共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Industrial minerals of a high degree of fineness such as kaolinite, calcite and barite are used to an increasing extent in the chemical industries as filling material in the manu-facturing of paper, paints and plastics or as ingredients of ceramic products. Grains smaller than 5 μm can be produced by dry grinding in a jet mill or by wet grinding in drum mills. To avoid impurities due to wear, these mills are lined with rubber or plastic and ceramic balls are used as grinding bodies.Our investigations in a jet mill show that the fineness of the ground product depends on the feed rate and on the air volume. The grain sizes received in the drum mill are influenced by feed rate, pulp density, speed of rotation and by the grinding bodies (density, size).REM-photographs of mill discharge in the grain-size ranges 10-5 μm and below 5 μm indicate that in both the grains mainly show crystal planes as boundaries. After dry grinding the grains show smooth and clean faces; thus is traced back to the impact effect of the air streams. In wet grinding the fine grains are very prone to form agglomerates. 相似文献
2.
Chiara Biscarini 《Landslides》2010,7(2):117-124
This paper describes the application of detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the formation and propagation
of waves generated by the impact of landslide material with water. The problem is schematised as a multiphase–multicomponent
fluid flow: compressible air, water and transported alluvial material. The landslide simulation is performed by means of a
hybrid approach: as a rigid solid body slipping down along an inclined slope until it starts penetrating the water body. The
CFD model solves the Navier–Stokes equations with the RNG k-ɛ turbulence closure scheme and the volume of fluid multiphase
method, which maintains the interface as a sharp front. The governing equations are solved using the commercial CFD code,
FLUENT. The computed results are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. The model is then applied to
simulate the 1958 Lituya bay Tsunami event with a 2D a simplified geometry and the results are compared to others found in
literature. 相似文献
3.
Soil flow and induced air blasts are of great harm to humanity, and historically they have caused a lot of damage to infrastructure.
However, these phenomena cannot be described by traditional analog modeling methods that limit their use in disaster prevention
efforts. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an applied technique commonly used in a range of fields including the chemical
industry, and aircraft and automobile manufacturing, but little is reported on the use of this method to simulate flowing
soil in geotechnical engineering applications. The CFD method can effectively make up for the deficiency of normal calculation
methods in the analysis of soil flow and air blasts. This paper uses the FLUENT (version 6.3) CFD calculation software to
simulate the processes of soil flow and induced air blast changes during soil flow with an Eulerian air–soil two-phase model
included in a standard k-ε turbulence model. Velocity vectors of air blasts at different times during soil flow are obtained, and the characteristics
of turbulent flow can be found based on the velocity vectors. The numerical simulation techniques adopted in this paper captured
precise configurations of soil flow. The results show that the CFD method is especially suitable for simulating the process
of soil flow; hazard assessments can be implemented, and the performance of structures involved with disaster prevention can
be improved based on the numerical simulation of changing air blasts. 相似文献
4.
Samayamutthirian Palaniandy Khairun Azizi Mohd AzizliHashim Hussin Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2007
Silica was ground in an oscillating mill at various grinding period to study the mechanochemical effect in fine grinding process. The ground particles exhibited massive size reduction where the volume moment diameter of 5.56 μm was reached within 600 s. Aggregation of fine particles was very pronounced when it was ground for 600 s due to high surface energy. Aggregation of fine particles caused the ground particles to exhibit poly-modal particle size distribution. Line broadening and reduction of diffractogram peak intensity were observed. Amorphization rate up to 16.9% was exhibited by the particle ground for 600 s. Preferential breakage of plane was observed where (101) and (111) was easily distorted compared to (110) and (200). Rapid reduction of crystallite size was observed at early stage of grinding until it reached a plateau at 5 nm at 600 s whilst the change in lattice strain was 0.5%. 相似文献
5.
To improve comminution efficiency, the effects of several process parameters on the comminution capability of high pressure water jet mill were investigated. Fractal dimension of particle size distribution, as an index of water jet mill comminution capability, was used for describing the fineness of the comminution product. Nine process parameters including the pump pressure, the mixing tube length and diameter, the coal particle mass flow rate, the diameter of feed material particle, the standoff distance, loading times, hardness of the target and the impact angle were investigated individually. The results obtained from this study provide deeper insight into the high pressure water jet comminution technology and a basis for process parameters optimization. We also show that the fractal dimension of particle size distribution can be used to monitor the comminution capability and estimate the degree of particle comminution. 相似文献
6.
7.
Dimensionless selection functions for the grinding of material in continuous gratedischarge mills can be scaled in terms of normalized quantities of feed rate, geometric mean size of the particles and the mill length-to-diameter ratio. Simulations using the scale-up criteria together with the lumped-parameter grinding model yield results for mills of different lengths and operating at different feed rates that are in excellent agreement with the observed values. 相似文献
8.
《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2005,75(1-2):101-112
This study deals with the effect of mechanical treatment, using vibrating mill, on the mineralogy and structure of apatite and associated gangue minerals (dolomite, calcite, quartz, pyrite and gypsum) in Abu-Tartour phosphate ore, Egypt. The evolution of mineralogy, crystallinity and deformation mechanism were evaluated with different techniques (XRD, DTA, TGA and FT-IR). Data obtained using these techniques give a good picture about the mechanochemical behavior of the different components in the ore. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the mineralogy has been changed quantitatively at short time grinding (30 min). After 45 min of grinding, the sample contained mainly carbonate apatite, quartz and pyrite. On the other hand, dolomite mineral disappeared, while calcite was partially transformed into aragonite. This transformation increased with increasing grinding time. Both Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) analyses revealed that remarkable changes in the structural groups have occurred after 45 min of grinding. After 75 min of grinding, the carbonate in the apatite mineral partially decomposed and tricalcium phosphate formed instead. The formation of that simple form (tricalcium phosphate) may be another reason, besides surface area, for increasing the reactivity of phosphate ore by grinding. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed some idea about the grinding mechanisms of Abu-Tartour phosphate using vibrating mill. They indicate that the different minerals are ground differently. The apatite minerals are ground mostly by abrasion mechanism, while the carbonate minerals are ground mostly by compression. Also, these minerals are ground with different rates, where dolomite is ground faster than calcite, which are referred to the crystal lattice. 相似文献
9.
This paper presents a unified modeling framework to investigate the impacts of debris flow on flexible barriers, based on coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD‐DEM). We consider a debris flow as a mixture of fluid and particles where the fluid and particle phases are modeled by the CFD and the DEM, respectively. The fluid‐particle coupling is considered by the exchange of interaction forces between CFD and DEM calculations. The flexible barrier is simulated by the DEM as a network of bonded particles with remote interactions. The proposed coupled CFD‐DEM approach enables us to conveniently handle the complicated three‐way interactions among the fluid, the particles, and the flexible barrier structure for debris flow impact simulations. The proposed approach is first used to investigate the influences of channel inclination and the volumetric solid fraction in a debris mixture on the impact force, the resultant deformation, and the retained mass in a flexible barrier. The predictions agree well with existing experimental and numerical studies. We further examine the possible failure modes of a flexible barrier under debris flow impact and their underlying mechanisms. The performance of different components in a flexible barrier system, including single wires, double twists and cables, and their load sharing mechanisms, are carefully evaluated. The proposed unified framework offers a novel, promising pathway towards physically based, quantitative analysis and design of flexible barriers for debris flow mitigation. 相似文献
10.
压缩气体射流切割破土机理既是气力喷射反循环钻孔技术的基础也是其重要的理论依据,而气力喷射反循环钻孔技术又是一项高效环保的软地层钻进技术,所以压缩气体射流切割破土机理研究对于气力喷射反循环钻孔技术有重要意义。首先,应用CFD软件模拟,得出8 mm直径喷孔切割能力为2.868×103 kPa,与单喷孔地秤实验得到的2.468×103 kPa拟合较好,其值都远远大于软地层破坏强度;其次,通过LS-DYNA模拟可知单次喷射18 μs时的切割深度约为2.23 mm;最后,用CFD软件分析得到土体微裂隙断裂压力分布图及气体流速图。结果表明,压缩气体射流切割破土机理为：压缩气体沿薄弱环节进入孔隙和微裂隙后急剧膨胀,在恢复到钻孔围压过程中继续膨胀、扩张,同时在反循环抽吸力的共同作用下使土体结构破坏、断裂脱离母体;符合土体微裂隙断裂原理。 相似文献
11.
高效、经济、环保的消泡技术是泡沫钻进流体循环利用的基础。根据气体引射器原理,设计了一种新型旋内喷式机械消泡装置,以压缩空气为动力介质,联合真空负压、冲击剪切、充气饱和及减速增压扩散4种作用方式快速消泡,实现泡沫流体的循环利用。利用计算流体动力学软件FLUENT对消泡器内部速度和压力流场进行了数值模拟分析,结果表明：旋内喷式消泡器内部产生两个相邻重叠的真空负压区域,能够对外界流体产生巨大的抽吸力,抽吸量是入口压缩空气质量流的1.6倍左右;当入口压缩空气的质量流为0.1 kg/s时,消泡器中心最大负压值达到了21 kPa;在交汇式喷射孔的多股射流交汇碰撞点附近,由于速度的提升,形成了一个更大的负压区域,对消泡产生积极作用。 相似文献
12.
旋转轴套在超深井工作时,其井下流动是三维湍流流动,旋转轴套的旋转和表面曲率效应以及随之而来的哥氏力和离心力,使流场在超深井的流动中极其复杂,同时,由于流体介质泥浆属于液固两相流,更致使内部流场测试困难,而且超深井中的工况在使用常规方法已很难得到较准确的数据。为此,将计算流体力学软件Fluent应用于超深井下流场的模拟,基于Navier-Stokes方程和Reynolds应力方程模型,建立多种仿真模型,在相同条件下,使用CFD仿真软件Fluent模拟仿真的不同结果,优化与旋转轴套叶片设计相关的几何参数,提高 相似文献
13.
Multi-phase simulations of turbulent driven flow in a dense medium cyclone with magnetite medium have been conducted in Fluent, using the Algebraic Slip Mixture model to model the dispersed phases and the air-core, and both the Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model (LES) and Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) for turbulence closure. The predicted air-core shape and diameter were found to be close to the experimental results measured by gamma ray tomography. It is possible to use the LES turbulence model with ASM multi-phase model to predict the air/slurry interface accurately. Multi-phase simulations (air/water/medium) show appropriate medium segregation effects but over-predict the level of segregation compared to that measured by gamma ray tomography near the wall. This is believed to be because of unaccounted back-mixing of the dispersed phase due to turbulence in the basic Algebraic Slip Mixture model. The predictions of accurate axial segregation of magnetite medium are investigated using the LES turbulence model in conjunction with the multi-phase mixture model and viscosity corrections according to the feed particle loading factor. At higher feed densities the agreement between the Dunglison [Dunglison, M.E., 1999, A general model of the dense medium cylone, PhD thesis, JKMRC, University of Queensland] correlations and experimental measurements and the CFD is reasonably good, but the overflow density is lower than the model predictions. It is believed that the excessive underflow volumetric flow rates are responsible for under prediction of the overflow density. The effect of size distribution of the magnetite has been fully studied. As expected, the ultra-fine magnetite sizes (i.e. 2 and 7 microns) are distributed uniformly throughout the cyclone. As the size of magnetite increases, more segregation of magnetite occurs close to the wall. 相似文献
14.
富钴结壳超细标准物质的加工制备 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
用气流磨制备了2个具有超细粒度的海山富钴结壳标准物质MCPt-1和MCPt-2。原样先经球磨成74μm(-200目),再用气流磨进行超细加工。样品粒度采用激光粒度仪检测,用粒度分布图和特征粒度来表达测量结果。两个样品的平均粒度分别为1.8μm和1.5μm(约2 000目),是目前粒度最小的标准物质。文章介绍了用于超细加工的流化床式气流磨原理与方法,展示了样品加工后的粒度分析结果,对比了国内外超细标准物质的概况。最后讨论了当前关注样品加工的重要性、超细加工的问题及超细样品分析研究的意义。 相似文献
15.
Kinetics of fine wet grinding of zeolite in a steel ball mill in comparison to dry grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Batch wet grinding of zeolite was studied with emphasis on a kinetic study in a laboratory size steel ball mill of 200 mm diameter. The breakage parameters were determined by using the single sized feed fractions of − 850 + 600 µm, − 600 + 425 µm and − 425 + 300 µm for the zeolite samples. The Si (specific rate of breakage) and Bi,j (primary breakage distribution) values were obtained for those feed size fractions in order to predict the product size distributions by simulation for comparison to the experimental data. The specific rates of breakage values for wet grinding in the first-order breakage region were higher than the dry values reported previously by a factor 1.7 at the same experimental conditions, but the primary breakage distribution (Bi,j) values were approximately the same. The simulations of the product size distributions of zeolite were in good agreement with the experimental data using a standard ball mill simulation program. The wet grinding of zeolite was subjected to slowing-down effect in the mill at 2 min of grinding, corresponding to an 80% passing size of about 400 µm. On the other hand, the slowing down effect in the dry grinding of zeolite was also seen at 4 min of grinding. In addition, effects of some operational parameters on dry and wet grinding of zeolite were determined by simulation using the breakage parameters obtained experimentally. 相似文献
16.
One of the major causes of instability in geotechnical structures such as dikes or earth dams is the phenomenon of suffusion including detachment, transport and filtration of fine particles by water flow. Current methods fail to capture all these aspects. This paper suggests a new modeling approach under the framework of the porous continuous medium theory. The detachment and transport of the fine particles are described by a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. The filtration is incorporated to simulate the filling of the inter-grain voids created by the migration of the fluidized fine particles with the seepage flow, and thus, the self-filtration is coupled with the erosion process. The model is solved numerically using a finite difference method restricted to one-dimensional (1-D) flows normal to the free surface. The applicability of the model to capture the main features of both erosion and filtration during the suffusion process has been validated by simulating 1-D internal erosion tests and by comparing the numerical with the experimental results. Furthermore, the influence of the coupling between erosion and filtration has been highlighted, including the development of material heterogeneity induced by the combination of erosion and filtration.
相似文献17.
The performance of the secondary ball mill at the New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd. concentrator is analysed using the perfect mixing model and an ore-specific breakage distribution function. This function was determined from single-particle breakage tests using a computer-monitored twin pendulum apparatus.The ratio of the breakage rate to the normalized discharge rate, r/d*, determined for the ball mill using the ore-specific breakage distribution function for a range of grinding conditions is related to the mill power consumption. The mill power consumption is related to the percentage of mill volume occupied by the ball charge and to the percentage of solids in the mill feed. 相似文献
18.
A size-continuous breakage-kinetics model is postulated and supported with industrial grinding-mill data. It is shown that the kinetics parameters include the effects of possible classification at the mill discharge. The estimated parameters were then used in the kinetics model to simulate the behavior of a grinding mill in open- and closed-circuit operation. While material transport and kinetics are equally important in open-circuit operation, heavy recycle in a closed circuit makes a detailed material-transport model for grinding unnecessary. In effect, the mill can be considered as backmixed. This suggests that more emphasis should be placed on modelling the classifier than the development of detailed material-transport models for the grinding mill. 相似文献
19.
Susana Torno Javier Toraño Mario Menéndez Malcolm Gent 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(1):73-83
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to simulate the dispersion of dust generated in blasting located
in limestone quarries. This is a complex phenomenon that has been studied through the use of several digital video recordings
of blasts and dust concentration field measurements by ‘light scattering’ dust collectors. In addition, the subsequent simulation
of the dispersion of the dust cloud by means of multiphase CFD has also been studied. CFD calculations were carried out using
software Ansys CFX 10.0, through transitory models with Lagrangian particle models crossing an Eulerian air continuous phase.
This paper presents results obtained by model simulations where physical barriers are set close to the blasting, with the
aim of decreasing the dust cloud dispersal and the associated environmental impact. 相似文献
20.
Yimin Wang Xiaohong Wang Wenjun Qu Yushu Gao Tiexin Gu Xingtao Fan S.I. Andreev Xuefa Shi 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(3):341-352
Two Co‐rich seamount crust reference materials, MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2, were prepared using ultra‐fine particle size milling technique and characterised for the platinum‐group elements (PGEs). The raw material for these two reference materials was collected separately from the Magellan seamounts of the western Pacific Ocean and the seamounts of the central Pacific Ocean by Russian and Chinese scientists. First, they were ground by ball mill to a ?200 mesh powder, then further processed by ultra‐fine jet mill and well‐mixed. The particle size distributions of the samples were tested by a laser particle analyser; the average particle size was 1.8 and 1.5 μm (equal to about 2000 mesh) respectively. The homogeneity of six major and minor elements in these two materials was tested at the milligram level of sampling mass by high‐precision wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and at the microgram level of sampling mass by electron probe microanalyser. The homogeneity of more than forty trace elements, including Pt, was tested at the microgram level of sampling mass by LA‐ICP‐MS. Except for Rh, all PGEs were determined by isotope dilution‐ICP‐MS. Platinum in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 was characterised as certified values, whereas the other five PGEs in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 were reported as reference values. In addition, the information values of sixty‐two major, minor and trace elements were obtained by XRF, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. The minimum sampling mass for the determination of PGEs was 1 g, while the minimum sampling mass for the determination of the other elements was 2–5 mg. 相似文献