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1.
月海是月球表面的主要地理单元。对月海地貌特征的研究能够认识月表起伏及其动力学成因。依据CE-1 影像图和全月球数字高程模型数据,提取了南北半球不同纬度地区、不同填充岩性的典型月海范围,运用盒维数法、立方体覆盖法和多重分形q-Dq语言对月海边界及其地形表面的地貌特征进行了线和面的描述和研究。结果表明：① 分形方法可以有效地描述月球地貌的复杂程度。月海边界的分维值介于1.065~1.100 之间,平均值为1.086,标准差为0.014,在双对数坐标下5 个月海区边界复杂度拟合的直线都近似平行。② 月海地形表面的分维值介于2.704~2.852 之间,5 个月海地形表面的分维值标准差为0.051,ln δ -lnN（δ）图也近似平行,但截距的离散程度相较于月海边界的高。③ 月海地貌多重分析的q-Dq曲线图总体呈现非递增趋势,Dq值在q=-10 和q=0 时基本达到饱和,但差异较小。④ 从线、面单分形以及多重分形可见,5 个月海均具有分形特征,但彼此之间差异较小。其动力学意义在于它们在形成之后,内动力作用基本停止或很小,与分形特征基本一致;而外力主要由陨石撞击作用少量地改变着月表的面貌,导致在分形特征上表现出差异性。 相似文献
2.
《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(4)
地形结构描述着地表起伏的形态结构,而高低起伏的地形结构又组成了丰富多样的地貌景观。地表形态一般呈现出局部形态相似与区域有序分异的尺度特征。现有的地形尺度研究不能有效地刻画地形结构的尺度特征,地貌形态的适宜表达尺度及地形结构的尺度稳定特征仍值得进一步探讨。该文以黄土高原不同地貌类型区为例,以数字高程模型(DEM)为数据源,从刻画地表形态的局部特征入手,系统地选取了多类具有代表性的地貌形态样本数据,分析了典型地貌类型区域的局部二值模式(LBP)分布特征。考虑到地形结构与RILBP之间一对多的对应关系,利用顾及旋转不变特性的LBP(RILBP)算法探究地形结构的尺度稳定特性,发现随着分析窗口增大,LBP显示出逐渐趋于稳定的尺度特征。研究结果表明,RILBP能够有效地表达地形结构,地形结构稳定单元能够有效地反映适宜的地形分析尺度,地形结构对地形多尺度信息的挖掘具有独特的优势。 相似文献
3.
横断山区泥石流空间格局和激发雨量分异性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
地形、降雨等环境因子决定了泥石流的时空分布特征,理解泥石流与这些因子的关系有助于区域泥石流灾害风险评估与防灾减灾工作。以横断山区为研究区域,选取降水、气候、地貌、地质、土地覆盖、土壤厚度、高差势能以及湿度指数等因子,利用地理探测器和灰度关联分析等方法,探讨了环境因子与泥石流沟空间分布的关系以及降水特征与泥石流灾害的时间关联性。结果表明,湿度指数是决定泥石流沟空间格局的最主要因子,其次是高差势能和土壤厚度,多年平均分布的降水特征对泥石流沟分布的影响较小。泥石流灾害事件与降水特征的时间关联具有较大的区域异质性。泥石流发生地的激发雨量、湿度指数、高差及土壤厚度的统计分布在不同地貌、地质和气候单元中有明显差异。这表明泥石流预警不仅需要考虑雨量等激发因子,还必须考虑其他影响因素的空间差异性。 相似文献
4.
基于研究区的 SRTM DEM 模型，应用 ArcGIS10.5 空间分析模块及 Excel、SPSS 数据统计分 析功能，采用均值变点分析法确定地形起伏度的邻域分析最佳统计单元；提取了研究区高程、地形 起伏度、地形坡度、地表粗糙度和地表切割度 5 个地形因子，以分析研究区的地形特征。结果表明： 研究区地形起伏度最佳统计单元为 11 像元×11 像元（0.98 km2），地形起伏度为 0～1 216 m。研究区 包含 13 种地貌类型，87.28%的区域为中海拔，中海拔平原、台地、丘陵为主要地貌类型。走廊南山、 冷龙岭、乌鞘岭和龙首山地平行分布，台地、丘陵穿插其中，地形复杂。研究结果为进一步探索自 然保护区的生态保护、开发利用等具体问题提供了基础数据支持。 相似文献
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运用广西大化县的DEM、石漠化、地质数据,通过GIS叠加分析,探讨了地质地貌因素对石漠化分布的影响.结果表明:地貌区的石漠化发生率排序为高峰丛洼地区>中峰从洼地区>峰林谷地区>丘陵山地区.发生石漠化的4种碳酸盐岩中,发生率排序为连续性灰岩>灰岩夹碎屑岩>灰岩与白云岩混合组合>灰岩与碎屑岩互层组合.碳酸盐岩含量较高的3种岩性在25°～45°坡地石漠化发生率最高,含量较低的岩性石漠化发生率高峰在35°～60°,同时发现所有岩性的石漠化发生率在3°～ 8°坡度区间存在小高峰,这与坡脚普遍的顺坡耕种有关.断层与石漠化关系密切,中度以上石漠化集中分布在断层周围1.5 km内.石漠化的发生是人为干扰、坡面侵蚀、岩石成土与溶蚀作用等综合作用的结果.在石漠化的防治中,应该综合考虑地貌发育、坡度、岩石碳酸盐含量、断层分布等多个因子的影响. 相似文献
7.
三维可视化技术是一种可直观展示地质体空间形态的技术,目前正广泛应用于地质勘查。通过使用钻孔等基础地质资料建立钻孔数据库,辅以地形等高线、钻孔岩芯岩性、样品分析结果等资料即可在三维的环境中对地质问题进行研究。本次研究对勘查区矿化带的分布、矿化体的形态与分布规律、矿化体与特定岩性的关系等作了分析,提出了钻孔揭露的矿化体总体上分布在厚约100m的一个矿化带内等一些新的认识。 相似文献
8.
月球地貌是月球表面发生的地质和地貌过程的结果,月球地貌单元的划分和等级分类体系的构建是月球地貌学研究的基础,也是月球地貌图制图的基础和关键科学问题。地貌学是研究形态和成因的科学,高程和起伏度是最基本的地貌指标。本文基于LOLA（Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter） DEM数据以及LOLA和SELENE TC（Terrain Camera）融合的DEM数据（SLDEM2015,文中简称SLDEM）,利用均值变点法确定月表起伏度计算的最佳窗口,并以起伏度100 m、200 m、300 m、700 m、1500 m及2500 m为阈值将月球表面分为微起伏平原（< 100 m）、微起伏台地[100 m, 200 m）、微小起伏丘陵[200 m, 300 m）、小起伏山地[300 m, 700 m）、中起伏山地[700 m, 1500 m）、大起伏山地[1500 m, 2500 m）及极大起伏山地（≥ 2500 m）地貌7个类型。划分结果显示：微起伏平原主要分布在月海平原区域、部分有玄武岩充填的撞击盆地的盆底区域以及撞击坑坑底区域;微起伏台地主要分布在月海和月陆区域的交界区域;微小起伏丘陵主要分布在月溪和皱脊等构造单元区域;小起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑中央峰及坑底断裂区域;中起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑底和坑壁过渡区域、撞击坑坑壁和坑缘过渡区域、撞击盆地盆底与盆壁过渡区域以及盆壁与盆缘过渡区域;大起伏和极大起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑壁区域及撞击盆地盆壁区域。本文确定的月表起伏度分级标准可以对月表数字地貌分类体系的构建和月球地貌图集的编研提供定量标准和重要参考。 相似文献
9.
针对当前单一地貌划分单元造成的分类结果破碎或漏分问题,该文引入双尺度流域单元划分方法,即采用两种不同大小流域单元的组合作为地貌划分基本单元,以提高地貌划分的细分性和完整性。以30 m ASTER GDEM数据为数据源,基于最佳地形因子组合(高程、地势起伏度、坡度、坡度变率、光照模拟值)、双尺度流域单元、CART决策树算法,实现了北回归线(云南段)地区平原(2类)和山地(7类)共9类地貌的划分,双尺度流域单元划分的最佳流量阈值分别为500、2000。通过平均值、标准差、Moran′s I和人工判读结果对分类结果进行检验,发现基于CART决策树的双尺度流域单元地貌分类方法在北回归线(云南段)地区总体精度可达82.1%,Kappa系数为0.793,总体能够准确识别出研究区的地貌类型空间分布特征,是地貌类型划分的一种可行方法。 相似文献
10.
《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(5)
地形特征点广泛分布于地球表面,是反映地貌空间形态的重要点位。通过对不同地形特征点空间分布格局的研究,能够较好地探讨地形特征点群间的空间结构关系及其关联模式,并进一步映射地貌演变过程与发育机理。该文以黄土高原为研究区域,提取山顶点、鞍部点与径流节点作为地形特征点,运用点格局分析方法研究地形特征点间的空间结构特征。结果表明:1)地形特征点的空间分布规律与其地貌类型有显著相关性,而与其等级无明显相关;2)不同特征点存在较为固定的空间关联尺度,这种尺度对地貌类型不存在依赖性;3)在地貌演变的多个时期,不同特征点间的空间格局指标变化趋势具有相似性,而空间分布类型由于受地貌影响存在差异性。运用点格局研究中的相关方法,探索了地形特征点单点及多点间的格局特征,对地形特征结构及其模式研究具有参考意义。 相似文献
11.
月球陨石是遭受小行星物质撞击溅飞出来的月球岩石样品,是研究月球物质成分和演化历史的重要对象。自1979年发现和确认了第一块月球陨石（ALHA 81005）之后,至今已收集到136块月球陨石样品。虽然Apollo计划和Luna计划回收了382kg月球样品,但由于飞船登陆采样位置有限,月球陨石对了解月球的物质组成和成因演化提供了重要补充。除了少量具有结晶结构的岩石类型以外,大部分月球陨石为碎屑岩,这些碎屑岩主要有三类：高地斜长角砾岩、月海玄武质角砾岩、和高地斜长质-月海玄武质混合角砾岩。根据岩性分析,尤其是岩屑,月球陨石中存在斜长岩、玄武岩、辉长岩、橄长岩、苏长岩、KREEP岩。在月球陨石中逐渐发现了不少克里普岩组分,其中SaU169中VHK的富KREEP成分可能代表了月球中的原始富KREEP岩浆源,这为探索月球中KREEP成因提供重要信息。据研究,现已发现了6对溅射成对月球陨石,同时,发现了9个可能的月球陨石来源区域。后成合晶现象的发现对月球表面冲击变质作用研究具有重要的意义。此外,月球陨石同位素年龄和稀有气体成分研究不但获得了月球岩石结晶和月壳形成过程,同时获得了月球表面的冲击变质历史。 相似文献
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Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology. In this paper, we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis. An iterative self-organizing (ISO) cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters. These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended, topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties. To illustrate the applicability of our approach, we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon, automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map. We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices, achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients (K) as high as 0.77. An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies. 相似文献
14.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(11)
Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology.In this paper,we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis.An iterative self-organizing(ISO)cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters.These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended,topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties.To illustrate the applicability of our approach,we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon,automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map.We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices,achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients(K)as high as 0.77.An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies. 相似文献
15.
José E. Mendía 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,54(3):539-546
Summary. Stable components of magnetization have been isolated in 15 lava flows (mean K-Ar age 123 ± 4 Myr) from the alkaline sequence outcropping at El Salto-Almafuerte, Province of Cordoba, Argentina. Magnetic and geologic stratigraphy, as well as K-Ar ages indicate that this sequence was probably extruded in the Lower Cretaceous during the first volcanic cycle of the Sierra de los Cóndores Group (Vulcanitas Cerro Colorado Formation).
The palaeomagnetic pole-position for El Salto-Almafuerte lava flows, computed from the mean of 15 virtual geomagnetic poles and denoted SAK7 , is: 25° E, 72° S ( k = 35, α95 = 6.5°); it is fairly close to other Lower Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles for South America. The elongated distribution of Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles suggest recurrent drift for South America in early Cretaceous time.
The palaeomagnetic and radiometric data for the igneous rocks from El Salto-Almafuerte support the magnetic reversal time-scale for the early Cretaceous suggested by oceanic magnetic lineations. 相似文献
The palaeomagnetic pole-position for El Salto-Almafuerte lava flows, computed from the mean of 15 virtual geomagnetic poles and denoted SAK
The palaeomagnetic and radiometric data for the igneous rocks from El Salto-Almafuerte support the magnetic reversal time-scale for the early Cretaceous suggested by oceanic magnetic lineations. 相似文献
16.
Objective landslide detection and surface morphology mapping using high-resolution airborne laser altimetry 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
A map of extant slope failures is the most basic element of any landslide assessment. Without an accurate inventory of slope instability, it is not possible to analyze the controls on the spatial and temporal patterns of mass movement or the environmental, human, or geomorphic consequences of slides. Landslide inventory maps are tedious to compile, difficult to make in vegetated terrain using conventional techniques, and tend to be subjective. In addition, most landslide inventories simply outline landslide boundaries and do not offer information about landslide mechanics as manifested by internal deformation features. In an alternative approach, we constructed accurate, high-resolution DEMs from airborne laser altimetry (LIDAR) data to characterize a large landslide complex and surrounding terrain near Christchurch, New Zealand. One-dimensional, circular (2-D) and spherical (3-D) statistics are used to map the local topographic roughness in the DEMs over a spatial scale of 1.5 to 10 m. The bedrock landslide is rougher than adjacent unfailed terrain and any of the statistics can be employed to automatically detect and map the overall slide complex. Furthermore, statistics that include a measure of the local variability of aspect successfully delineate four kinematic units within the gently sloping lower half of the slide. Features with a minimum size of surface folds that have a wavelength of about 11 to 12 m and amplitude of about 1 m are readily mapped. Two adjacent earthflows within the landslide complex are distinguished by a contrast in median roughness, and texture and continuity of roughness elements. The less active of the earthflows has a surface morphology that presumably has been smoothed by surface processes. The Laplacian operator also accurately maps the kinematic units and the folds and longitudinal levees within and at the margins of the units. Finally, two-dimensional power spectra analyses are used to quantify how roughness varies with length scale. These results indicate that no dominant length scale of roughness exists for smooth, unfailed terrain. In contrast, zones with different styles of landslide deformation exhibit distinctive spectral peaks that correspond to the scale of deformation features, such as the compression folds. The topographic-based analyses described here may be used to objectively delineate landslide features, generate mechanical inferences about landslide behavior, and evaluate relatively the recent activity of slides. 相似文献
17.
Sequences of late Tertiary to Quaternary lava flows at six Aleutian Island sites were sampled for palaeosecular variation (PSV) measurement using palaeomagnetic methods. Due to limitations in probable time span represented by each sequence of flows and statistical constraints, data from only two sites are considered in themselves to be reliable indicators of PSV. When all the data are combined to give greater statistical significance, an angular standard deviation of palaeofield directions of = 10.8° is obtained. This is compatible with other Pacific Ocean PSV data and points to the persistence of the present secular variation low in this region at least into Quaternary time. 相似文献
18.
In this paper, the interrelationships between volcanic activity and fluvial events in the Alcantara Valley are investigated. Based on the correlation between the stratigraphy of the NE flank of Mt Etna and subsurface data, the geological and geomorphological evolutions of the valley are reconstructed. New 1:10 000 scale geological mapping shows that the bulk of this sector of the volcano is made up of the Ellittico volcano lava flows, though they are widely covered by the products of the eruptive activity of the last 15 ka. The present-day morphological setting of the Alcantara Valley is the result of two main evolutionary phases initiated during the activity of the Ellittico volcano. Only one lava flow invasion of the valley floor occurred in the first phase. This phenomenon was followed by a long period of erosional processes leading to the entrenchment of the drainage pattern and the erosion of the Ellittico lava flow. About 20–25 ka ago, an important change in the frequency of the lava flow invasions into the valley occurred associated with the final stage of the Ellittico volcano activity marking the beginning of the second phase. During this phase, volcanic processes became predominant with respect to other morphogenetic processes in the Alcantara Valley. Lava flows coming from the NE flank of the Ellittico volcano caused a radical modification of the morphological setting of this area, even though only one lava flow emitted by an eruptive fissure located within the valley partially filled the riverbed. During the eruptive activity of the last 15 ka, the complete filling of the Alcantara Valley floor occurred. In particular, between 15 and 7 ka, a lava flow originated from the Mt Moio scoria cone filled the valley floor for a distance of about 9 km. Following a short period of erosion, an eruptive fissure located within the valley generated a 20–21-km-long lava flow that was channelled along the full extent of the Alcantara Valley and stretches for about 3 km offshore in the Ionian sea. In the last 7 ka, lava flows originating from the NE-Rift zone produced only temporary damming of the riverbed without any important contribution to the filling of the Alcantara Valley. 相似文献
19.
Hurst指数估计中存在的若干问题——以在气候变化研究中的应用为例 总被引：40，自引：0，他引：40
用7种方法估计中国近百年月平均温度距平序列的Hurst指数,并用随机重排法与高斯随机数做均值对比。结果表明:R/S分析法、小波分析法和Whittle法优于残差方差法、绝对值法、聚合方差法和周期图法;中国近百年月平均温度距平序列的Hurst指数的估计值约为0.76±0.003,表现出较强的持续性。未来中国月平均温度变化将与自20世纪80年代增温的趋势一致,将来整体趋势还是增温。 相似文献
20.
厚度对月壤微波辐射亮温的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于嫦娥系列卫星微波辐射计数据的月壤厚度反演是中国月球科学研究的重要目标之一。基于辐射传输方程,数值模拟了不同频率、（FeO+TiO2）含量和表面温度条件下厚度对月壤微波辐射亮温的影响;基于嫦娥二号卫星微波辐射计（Chang’E Lunar Microwave Sounder,CELMS）数据,结合Apollo 计划获取的月壤厚度资料及其他月壤厚度资料,系统分析了厚度对CELMS观测数据的影响。结果表明：频率、（FeO+TiO2）含量、表面温度对亮温的影响远大于厚度对亮温的影响,是基于CELMS数据进行月壤厚度反演的重要影响因素;低频、低（FeO+TiO2）含量、低温条件下,厚度对CELMS数据的影响最大;利用3 GHz、凌晨时刻的CELMS数据进行月陆地区月壤厚度反演可行。研究结果对基于嫦娥系列卫星CELMS数据的月壤厚度反演具有重要参考意义。 相似文献