nappe system. In the thrust–nappe system, the Cu orebodies mainly occur in the western and relatively deep part of the mineralization system (the root zone), whereas the Pb–Zn–Ag (± Cu) orebodies occur in the eastern and relatively shallow part of the system (the front zone), both as vein-type mineralization.In this paper we present new data, combined with existing data on fluid inclusions, isotopes and geologic characteristics of representative deposits, to provide the first study that contrasts mineralizing fluids in the Cu–Ag (Mo) and Pb–Zn–Ag (Cu) polymetallic deposits.Fluid inclusion and isotope studies show that the Cu–Ag (Mo) mineralization in the root zone formed predominantly from deep crustal fluids, with the participation of basinal brines. The deep crustal fluids are marked by high CO2 content, relatively high temperatures (280 to 340 °C) and low salinities (1 to 4 wt.% NaCl equivalent), whereas the basinal brine shows relatively low temperatures (160 °C to 220 °C) and high salinities (12 to 22 wt.% NaCl equivalent), containing almost no CO2. In comparison, hydrothermal activity associated with the Pb–Zn–Ag (± Cu) deposits in the front zone is characterized by basinal brine, with relatively low temperatures (130 °C to 180 °C), high salinities (9 to 24 wt.% NaCl equivalent), and low CO2 concentrations. Although evolved meteoric waters have predominantly been proposed as the source for deep crustal fluids, magmatic and metamorphic components cannot be completely excluded. The basinal brine was predominantly derived from meteoric water.The δ34S values of sulfides from the Cu–Ag (Mo) deposits and Pb–Zn–Ag (± Cu) deposits range from − 17.9 to 16.3‰ and from 2.5 to 11.2‰, respectively. These ranges may relate to variations in physicochemical conditions or compositional variation of the sources. Lead isotope compositions indicate that the ore-forming metals were predominantly derived from sedimentary rocks of the Lanping basin.  相似文献   

5.
This study investigates the concentration and spatial distribution of Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb in the surface (0–2 cm) soils of a regional city in Australia. Surface soils were collected from road sides and analysed for their total Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb concentrations in the <180 μm and <2 mm grain size fractions. The average metal concentration of surface soils, relative to local background soils at 40–50 cm depth, are twice as enriched in Hg, more than three times enriched in Cu and Zn, and nearly six times as enriched in Pb. Median surface soil metal concentration values were Cu – 39 mg/kg (682 mg/kg max), Zn – 120 mg/kg (4950 mg/kg max), Hg – 44 μg/kg (14,900 μg/kg max) and Pb – 46 mg/kg (3490 mg/kg max). Five sites exceeded the Australian NEPC (1999) 300 mg/kg guideline for Pb in residential soils. Strong positive correlations between Cu, Zn and Pb, coupled with the spatial distribution of elevated soil concentrations towards the city centre and main roads suggest traffic and older housing as major sources of contamination. No spatial relationships were identified between elevated metal loadings and locations of past or present industries.  相似文献   

6.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(10):1760-1780
Sulfide-rich mine tailings in Adak that are exposed to weathering cause acid mine drainage characterized by low pH (2–4) and high SO4 (up to 800 mg L−1). Surface water, sediment and soil samples collected in this study contain higher concentrations of As, Cu, Fe and Zn, compared to the target and/or intervention limits set by international regulatory agencies. In particular, high As concentrations in water (up to 2900 μg L−1) and sediment (up to 900 mg kg−1) are of concern. There is large variability in trace element concentrations, implying that both physical (grain size) and chemical factors (pH, secondary phases as sulfides, Al-oxides or clay minerals) play an important role in their distribution. The low pH keeps the trace elements dissolved, and they are transported farther downstream. Trace element partition coefficients are low (log Kd = 0.3–4.3), and saturation indices calculated with PHREEQC are <0 for common oxide and sulfidic minerals. The sediment and soil samples indicate an enhanced pollution index (up to 17), and high enrichment factors for trace elements (As up to 38,300; Zn up to 800). Finally, leaves collected from different plant types indicate bioaccumulation of several elements (As, Al, Cu, Fe and Zn). However, some of the plants growing in this area (e.g., Salix, Equisétum) are generally resistant to metal toxicity, and hence, liming and phytoremediation could be considered as potential on-site remediation methods.  相似文献   

7.
The Linghou deposit, located near Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province, eastern China, is a medium-sized polymetallic sulfide deposit associated with granitic intrusion. This deposit is structurally and lithologically controlled and commonly characterized by ore veins or irregular ore lenses. In this deposit, two mineralization events were identified, of which the former produced the Cu–Au–Ag orebodies, while the latter formed Pb–Zn–Cu orebodies. Silicification and calc-silicate (skarn type), phyllic, and carbonate alternation are four principal types of hydrothermal alteration. The early Cu–Au–Ag and late Pb–Zn–Cu mineralizations are characterized by quartz ± sericite + pyrite + chalcopyrite + bornite ± Au–Ag minerals ± magnetite ± molybdenite and calcite + dolomite + sphalerite + pyrite + chalcopyrite + galena, respectively. Calcite clusters and calcite ± quartz vein are formed during the late hydrothermal stage.The NaCl–H2O–CO2 system fluid, coexisting with NaCl–H2O system fluid and showing the similar homogenization temperatures (385 °C and 356 °C, respectively) and different salinities (16.89–21.68 wt.% NaCl eqv. and 7.70–15.53 wt.% NaCl eqv.), suggests that fluid immiscibility occurred during the Cu–Au–Ag mineralization stage and might have given rise to the ore-metal precipitation. The ore-forming fluid of the Pb–Zn–Cu mineralization mainly belongs to the NaCl–H2O–CO2 system of high temperature (~ 401 °C) and mid-high salinity (10.79 wt.% NaCl eqv.).Fluids trapped in the quartz-chalcopyrite vein, Cu–Au–Ag ores, Pb–Zn–Cu ores and calcite clusters yielded δ18OH2O and δD values varying from 5.54‰ to 13.11‰ and from − 71.8‰ to − 105.1‰, respectively, indicating that magmatic fluids may have played an important role in two mineralization events. The δ13CPDB values of the calcite change from − 2.78‰ to − 4.63‰, indicating that the CO32 − or CO2 in the ore-forming fluid of the Pb–Zn–Cu mineralization was mainly sourced from the magmatic system, although dissolution of minor marine carbonate may have also occurred during the ore-forming processes. The sulfide minerals have homogeneous lead isotopic compositions with 206Pb/204Pb ranging from 17.958 to 18.587, 207Pb/204Pb ranging from 15.549 to 15.701, and 208Pb/204Pb ranging from 37.976 to 39.052, indicating that metallic elements of the Linghou deposit came from a mixed source involving mantle and crustal components.Based on geological evidence, fluid inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb isotopic data, the Linghou polymetallic deposit is interpreted as a high-temperature, skarn-carbonate replacement type. Two types of mineralization are both related to the magmatic–hydrothermal system, with the Cu–Au–Ag mineralization having a close relationship with granodiorite.  相似文献   

8.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(12):2188-2200
Phosphate-induced metal stabilization involving the reactive medium Apatite II™ [Ca10−xNax(PO4)6−x(CO3)x(OH)2], where x < 1, was used in a subsurface permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to treat acid mine drainage in a shallow alluvial groundwater containing elevated concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, SO4 and NO3. The groundwater is treated in situ before it enters the East Fork of Ninemile Creek, a tributary to the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho. Microbially mediated SO4 reduction and the subsequent precipitation of sphalerite [ZnS] is the primary mechanism occurring for immobilization of Zn and Cd. Precipitation of pyromorphite [Pb10(PO4)6(OH,Cl)2] is the most likely mechanism for immobilization of Pb. Precipitation is occurring directly on the original Apatite II. The emplaced PRB has been operating successfully since January of 2001, and has reduced the concentrations of Cd and Pb to below detection (2 μg L−1), has reduced Zn to near background in this region (about 100 μg L−1), and has reduced SO4 by between 100 and 200 mg L−1 and NO3 to below detection (50 μg L−1). The PRB, filled with 90 tonnes of Apatite II, has removed about 4550 kg of Zn, 91 kg of Pb and 45 kg of Cd, but 90% of the immobilization is occurring in the first 20% of the barrier, wherein the reactive media now contain up to 25 wt% Zn. Field observations indicate that about 30% of the Apatite II material is spent (consumed).  相似文献   

9.
The current study was designed to investigate the extent and severity of contamination as well as the fractionation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni) in minesoils and agricultural soils around a Pb–Zn mine in central Iran. For this purpose, 20 agricultural soils and eight minesoils were geochemically characterized. Results showed that minesoils contained elevated concentrations of As (12.9–254 mg kg−1), Cd (1.2–55.1 mg kg−1), Pb (137–6239 mg kg−1) and Zn (516–48,889 mg kg−1). The agricultural soils were also polluted by As (5.5–57.1 mg kg−1), Cd (0.2–8.5 mg kg−1), Pb (22–3451 mg kg−1) and Zn (94–9907 mg kg−1). The highest recorded concentrations for these elements were in soils influenced directly by tailing ponds. Chromium, Cu and Ni content in agricultural soils (with average value of 74.1, 34.6 and 50.7 mg kg−1, respectively) were slightly higher than the minesoils (with average value of 54.5, 33.1 and 43.4 mg kg−1, respectively). Sequential extraction data indicated that there were some differences between the speciation of PTEs in soil samples. In the agricultural soils, Zn and Cd were mainly associated with carbonate bound fraction, As and Pb with reducible fraction, Cu with oxidisable fraction and Cr and Ni with residual phase. With respect to mobility factor values, Zn and Cd in the agricultural soils have been found to be the most mobile while As mobility is negligible. Also, the mobility factor of As, Cd and Pb in agricultural soils adjoining tailing ponds was high. In minesoil sample Cd was most abundant in the carbonate form, whereas other studied elements were mainly present in the reducible and residual fractions; therefore, despite the high total concentrations of As, Pb and Zn in the minesoils, the environmental risk of these elements was low. Based on the obtained data, a portion of Cu, Cr and Ni input was from agricultural activities.  相似文献   

10.
The recently discovered Longtougang skarn and hydrothermal vein Cu–Zn deposit is located in the North Wuyi area, southeastern China. The intrusions in the ore district comprise several small porphyritic biotite monzonite, porphyritic monzonite, and porphyritic granite plutons and dikes. The mineralization is zoned from a lower zone of Cu-rich veins and Cu–Zn skarns to an upper zone of banded Zn–Pb mineralization in massive epidote altered rocks. The deposit is associated with skarn, potassic, epidote, greisen, siliceous, and carbonate alteration. Molybdenite from the Cu-rich veins yielded a Re–Os isochron age of 153.6 ± 3.9 Ma, which is consistent with U–Pb zircon ages of 154.0 ± 1.3 Ma for porphyritic monzonite, 154.0 ± 0.8 Ma for porphyritic biotite monzonite, and 152.0 ± 0.8 Ma for porphyritic granite. Geological observations suggest that the Cu mineralization is genetically related to the porphyritic biotite monzonite and porphyritic monzonite. All the zircons from intrusive rocks in the ore district are characterized by εHf(t) values between − 13.41 and − 4.38 and Hf model ages (TDM2) between 2054 and 1482 Ma, reflecting magmas derived mainly from a Proterozoic crustal source. Molybdenite grains from the deposit have Re values of 14.6–27.7 ppm, indicative of a mixed mantle–crust source. The porphyry–skarn abundant Cu and hydrothermal vein type Pb–Zn–Ag deposits in the North Wuyi area are related to the Late Jurassic porphyritic granites and Early Cretaceous volcanism, respectively. The Late Jurassic mineralization-related granites were derived from the crustal anatexis with some mantle input, which was triggered by asthenospheric upwelling induced by slab tearing during oblique subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath the South China block, and the Early Cretaceous mineralization-related granitoids mainly from crust material formed within a series of NNE-trending basins during margin-parallel movement of the plate.  相似文献   

11.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(8):1288-1300
Phosphate-induced metal stabilization involving the reactive medium Apatite II™ [Ca10−xNax(PO4)6−x(CO3)x(OH)2], where x < 1, was used in a subsurface permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to treat acid mine drainage in a shallow alluvial groundwater containing elevated concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, SO4 and NO3. The groundwater is treated in situ before it enters the East Fork of Ninemile Creek, a tributary to the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho. Microbially mediated SO4 reduction and the subsequent precipitation of sphalerite [ZnS] is the primary mechanism occurring for immobilization of Zn and Cd. Precipitation of pyromorphite [Pb10(PO4)6(OH,Cl)2] is the most likely mechanism for immobilization of Pb. Precipitation is occurring directly on the original Apatite II. The emplaced PRB has been operating successfully since January of 2001, and has reduced the concentrations of Cd and Pb to below detection (2 μg L−1), has reduced Zn to near background in this region (about 100 μg L−1), and has reduced SO4 by between 100 and 200 mg L−1 and NO3 to below detection (50 μg L−1). The PRB, filled with 90 tonnes of Apatite II, has removed about 4550 kg of Zn, 91 kg of Pb and 45 kg of Cd, but 90% of the immobilization is occurring in the first 20% of the barrier, wherein the reactive media now contain up to 25 wt% Zn. Field observations indicate that about 30% of the Apatite II material is spent (consumed).  相似文献   

12.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(11):1969-1985
Gossan Creek, a headwater stream in the SE Upsalquitch River watershed in New Brunswick, Canada, contains elevated concentrations of total Hg (HgT up to 60 μg/L). Aqueous geochemical investigations of the shallow groundwater at the headwaters of the creek confirm that the source of Hg is a contaminated groundwater plume (neutral pH with Hg and Cl concentrations up to 150 μg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively), originating from the Murray Brook mine tailings, that discharges at the headwaters of the creek. The discharge area of the contaminant plume was partially delineated based on elevated pH and Cl concentrations in the groundwater. The local groundwater outside of the plume contains much lower concentrations of Hg and Cl (<0.1 μg/L and 3.8 mg/L, respectively) and displays the chemical characteristics of an acid-sulfate weathering system, with low pH (4.1–5.5) and elevated concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and SO4 (up to 5400 μg Cu/L, 8700 μg Zn/L, 70 μg Pb/L and 330 mg SO4/L), derived from oxidation of sulfide minerals in the Murray Brook volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit and surrounding bedrock. The HgT mass loads measured at various hydrologic control points along the stream system indicate that 95–99% of the dissolved HgT is attenuated in the first 3–4 km from the source. Analyses of creek bed sediments for Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg indicate that these metals have partitioned strongly to the sediments. Mineralogical investigations of the contaminated sediments using analytical scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), reveal discrete particles (<1–2 μm) of metacinnabar (HgS), mixed Au–Ag–Hg amalgam, Cu sulfide and Ag sulfide.  相似文献   

13.
Porphyry systems are known to form in magmatic arc environment and commonly include porphyry Cu, epithermal Pb–Zn–Au–Ag, skarn polymetallic mineralization, etc. The systems are rarely reported in collisional zones, such as the Gangdese belt in southern Tibet where many postcollisional porphyry copper deposits occurred. In addition, other types of mineral systems are rarely present except porphyry copper mineralization in the Gangdese belt. In this study, we present Pb–Zn-bearing quartz veins at Luobuzhen in the western Gangdese belt. The Luobuzhen Pb–Zn veins cross-cut dacite of the Linzizong Group with zircon U–Pb age of 50.1 ± 0.2 Ma and monzogranite with zircon U–Pb age of 17.1 ± 0.1 Ma. Ore minerals include sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and pyrite; gangue minerals are quartz with minor chlorite and sericite. Primary fluid inclusions of quartz are liquid-rich, aqueous, and two-phase inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of these primary inclusions are moderate to high (267–400 °C), and salinities range from 8.9 to 18.4 wt.% NaCl equiv. Quartz has δ18OSMOW values of 6.2–9.3‰, while sulfides have δ34SV-CDT values of −5.1‰ to 0.1‰, 206Pb/204Pb of 18.722–18.849, 207Pb/204Pb of 15.640–15.785, and 208Pb/204Pb of 39.068–39.560. These data suggest that magmatic fluids with contribution from meteoric water, magmatic sulfur, and lead derived from upper crust and metasomatized mantle by Indian continental materials would be critical for the Luobuzhen base metal mineralization.The Dongshibu area, located at ∼2 km east of the Luobuzhen, is characterized by high concentrations of Cu (up to 1450 ppm) and Mo (up to 130 ppm) of stream sediments, which is quite different from high concentrations in Pb, Zn, Ag, and Au shown in the Luobuzhen area. In addition, porphyry copper mineralization-related alteration and veins/veinlets occur in the Miocene monzogranite at Dongshibu. The monzogranite is characterized by high Sr/Y ratios, which are also shown on ore-forming intrusions in the Gangdese postcollisional porphyry copper deposits, and shows similar zircon Hf isotopes to the ore-related high Sr/Y intrusions from the Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit which is located ∼20 km northeast of the Luobuzhen-Dongshibu. A comprehensive analysis allows us to infer that the base metal veins at Luobuzhen are components of a porphyry Cu system with porphyry Cu mineralization likely present at Dongshibu and epithermal Au–Ag veins possibly occurring at Luobuzhen, which are indicative of the existence of porphyry copper systems in collisional zones. The potential porphyry Cu mineralization and epithermal Au–Ag veins should be targeted in future exploration at Luobuzhen-Dongshibu.  相似文献   

14.
An exploratory study has been conducted to test the utility of automated mineral analysis observations to identify flue dust particles in topsoils exposed for several decades to emissions of a copper smelter. The methods used are readily available in mining countries. To identify the most impacted sites, the Cu, Zn, Pb, Mo and As levels in water and diluted sulphuric acid extractions of four topsoil size fractions (833–495 μm, 246–148 μm; 74–38 μm; <38 μm) were analysed. X-ray diffraction analyses were used to demonstrate the mineralogical degradation of smectite phases when approaching the smelter. Flue dust particles in different states of conservation in topsoils were directly observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) aided by energy dispersive detection of X-rays. Qemscan® scanning of dispersed topsoil preparations (10,000 particles) pinpoints smelter particles by their density; flue dust pearls can be tracked by sorting particles according to their sphericity, clearly identifying them as pyrometallurgical products. When sorting soil particles by mineral groups (e.g. sulphides), an increase in this phase group can be observed when approaching the smelter. SEM resolution limits observations to particles larger than 2–3 μm. Smaller particles can be observed by transmission electron microscopy, although observer experience and the availability of equipment time are essential as is the case for SEM.  相似文献   

15.
Total organic carbon content (TOC), trace element and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations were determined in the black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Nayong area, Guizhou Province, South China, in order to study the polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization. The results demonstrate that numerous elements are enriched in the polymetallic ores compared to those of the nearby black shale, particularly Ni, Mo, Zn, TOC and total PGE, which can reach up to 7.03 wt.%, 8.49 wt.%, 11.7 wt.%, 11.5 wt.% and 943 ppb, respectively. The elemental enrichment distribution patterns are similar to those in the Zunyi and Zhangjiajie areas except that the Nayong location is exceptionally enriched in Zn. Whereas positive correlations are observed between the ore elements of the polymetallic ores, no such correlations are observed in the black shale. These positively correlated metallic elements are classified into three groups: Co–Ni–Cu–PGE, Zn–Cd–Pb and Mo–Tl–TOC. The geological and geochemical features of these elements suggest that Proterozoic and Early Palaeozoic mafic and ultramafic rocks, dolomites and/or Pb–Zn deposits of the Neoproterozoic Dengying Formation and seawater could be the principal sources for Co–Ni–Cu–PGE, Zn–Cd–Pb, and Mo–Tl–TOC, respectively. Furthermore, the chondrite-normalized patterns of PGEs with Pd/Pt, Pd/Ir and Pt/Ir indicate that PGE enrichment of the polymetallic ores is most likely related to hydrothermal processes associated with the mafic rocks. In contrast, PGE enrichment in the black shale resembles that of the marine oil shale with terrigenous and seawater contributions. Our investigations of TOC, trace elements and PGE geochemistry suggest that multiple sources along with submarine hydrothermal and biological contributions might be responsible for the formation of the polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization in the black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation across southern China.  相似文献   

16.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(8):1533-1545
Spring waters were analysed in the field by anodic stripping voltammetry, using equipment which is sufficiently portable to be useful in a remote heavily forested area accessible by foot only. The equipment and techniques are capable of producing analyses on site to the μg/L level for labile metals. Field analysis avoids issues of sample storage and transport protocols that limit confidence in laboratory measurements of labile elements. Samples were taken as a feedback to immediate analysis resulting in a fine grid map of the geological site. Acid rock drainage emanates from a New Zealand historic mine site, with elevated concentrations of metals. However, ground water and surface water discharging naturally from mineralised rocks in the same area also have elevated levels of metals. This study quantifies natural metalliferous discharges from a single site, and compares this to the overall metal flux from the mine area. Acid (pH 3) metalliferous springs emanate from colluvium and bedrock in a young (months-old) landslide. Labile Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd are the environmentally most significant metals in the studied area. Labile metal concentrations observed in the natural springs are up to 24 μg/L Cu, up to 50 μg/L Pb, up to 5 μg/L Cd and up to 9 mg/L Zn. Labile Cu and Zn concentrations are similar to laboratory-determined total concentrations, whereas labile Pb and Cd concentrations are generally distinctly lower than total Pb and Cd concentrations. Four different spring water compositions occur within metres of each other: acid metalliferous water with high Pb, acid metalliferous water with low Pb, high Cu, Pb, Zn acid water and high pH water with elevated Cu. High metal concentrations in these waters are readily attenuated by adsorption to Fe oxyhydroxides (HFO), especially when rain raises spring water pH at the surface. Copper, Pb and Cd are >99% adsorbed, and Zn >95% adsorbed, during this rainfall dilution. Natural spring waters have potential to contribute up to 10% of the total Zn flux from the catchment, but negligible proportions of Cu, Pb and Cd.  相似文献   

17.
The Yinshan Cu–Au–Pb–Zn–Ag deposit is located in Dexing, South China. Ore bodies are primarily hosted in low-grade phyllite of the Neoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group along EW- and NNW-striking fault zones. Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization is dictated by Jurassic rhyolitic quartz porphyries (ca. 172 Ma), whereas Cu–Au mineralization is associated with Jurassic dacite porphyries (ca. 170 Ma). The main ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite–tennatite, gold, silver, and silver sulphosalt, and the principal gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, calcite, and chlorite. Two-phase liquid-rich (type I), two-phase vapor-rich (type II), and halite-bearing (type III) fluid inclusions can be observed in the hydrothermal quartz-sulfides veins. Type I inclusions are widespread and have homogenization temperatures of 187–303 °C and salinities of 4.2–9.5 wt.% NaCl equivalent in the Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization, and homogenization temperatures of 196–362 °C and salinities of 3.5–9.9 wt.% NaCl equivalent in the Cu–Au mineralization. The pervasive occurrence of type I fluid inclusions with low-moderate temperatures and salinities implies that the mineralizing fluids formed in epithermal environments. The type II and coexisting type III inclusions, from deeper levels below the Cu–Au ore bodies, share similar homogenization temperatures of 317–448 °C and contrasting salinities of 0.2–4.2 and 30.9–36.8 wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively, which indicates that boiling processes occurred. The sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides (δ34S = −1.7‰ to +3.2‰) suggest a homogeneous magmatic sulfur source. The lead isotopes of sulfides (206Pb/204Pb = 18.01–18.07; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.55–15.57; and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.03–38.12) are consistent with those of volcanic–subvolcanic rocks (206Pb/204Pb = 18.03–18.10; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.56–15.57; and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.02–38.21), indicating a magmatic origin for lead in the ore. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions (δ18O = +7.8‰ to +10.5‰, δD = −66‰ to −42‰) of inclusion water in quartz imply that ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from magmatic sources. The local boiling process beneath the epithermal Cu–Au ore-forming system indicates the possibility that porphyry-style ore bodies may exist at even deeper zones.  相似文献   

18.
This study was conducted to assess the anthropogenic impact on metal concentrations in the bottom sediments of the Juam reservoir, Korea, and in stream sediments in its catchment, and to estimate the potential mobility of selected metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) using sequential extraction. A comparison of the metal concentrations in the stream sediments with mean background values in sediments collected from first- or second-order creeks shows that Pb, Cu and Ni are the most affected by anthropogenic inputs. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the bottom and core sediments (means: 1.2320 ± 0.0502 and 1.2212 ± 0.0040, respectively) suggest that Pb contamination is mainly due to the waste discharge of abandoned coal and metal mines rather than industrial and airborne sources. Considering the proportion of metals bound to the exchangeable, carbonate and reducible fractions, the comparative mobility of metals is suggested to decrease in the order Mn > Pb > Zn > Ni > Fe ≫ Cu.  相似文献   

19.
The Keketale Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Devonian volcanic-sedimentary Maizi basin of the Altay orogenic belt. The mineralization at Keketale is hosted in marbles and deformed volcanic tuffs and biotite–garnet–chlorite schists, folded into a series of overturned synclines formed in multiple deformation events. Keketale contains economic amounts of Pb (0.89 Mt @ 1.51 wt.%), Zn (1.94 Mt @ 3.16 wt.%) and Ag (650 t @ 40 g/t).Detailed petrographic studies have defined two main generations of sulfide development. The banded pyrite of the early Stage A is commonly stratiform, with minor galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Stage B is characterized by a large amount of polymetallic sulfides including pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena, with minor pyrite hosted in quartz veins.Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs), including mixed carbonic-aqueous (C-type), pure carbonic (PC-type) and aqueous (W-type), have been recognized in quartz of stage B. The C-type FIs have homogenization temperatures of 150–326 °C and salinities of 0.2–16.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The PC-type FIs are dominated by CO2 with minor CH4 and N2 and have initial ice-melting temperatures of − 57.5 to − 56.7 °C, CO2 homogenization temperatures of 11–14.1 °C. The W-type primary FIs were completely homogenized at temperatures of 124–359 °C with salinities of 5.0–14.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Such CO2-rich fluid inclusions are consistent with those discovered in orogenic-type deposits in the Altay area and elsewhere.Muscovite separates from the polymetallic quartz veinlets of stage B yield a well-defined 40Ar/39Ar isotopic plateau age of 259.33 ± 2.56 Ma, with an isochron age of 259.62 ± 2.65 Ma. This age is coeval with the closure of the Paleo-Asia Ocean and reactivation of the Ertix Fault system.LA-ICP-MS analyses of two generations of pyrite indicate that the banded pyrite of stage A is relatively depleted in metallic elements and contains low contents of Cu (0.39 ppm), Ag (0.20 ppm), Au (below the detection limits), Pb (17.43 ppm) and Zn (14.38 ppm); whereas the pyrite in quartz–polymetallic sulfide veinlets of the stage B is relatively rich in metallic elements, e.g., Cu (2.56 ppm), Ag (3.07 ppm), Au (0.01 ppm), Pb (1047 ppm) and Zn (1136 ppm). The trace amounts of Cu, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag are interpreted to have been initially locked in the lattice of type-A pyrite, and then liberated and precipitated as micromineral inclusions with type-B pyrite during subsequent metamorphism and deformation.Two key factors are considered vital to the formation of economic ores of the Keketale Pb–Zn deposit, namely the original Devonian banded pyrite formed in a VMS system and subsequent Permian deformation and metamorphic processes that liberated Cu, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag from the lattice of type-A pyrite to form galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite with minor muscovite in quartz veinlets. The model provides a new interpretation of VMS Pb–Zn deposit occurring in back-arc basin environments followed by collision, and new insights into the unique regional Fe–Cu–Pb–Zn–Au mineralization in the Altay orogenic belt.  相似文献   

20.
The Weilasituo and Bairendaba Zn–Pb–Ag–Cu–(Sn–W) sulphide deposits are located in the southern part of Great Xing'an Range of Inner Mongolia in China. The deposits are located at shallow depths in the newly discovered Weilasituo porphyry hosting Sn–W–Rb mineralization. The mineralization at Weilasituo and Bairendaba consist of zoned massive sulphide veins within fractures cutting the Xilinhot Metamorphic Complex and quartz diorite. The Weilasituo deposit gradually zones from the Cu-rich Zn–Cu sulphide mineralization in the west to Zn-rich Zn–Cu sulphide mineralization in the east. The Bairendaba deposit has a Cu-bearing and Zn-rich core through a transitional zone devoid of copper to an outer zone of Zn–Pb–Ag mineralization. Three main veins contain more than 50 wt.% of the contained metal in the two deposits with their metal ratios displaying a systematic and gradual increase in Zn/Cu, Pb/Zn and Ag/Zn ratios from the western part of Weilasituo to the eastern part of Bairendaba.Three stages of vein-type mineralization are recognized. Early, sub-economic mineralization consists of a variable proportion of euhedral arsenopyrite, pyrite, quartz, and rare wolframite, scheelite, cassiterite, magnetite and cobaltite. This was succeeded by main stage mineralization with economic concentration of zoned Cu, Zn, Pb and Ag sulphide minerals along strike within the veins. The zones consist of the assemblages: (1) pyrrhotite–Fe-rich sphalerite–chalcopyrite(–quartz–fluorite) at west Weilasituo; (2) pyrrhotite–Fe-rich sphalerite–chalcopyrite(–galena–tetrahedrite–quartz–fluorite) at east Weilasituo; (3) pyrrhotite–Fe-rich sphalerite–chalcopyrite(–galena–tetrahedrite–quartz–fluorite) in the centre of Bairendaba; (4) pyrrhotite–Fe-rich sphalerite–galena(–chalcopyrite–tetrahedrite–quartz–fluorite) in the transition zone of Bairendaba; and (5) pyrrhotite–Fe-rich sphalerite–galena–tetrahedrite(–chalcopyrite–falkmanite–argentite–pyrargyrite–quartz–fluorite) in the outer zone at Bairendaba. Post-main ore stage is devoid of sulphides and characterized overprinting of fluorite, sericite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite and calcite.Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating, Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating, molybdenite Re–Os isochron dating, and muscovite Ar–Ar dating indicate the Beidashan granitic batholith was intruded at 140 ± 3 Ma (MSWD = 3.3), the porphyritic monzogranite from marginal facies of the Beidashan batholith was intruded at 139 ± 2 Ma (MSWD = 0.75), the mineralized quartz porphyry was intruded at 135 ± 2 Ma (MSWD = 0.91), the greisen mineralization occurred at 135 ± 11 Ma (MSWD = 7.2), and the post-main ore stage muscovite deposited at 129.5 ± 0.9 Ma. The new geochronology data show the porphyry Sn–W–Rb and vein-type sulphide mineralization are contemporaneous with granitic magmatism in the region.The metal zonation at the Weilasituo and Bairendaba deposits is a result of progressive metal deposition. This was during the evolution of a metal-bearing fluid along the strike of the veins and during the main stage of ore formation at the upper part of the deep-seated porphyry Sn–W–Rb system. This progressive zonation indicates that the deposits represent end-numbers formed from one ore-forming fluid, which moved from west to east from the porphyry. The metal zonation patterns of the major veins are consistent with metal-bearing fluid entering the system with the precipitation of chalcopyrite proximally and sphalerite, galena and Ag-bearing minerals more distally. We show that the mechanism of metal deposition is therefore controlled by thermodynamic conditions resulting in the progressive separation of sulphides from the metal-bearing fluid. The temperature gradient between the inflow zone and the outflow zone appears to be one of the key parameters controlling the formation of the metal zonation pattern. The sulphide precipitation sequence is consistent with a low fS2 and low fO2 state of the acidic metal-bearing fluid. The metal zonation pattern provides helpful clues from which it is possible to establish the nature of fluid migration and metal deposition models to locate a possible porphyry mineralization at depth in the Great Xing'an Range, which is consistent with the geology of the newly discovered porphyry Sn–W–Rb system.  相似文献   

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