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井间电磁测井技术测量井间地层电磁波传播特性,通过正反演获得井间电阻率分布信息,由此揭示地层油气水的分布信息.井间电磁接收是井间电磁测井技术中一项重要内容,是开展井间电磁成像测井系统研制中必须攻克的难题之一.本文通过对比磁反馈与无磁反馈两种天线接收幅度与相位特性,发现磁反馈接收天线频带平稳无相位跳变点,相比无反馈天线具有明显优势.在磁反馈天线的基础上,本文分析不同天线磁芯、不同天线缠绕方式对天线幅频特性的响应,发现这些参数均对天线幅频特性有不同影响,为天线设计与研制提供参考设计参数.在接收天线研究的基础上,采用噪声匹配放大、1/f滤波、工频压制、数字锁相放大、相敏检波等软硬件处理技术,进一步降低噪声,提高接收精度和灵敏度.为有效开展井间同步发射与接收采集,采用高精度时间同步技术,提高同步与电磁波相位提取的精度.针对接收线路与系统中存在的误差,采用两距离井间电磁刻度方法进行压制.井间电磁接收样机研制完成后,分别在现场进行井下噪声测试、非金属套管井间、金属套管井间等系列井间电磁接收测量实验,研究与实验结果表明:本文所研究的井间电磁接收技术可实现500 m以上大井距和双层金属套管井间测量． 相似文献
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深度视电阻率成像是航空瞬变电磁法中数据处理及分析的重要过程,能够提供具有参考价值的导体深度、垂向延伸等信息,并能准确提供每条航空瞬变电磁测量系统测线上的一维层状介质视导电率结构断面.而航空瞬变电磁法作为一种先进的地球物理勘探技术,近年来在国外多金属矿产勘查中应用效果显著.本文简要介绍了视电阻率的分析处理方法,以几组不同导体的MAXWELL板状模型为例,计算一维视电阻率深度,得到直观的视电阻率深度成像图.此项技术首次在黄土坡矿床开展测量试验的处理中,获得良好的效果,加快了航空瞬变电磁法的处理工作进程. 相似文献
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分析了金属套管井中有限尺寸线圈的电磁响应特征,讨论了井眼泥浆参数、套管参数和不同线圈尺寸对电磁测井响应的影响,考察了金属套管中电磁测井对地层电阻率变化的灵敏度.径向非均匀介质的模拟计算表明,在套管井中井眼泥浆对电磁测井的影响较大,必须进行校正.在低频条件下,井间测量响应中金属套管与地层的电磁响应是非耦合的,两者可以分离.在套管参数一定时,套管响应与地层的响应的比值近似一个常数.电磁响应对地层电阻变化的灵敏度分析显示,井间电磁测量在储层研究尺度对地层电阻率变化响应灵敏,套管引起的衰减稳定.在其它参数相同的前提下,线圈直径的增大有助于有效电磁响应信号的增强,给大井间距测量提供了可能.不同磁导率金属套管的电磁响应分析表明,电磁测井中,采用非磁性或弱磁性套管要优于一般的铁磁性套管. 相似文献
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针对井间地震数据成像技术的一些缺陷并根据井间地震数据的特点,利用井间上、下行反射波信息,提出了一种基于波动方程的井间地震反射波偏移成像技术,该技术既考虑了井间地震数据的运动学特征(时间信息),又考虑了动力学特征(振幅信息).以PC机集群为计算平台,Linux为操作系统,设计了井间地震炮域波动方程偏移成像并行计算流程,并且在64位联想机群上用井间模型数据和某油田的实际数据对该技术和计算流程进行了测试和试处理,试验结果表明成像方法和并行算法正确、实用且计算效率高. 相似文献
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井间地震可以获得极高分辨率的地震信号,得到井间构造与储层等小尺度地质目标的精细成像,在解决油藏开发问题方面具有明显的精度优势.目前,直井井间地震技术相对成熟,但是海上油田的井多为大斜度井,大斜度井井组之间存在共面性差、井间距远的难题.本文针对大斜度井井间采集条件差的问题,以具有复杂井组条件的渤海海域K油田为靶区开展研究,提出了针对斜井井间地震的采集分析和数据处理方法,通过选取具有不同采集条件的井组开展井间地震试验,总结了获得高品质井间地震资料的条件.本文方法在渤海K油田获得了高品质的井间地震资料,开展的低序级断层解释和薄砂体精细刻画研究较好解决了油田开发中遇到的难题.本文研究成果可为后续大斜度井井间地震工作的开展提供借鉴. 相似文献
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随钻电磁波传播方位电阻率仪器在钻井过程中可以提供地层边界的方位及距离信息,因此在地质导向应用中发挥着重要作用,是提高油气资源开采率的重要手段.该技术是国外近十年来发展起来的前沿技术,在国内尚属空白.本文首次构思并实现了一种应用"交联天线"的随钻电磁波传播方位电阻率仪器,并从天线结构,测量原理,数据处理以及地层电阻率成像及解释等几个方面详细阐述.交联天线由极化方向正交的线圈串绕组成,同时具有方位探测和地层背景电阻率测量的功能.通过分析交联天线的电压在仪器旋转过程中的变化规律,可以计算出仪器所在地层的电阻率,判断地层边界的方位以及估算地层边界相距仪器的距离.该随钻电磁波传播方位电阻率仪器还包括用于常规电磁波传播电阻率测试的多频多测距补偿天线结构.结合地层电阻率测量及其在方位上的相对变化,可以实现对地层电阻率的全方位成像.该仪器在国内油田进行了多次实井测试,测试结果证明仪器能够在水平井地质导向中准确提供仪器所在地层的电阻率,以及地层边界方位和距离信息.已有实井测试结果表明仪器在油层(100Ωm)和泥岩(5Ωm)中的地层边界探测深度分别为2.2m和1.6m,平均误差在0.2m以内. 相似文献
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为了测试我国自主设计与研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能及其在水合物探测中的适用性,本文从海洋可控源电磁法基本原理出发,首先根据试验海域水合物地质特征,建立简化地电模型开展理论研究,确定海洋可控源电磁试验的技术方案;利用研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器,在南海天然气水合物远景区开展探测试验,首次获得了我国深水海域的海洋可控源电磁数据.通过对采集数据进行处理与反演,获得了试验剖面的海底电性结构模型,揭示了4号测点下方存在一个50m厚的高阻层,其电阻率为25Ωm、顶部埋深为181m,为该区天然气水合物调查提供了有价值的电性参考资料.研究结果表明,自主研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能达到了预期的设计指标,这标志着我国海洋可控源电磁探测技术向实用化进程迈出了重要一步. 相似文献
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Electromagnetic fields in a non-uniform steel-cased borehole 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Since most oil wells are cased in steel, electromagnetic (EM) signals undergo severe attenuation as they diffuse across the casing. This paper examines an effect of non‐uniform casing properties on EM fields measured in a steel‐cased well embedded in a layered formation. We use a finite‐element method for computing secondary azimuthal electric fields in a cylindrically symmetric model, and analytically obtain primary fields for a homogeneous casing in a homogeneous whole space. Although steel casing largely masks EM signals induced into a layered formation, the induced signal is more pronounced in phase than in amplitude. The effect of casing non‐uniformity is quite large in measured fields but is highly localized. When electrical conductivity varies rapidly in the casing wall, the resulting EM fields also vary rapidly. A cross‐correlation function of these variations has strong peaks at two points, the interval between them being equal to the source–receiver distance. The high‐frequency coherent noise event caused by the non‐uniform casing can be greatly suppressed by low‐pass filtering to enhance EM signals indicating formation conductivity. 相似文献
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G. Michael Hoversten Michael Commer Eldad Haber Christoph Schwarzbach 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(6):1508-1526
As motivation for considering new electromagnetic techniques for hydraulic fracture monitoring, we develop a simple financial model for the net present value offered by geophysical characterization to reduce the error in stimulated reservoir volume calculations. This model shows that even a 5% improvement in stimulated reservoir volume for a 1 billion barrel (bbl.) field results in over 1 billion U.S. dollars (US$) in net present value over 24 years for US$100/bbl. oil and US$0.5 billion for US$50/bbl. oil. The application of conductivity upscaling, often used in electromagnetic modeling to reduce mesh size and thus simulation runtimes, is shown to be inaccurate for the high electrical contrasts needed to represent steel‐cased wells in the earth. Fine‐scale finite‐difference modeling with 12.22‐mm cells to capture the steel casing and fractures shows that the steel casing provides a direct current pathway to a created fracture that significantly enhances the response compared with neglecting the steel casing. We consider conductively enhanced proppant, such as coke‐breeze‐coated sand, and a highly saline brine solution to produce electrically conductive fractures. For a relatively small frac job at a depth of 3 km, involving 5,000 bbl. of slurry and a source midpoint to receiver separation of 50 m, the models show that the conductively enhanced proppant produces a 15% increase in the electric field strength (in‐line with the transmitter) in a 10‐Ωm background. In a 100‐Ωm background, the response due to the proppant increases to 213%. Replacing the conductive proppant by brine with a concentration of 100,000‐ppm NaCl, the field strength is increased by 23% in the 100‐Ωm background and by 2.3% in the 10‐Ωm background. All but the 100,000‐ppm NaCl brine in a 10‐Ωm background produce calculated fracture‐induced electric field increases that are significantly above 2%, a value that has been demonstrated to be observable in field measurements. 相似文献
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《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1988,8(1):69-72
Hole stability problems occurring during construction of monitoring wells in coarse, unconsolidated alluvium can be overcome by using a drill-through casing driver mounted on a standard top-head drive rotary rig. Steel casing is driven contemporaneously with drilling, providing continuous hole stability. Samples of aquifer material and ground water can be taken at discrete depths as drilling proceeds. Monitoring well completion is accomplished by: (1) using the steel casing as an open-ended piezometer; (2) installing a telescoping well screen; (3) plugging the casing end and perforating desired intervals, (4) installing one or more smaller diameter wells, and then (5) pulling back the steel casing. Advantages of this drilling method include maintenance of hole stability during drilling and well completion, faster borehole construction time than traditional methods in coarse alluvial deposits and other poorly sorted formations, and collection of representative samples of the geologic formations and ground water; additionally, drilling fluids are not required. 相似文献
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Water from the San Joaquin Delta, having chloride concentrations up to 3590 mg/L, has intruded fresh water aquifers underlying Stockton, California. Changes in chloride concentrations at depth within these aquifers were evaluated using sequential electromagnetic (EM) induction logs collected during 2004 through 2007 at seven multiple‐well sites as deep as 268 m. Sequential EM logging is useful for identifying changes in groundwater quality through polyvinyl chloride‐cased wells in intervals not screened by wells. These unscreened intervals represent more than 90% of the aquifer at the sites studied. Sequential EM logging suggested degrading groundwater quality in numerous thin intervals, typically between 1 and 7 m in thickness, especially in the northern part of the study area. Some of these intervals were unscreened by wells, and would not have been identified by traditional groundwater sample collection. Sequential logging also identified intervals with improving water quality—possibly due to groundwater management practices that have limited pumping and promoted artificial recharge. EM resistivity was correlated with chloride concentrations in sampled wells and in water from core material. Natural gamma log data were used to account for the effect of aquifer lithology on EM resistivity. Results of this study show that a sequential EM logging is useful for identifying and monitoring the movement of high‐chloride water, having lower salinities and chloride concentrations than sea water, in aquifer intervals not screened by wells, and that increases in chloride in water from wells in the area are consistent with high‐chloride water originating from the San Joaquin Delta rather than from the underlying saline aquifer. 相似文献
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Three‐dimensional controlled‐source electromagnetic modelling with a well casing as a grounded source: a hybrid method of moments and finite element scheme 
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下载免费PDF全文 Steel well casings in or near a hydrocarbon reservoir can be used as source electrodes in time‐lapse monitoring using grounded line electromagnetic methods. A requisite component of carrying out such monitoring is the capability to numerically model the electromagnetic response of a set of source electrodes of finite length. We present a modelling algorithm using the finite‐element method for calculating the electromagnetic response of a three‐dimensional conductivity model excited using a vertical steel‐cased borehole as a source. The method is based on a combination of the method of moments and the Coulomb‐gauged primary–secondary potential formulation. Using the method of moments, we obtain the primary field in a half‐space due to an energized vertical steel casing by dividing the casing into a set of segments, each assumed to carry a piecewise constant alternating current density. The primary field is then substituted into the primary–secondary potential finite‐element formulation of the three‐dimensional problem to obtain the secondary field. To validate the algorithm, we compare our numerical results with: (i) the analytical solution for an infinite length casing in a whole space, excited by a line source, and (ii) a three‐layered Earth model without a casing. The agreement between the numerical and analytical solutions demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithm. As an illustration, we also present the time‐lapse electromagnetic response of a synthetic model representing a gas reservoir undergoing water flooding. 相似文献
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George F. Risk T. Grant Caldwell Hugh M. Bibby 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,127(1-2):33-54
Experimental measurements in the Ngatamariki geothermal field, North Island, New Zealand were made to test the applicability of the time domain electromagnetic method for detailed investigation of the resistivity structure within a geothermal field. Low-frequency square wave signals were transmitted through three grounded bipole current sources sited about 8 km from the measurement lines. Despite high levels of electrical noise, transient electric field vectors could be determined reliably for times between 0.02 and 3.3 s after each step in the source current. Instantaneous apparent resistivity tensors were then calculated. Apparent resistivity pseudosections along the two measurement lines show smooth variations of resistivity from site to site. Over most of the field the images consistently show a three-layer resistivity structure with a conductive middle layer (3–10 Ωm) representing the conductive upper part of the thermal reservoir. A deep-seated region of low resistivity in the northwest of the field may indicate a conductive structure at about 1 km associated with a deeper diorite intrusion. Measurements sited closer than about 100 m to drillholes appear to have been disturbed by metallic casing in the holes. A change in resistivity structure in the east of the field may indicate a major geological or hydrothermal boundary. 相似文献
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Fluid injection monitoring using electrical resistivity tomography — five years of injection at Ketzin,Germany 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 P. Bergmann C. Schmidt‐Hattenberger T. Labitzke F.M. Wagner A. Just C. Flechsig D. Rippe 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(3):859-875
Between the years 2008 and 2013, approximately 67 kilotons of CO2 have been injected at the Ketzin site, Germany. As part of the geophysical monitoring programme, time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography has been applied using crosshole and surface‐downhole measurements of electrical resistivity tomography. The data collection of electrical resistivity tomography is partly based on electrodes that are permanently installed in three wells at the site (one injection well and two observation wells). Both types of ERT measurements consistently show the build‐up of a CO2‐related resistivity signature near the injection point. Based on the imaged resistivity changes and a petrophysical model, CO2 saturation levels are estimated. These CO2 saturations are interpreted in conjunction with CO2 saturations inferred from neutron‐gamma loggings. Apart from the CO2–brine substitution response in the observed resistivity changes, significant imprints from the dynamic behaviour of the CO2 in the reservoir are observed. 相似文献
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Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Casing Effect in Onshore Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Surveys
Vladimir Puzyrev Eloi Vilamajo Pilar Queralt Juanjo Ledo Alex Marcuello 《Surveys in Geophysics》2017,38(2):527-545
The presence of steel-cased wells and other infrastructure causes a significant change in the electromagnetic fields that has to be taken into consideration in modeling and interpretation of field data. A realistic and accurate simulation requires the borehole casing to be incorporated into the modeling scheme, which is numerically challenging. Due to the huge conductivity contrast between the casing and surrounding media, a spatial discretization that provides accurate results at different spatial scales ranging from millimeters to hundreds of meters is required. In this paper, we present a full 3D frequency-domain electromagnetic modeling based on a parallel finite-difference algorithm considering the casing effect and investigate its applicability on the borehole-to-surface configuration of the Hontomín CO2 storage site. To guarantee a robust solution of linear systems with highly ill-conditioned matrices caused by huge conductivity contrasts and multiple spatial scales in the model, we employ direct sparse solvers. Different scenarios are simulated in order to study the influence of the source position, conductivity model, and the effect of the steel casing on the measured data. Several approximations of the real hollow casing that allow for a large reduction in the number of elements in the resulting meshes are studied. A good agreement between the modeled responses and the real field data demonstrates the feasibility of simulating casing effects in complex geological areas. The steel casing of the well greatly increases the amplitude of the surface electromagnetic fields and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity to deep targets. 相似文献
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介绍了井间地震数据采集方面取得的最新进展．为了使我国井间地震技术实用化,开展了大井间距井间地震数据采集试验．通过地面浅井激发深井接收、深井激发深井接收、不同炸药量、不同传播距离试验,确定了井间地震观测参数．应用改进后的井中安全炸药震源、一个三分量井中检波器和常规数据记录系统,在陕北顺宁油田的顺3井、顺4井和顺5井3口生产井中成功采集到两对大井间距、深井、油井中的井间地震资料,两对井的井距分别为307．92m和470．36m,采集井段为904．31-1272．32m．共设计了4种观测方式,采集到800多炮井间地震记录,对油井无损害．改进型井中安全炸药震源在使用效率和寿命方面有显著提高,可用于商业性并间地震数据采集． 相似文献
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阐明核磁共振测井（NMR）在储层评价中的作用。利用NMR测井资料对桩海地区长堤油田的储层特性及产能、复杂岩性储层的孔隙度作出评价，并在电阻率测井资料显示不好的复杂储层条件下进行油气水层识别，以及指导完井和钻井方案的实施等。不阐明了核磁共振测井技术具有常规测井技术所不具备的特点，特别是定量的评价孔隙流体流动特性、准确划分产层、直接识别油气水等优点，从而有利于解复杂的地质问题。 相似文献