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1.
The concept that the flow of granular materials is governed by shear on certain critical planes is used to formulate an elastic–plastic model. When the elastic strains are neglected, the Double Shearing model becomes identical to the rigid-plastic model of de Josselin de Jong which he named the Double Sliding model. After a discussion of the model, the small strain formulation is used to describe general boundary-value problems. A comparison is then made between the coaxial Mohr–Coulomb yielding and the Double Shearing model on the basis of several numerical simulations. The non-coaxiality of the axes of principal plastic strain rate and principal stress in the Double Shearing model leads to essentially different behaviour for stress rotations in comparison to the coaxial model. The Double Shearing model predicts in general lower limit loads because, for a given state of stress, it allows for several possible directions of plastic flow rather than a unique direction which derives from a plastic potential. 相似文献
2.
Paleoseismological study along the Talas-Fergana Fault near the Kök-Bel Pass in the central Western Tien Shan allows us to estimate the rate of late Holocene horizontal offset at 13–14 mm/yr, as well as the radiocarbon age of the strong earthquakes that occurred here about 300, 2400, and 5000 yr ago. 相似文献
3.
Sergey R. Kotov 《Mathematical Geology》2003,35(4):477-491
Records from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two ice core are considered in terms of dynamical systems theory and nonlinear prediction. Dynamical systems theory allows us to reconstruct some properties of a phenomenon based only on past behavior without any mechanistic assumptions or deterministic models. A near-term prediction of temperature, including a mean estimate and confidence interval, is made for 800 years into the future. The prediction suggests that the present short-time global warming trend will continue for at least 200 years and be followed by a reverse in the temperature trend. 相似文献
4.
The origin of granite-gneiss domes is traditionally attributed to gravity tectonics, the ascent of granite-gneiss diapirs in a gravitational field owing to a relative decrease in the density of granitized rocks compared with their protolith. This is usually considered by the example of a two-layer medium with a lower layer of granitized rocks overlain by a denser protolith layer; the development of gravitational instability in the system results in the ascent of a granite-gneiss diapir. However, the diapiric process can be initiated only if Archimedes?? buoyancy forces at the roof of the granite-gneiss layer will overcome the resistance of the protolith rocks related to their long-term strength. Under the conditions of plastic deformations, this requires the existence of a large-scale irregularity in the relief of the layer boundary, namely, an antiform cusp in the roof of the granite-gneiss layer. The model is based on the assumption that such antiforms appear owing to the reactive infiltration instability of the morphology of the granitization front caused by an increase in the fluid permeability of granitized rocks compared with that of the protolith. The results of computer modeling support the geological feasibility of the reactive infiltration mechanism of the generation and development of the protodiapiric forms of the granitization front triggering the development of the diapiric process of the gravitational upwelling of granite-gneiss domes. The model of a protodiapir stage allows us to consider dome formation as a result of the development of two sequential instabilities: the reactive infiltration instability of the granitization front related to an increase in the permeability of the transformed rock followed by the gravitational instability related to a relative decrease in rock density. 相似文献
5.
唯象学本构模型不能很好解决诸如夹杂含量、温度、应变速率等对盐岩力学性质的影响,更难以解释盐岩变形机制。盐岩为石岩晶体组成,其变形机制主要由多晶结构所控制,故基于固体位错理论研究方法建立的盐岩塑性本构模型更能反映盐岩的变形机制。研究表明,盐岩的塑性-蠕变交互作用机制是（亚）晶粒内部位错的滑移与（亚）晶界及其干涉面内位错的攀移运动之间的耦合。基于此,可确定亚晶（或晶粒）平均尺寸与流动应力之间的关系、（亚）晶内的位错平均密度;建立微观参量（位错、亚晶直径、亚晶界宽度等）演化模式;根据Orowan定律建立盐岩微观-宏观变形联系,从而导出盐岩塑性本构方程。导出的本构方程体现了盐岩塑性-蠕变变形的物理机制,相对于传统的塑性本构方程具有更好的物理意义。 相似文献
6.
Yingchun Li Zhengzhao Liang Chun'an Tang Danqi Li Chuangzhou Wu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(17):2687-2703
We present an analytical model for the shear behaviour of rock joints with progressive degradation of two-order asperities including waviness and unevenness. Critical waviness and critical unevenness are used to respectively represent the mechanical involvements of waviness and unevenness during shear. The degradation process of two-order asperities are predicted by considering the stepwise relationship among dilation angle, sheared and unsheared asperity areas, and plastic tangential work. The dilation angle of each asperity decreases as plastic tangential work accumulates. The progressive degradation transiting from critical unevenness to critical waviness is realised through examining the dilation angle and the unsheared area of critical unevenness. The model's predictions are compared with the experimental data from direct shear tests on both regular- and irregular-shaped joints. Good agreement between analytical and experimental curves demonstrate the credence of the proposed model. Therefore, the model, after implemented in finite and discrete element codes, is practicable for the stability assessment of rock-engineering structures. 相似文献
7.
In this paper, a simple bounding surface plasticity model is used to reproduce the yielding and stress–strain behavior of the structured soft clay found at Shanghai of China. A series of undrained triaxial tests and drained stress probe tests under isotropic and anisotropic consolidation modes were performed on undisturbed samples of Shanghai soft clay to study the yielding characteristics. The degradation of the clay structure is modeled with an internal variable that allows the size of the bounding surface to decay with accumulated plastic strain. An anisotropic tensor and rotational hardening law are introduced to reflect the initial anisotropy and the evolution of anisotropy. Combined with the isotropic hardening rule, the rotational hardening rule and the degradation law are incorporated into the bounding surface formulation with an associated flow rule. Validity of the model is verified by the undrained isotropic and anisotropic triaxial test and drained stress probe test results for Shanghai soft clay. The effects of stress anisotropy and loss of structure are well captured by the model. 相似文献
8.
It will be shown below that the main axial dipole component suffers magnetic diffusion only, so it tends to be diminished by a factor of e per 2110 years. This time interval allows us to specify the value of the core’s conductivity and estimate roughly the configuration for the current source of the axial dipole in the core and the minimal time before the upcoming inversion (excursion). The dipole component perpendicular to the axis of revolution is less than the main axial component by an order of magnitude, and has generating, drift, and diffusion components as well. This generating component is characterized by two intervals of growth by a factor of e, 98, and 540 years, which allow us to estimate the a-effect. The drifting component consists of differently directed waves enveloping the globe for 46 000 years, which leads to estimation of the w-effect. The nature of inversion dynamics is also estimated. 相似文献
9.
Rail tracks undergo degradation owing to particle breakage and fouling of ballast by various fines including coal and subgrade soil. As the ballast becomes fouled, its strength and drainage capacity are compromised, sometimes resulting in differential settlement and reduced track stability. This paper demonstrates a continuum mechanics based framework to evaluate the detrimental effect of fines on the strength, deformation and degradation of coal-fouled ballast under monotonic loading. An elastoplastic constitutive model that considers the effect of fines content and energy consumption associated with particle breakage during shearing is presented. This multiphase constitutive model is developed within a critical state framework based on a kinematic-type yield locus and a modified stress-dilatancy approach. A general formulation for the rate of ballast breakage and coal particle breakage during triaxial shearing is presented and incorporated into the plastic flow rule to accurately predict the stress–strain response of coal-fouled ballast at various confining pressures. The behaviour of ballast at various levels of fouling is analysed and validated by experimental data. 相似文献
10.
根据长春市１９８６～１９９６年共１１年垃圾清运量数据,并结合对长春市居民生活区垃圾日产量的跟踪调查,查明了长春市垃圾产量（包括年产量、月产量和人均日产量）的基本特征和变化规律,分析了垃圾产量增长的受控因素。研究发现大约有３／４的城市垃圾来源于居民家庭之外的社会单位。建立了垃圾年产量的灰色ＧＭ（１,１）预测模型,预计到２００４年长春市垃圾年产量将达到１５０万ｔ。加强非居民家庭产生的垃圾管理对于削减垃圾产量具有特别重要的意义。 相似文献
11.
选择北京平原区水文地质、环境地质等方面都比较典型的沙子营垃圾堆放场,建立了其水文地质模型。在充分收集资料、分析得出部分计算所需参数后,采用现场弥散实验、勘查取样测试等方法,求得了该含水层的弥散系数等参数;用二维非稳定流溶质运移方程对污染物在此含水层中的迁移扩散规律、速度和污染范围等进行了模拟计算;采用现场钻探、取样测试分析等方法,评价了该含水层的实际污染状况。实验模拟计算和现场调查结果表明:污染物在潜水含水层中的运移规律遵循二维非稳定流场中的溶质运移方程,污染物在潜水含水层中的运移速度约为86.25m/a,迁移扩散主要发生在地下水流向上,侧向扩散宽度极小,是地下水流向上的1/17。 相似文献
12.
A relatively simple yield model is developed for isotropic, porous rocks which yield in a ductile manner. The flow rule and yield function are derived using an adaptation of the work-balance approach of critical state soil mechanics. This adaptation allows for the dissipation of work by frictional and volume change mechanisms, including the dissipation of frictional work at sensibly constant plastic volumetric strain. The yield model uses two material parameters—a basic frictional parameter and a plastic volumetric strain adjustment parameter which is assumed to be constant for the yield locus corresponding to a particular specific volume. The model gives excellent fits to yield loci for two limestones, a chalk and gypsum plaster prepared at different initial void ratios. 相似文献
13.
Liquefaction is associated with the loss of mean effective stress and increase of the pore water pressure in saturated granular materials due to their contractive tendency under cyclic shear loading. The loss of mean effective stress is linked to loss of grain contacts, bringing the granular material to a “semifluidized state” and leading to development and accumulation of large cyclic shear strains. Constitutive modeling of the cyclic stress-strain response in earthquake-induced liquefaction and post-liquefaction is complex and yet very important for stress-deformation and performance-based analysis of sand deposits. A new state internal variable named strain liquefaction factor is introduced that evolves at low mean effective stresses, and its constitutive role is to reduce the plastic shear stiffness and dilatancy while maintaining the same plastic volumetric strain rate in the semifluidized state. This new constitutive ingredient is added to an existing critical state compatible, bounding surface plasticity reference model, that is well established for constitutive modeling of cyclic response of sands in the pre-liquefaction state. The roles of the key components of the proposed formulation are examined in a series of sensitivity analyses. Their combined effects in improving the performance of the reference model are examined by simulating undrained cyclic simple shear tests on Ottawa sand, with focus on reproducing the increasing shear strain amplitude as well as its saturation in the post-liquefaction response. 相似文献
14.
An extended version of the classical Generalized Backward Euler (GBE) algorithm is proposed for the numerical integration of a three‐invariant isotropic‐hardening elastoplastic model for cemented soils or weak rocks undergoing mechanical and non‐mechanical degradation processes. The restriction to isotropy allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the space of principal elastic strains. In this way, an efficient and robust integration scheme is developed which can be applied to relatively complex yield surface and plastic potential functions. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can be linearized in closed form, thus allowing for quadratic convergence in the global Newton iteration. A series of numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the algorithm. Selected results from a finite element analysis of a circular footing on a soft rock layer undergoing chemical weathering are then presented to illustrate the algorithm performance at the boundary value problem level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
基于LIDAR数据的森林参数反演方法研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
森林结构参数诸如林分平均高、平均冠幅、平均胸径、林分密度、地上生物量等的空间分布对于森林可持续经营管理具有重要意义。以黑河流域祁连山大野口典型森林区为研究区,采用高密度LIDAR小脚印点云数据,在进行单木结构参数提取的基础上,按20 m×20 m大小的网格进行了小区域森林参数反演研究。首先由LIDAR点云数据生成冠层高度模型(Canopy Height Model,CHM),从CHM中估测单株木结构参数树的位置、树高、冠幅。然后采用多元逐步回归分析法建立样地(20 m×20 m)尺度上LIDAR估测的平均树高、冠幅等与实测森林参数(林分平均高、林分算数平均高、平均冠幅、平均胸径、林分密度、地上生物量)之间的关系。结果表明,林分平均高、林分算术平均高、地上生物量的估测方程精度较高,R2均大于0.7,平均冠幅、平均胸径、林分密度的估测方程R2均大于0.5,根据建立的方程得到了森林参数的空间分布图。高密度LIDAR数据可以得到较高精度的森林参数空间分布图,对于森林可持续经营管理以及林相图的更新等具有重要意义,同时对小流域森林水文科学的研究具有重要的应用价值。 相似文献
16.
Hilmar von Eynatten Carles Barceló-Vidal Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn 《Mathematical Geology》2003,35(3):231-251
Perturbation on the simplex is an operation which can be used to numerically describe changes in the composition of, for example, soils, sediments, or rocks. The combination of perturbation and power transformation provides a strong tool for analyzing compositional linear processes in the simplex. When the process is constrained in the sense of a well-known starting (or final) composition, noncentred principal component analysis can be used to estimate the leading perturbation vector of the process. Applying these mathematical tools to chemical major element data from a weathering profile developed on granitoid rocks allows us to model the compositional changes associated with the process of chemical weathering. The comparison of these results with the compositional linear trend defined by erosional products of several of the world's major drainage systems yields close similarities. The latter observation allows for a mathematical formulation of a global mean weathering trend within the system Al2O3–CaO– Na2O– K2O. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the approach for validating processes behind individual trends and for combining the effects of different processes which modify the composition of soils, sediments, and rocks. Alternatives to the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) are discussed to obtain a translation-invariant scale for the process of chemical weathering. 相似文献
17.
R. E. Chvez O. Lazaro-Mancilla J. O. Campos-Enríquez E. L. Flores-Mrquez 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》1999,12(6):415
Source-depth estimations based on analysis of gravity data enabled us to establish the basement topography in the area of the Mexicali Valley (Mexico). Analysis of the radial power spectrum from all the Bouguer gravity anomaly data indicates that the intermediate wave number interval ranging between 0.025 km−1 and 0.112 km−1 with a mean source depth of 3.5 km corresponds to the sedimentary basin. The gravity spectrum was analyzed to estimate the depth to the basement in different square sectors (windows) of the study area. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the slopes of the respective power spectrums, to subsequently estimate the depths to the basement in each sector. The basement topography obtained in this way ranged from 2.1 to 4.5 km. Our basement topography is consistent with the depths to the basement reported from wells drilled in the study area. The basement is formed by granites to the northeast, dikes to the southwest, and shaped by structural lows and highs, with graben-horst structures at the center of the studied area.An independent estimation of the mean depth to the basement was obtained based on the ideal body theory. In particular trade-off curves relating the lower bound of the density contrast to the depth to the top of the geological interface were computed. If we assume that the sediments outcrop (as is actually the case), the minimum lower bound on the density contrast is 0.0700 g/cm3. This result would imply a maximum thickness of 13.5 km for the sedimentary infill.Seismic velocities of 5.83 and 4.9 km/s for the basement and the sedimentary infill, respectively, indicates densities of 2.86 and 2.56 g/cm3 according to the Nafe and Drake’s relationship between seismic velocities and densities. The corresponding density contrast of 0.3 g/cm3 helped us to constrain the analysis of the trade-off curves accordingly; the sedimentary thickness is of approximately 3.5 km. This result is in agreement with that obtained from our spectral analysis. 相似文献
18.
A plastic deviatoric model with hardening is developed on the basis of geomechanical tests performed in the saturated case on low permeable porous material such as argillite. This model is a generalized Mohr–Coulomb plastic criterion combined with a Drucker–Prager plastic potential and the hardening parameter is the plastic distortion. Three different hardening functions have been introduced on the basis of triaxial tests: an increase of friction angle, a decrease of cohesion after a threshold and a contractancy to dilatancy transition for volumetric plastic strain. This plastic model has been adapted to the partially saturated case. The effective stress is expressed thanks to the equivalent interstitial pressure π. Numerical results are presented for the excavation and monotonous ventilation of a deep cylindrical cavity. A first plastification due to excavation is followed by a second one due to desaturation. The extent of the non-saturated zone provokes an extent of a plastic zone in the rock mass. Analysis shows that the origin of the plastification can be found in the deviatoric stresses because mean effective stresses are compressive during drying. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
The behaviour of dry and cohesionless granular material during quasi-static cyclic shearing under a constant normal stiffness (CNS) condition is theoretically studied. A particular attention is laid to the volumetric strain change and the degradation of the shear resistance in the course of shearing. Numerical calculations are carried out for several shear cycles under boundary conditions which are relevant to investigate the shear interface behaviour. The global and local evolution of deformation, stress and density within the granular material is investigated with a finite element method on the basis of a hypoplastic constitutive model extended by micro-polar quantities: rotations, curvatures and couple stresses. A mean grain diameter is used as a characteristic length of micro-structure. The constitutive equations for stresses and couple stresses take also into account the effect of the evolution of the void ratio, pressure dependent relative density, direction of rate of deformation and rate of curvature. The numerical results are qualitatively compared with corresponding laboratory tests on direct wall shearing performed by DeJong, Randloph and White. In addition, the results for cyclic shearing of an infinite granular layer between two very rough boundaries under CNS conditions are also enclosed and discussed. 相似文献
20.
The modified Cam clay (MCC) model is used to study the response of virgin‐compressed clay subjected to undrained triaxial compression. The MCC constitutive relationship is obtained in a closed form. Both elastic and plastic deviatoric strains are considered in the analysis. The solution allows to obtain total and effective stress paths followed by the clay in undrained spherical expansion. Pore water pressures are determined from the difference between total and effective mean stresses. For illustration purposes, the analysis is also applied to the well‐known reconstituted normally consolidated London clay and the results are compared with the recently published data obtained by a numerical approach. In addition, the Almansi large strains are used in the analysis, as these allow to obtain limit expansion and pore pressures, whereas both small‐strain and logarithmic‐strain approaches do not permit to determine them. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献