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1.
The Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument has returned over 200 million thermal infrared spectra of Mars taken between March 1999 and August 2004. This represents one of the most complete records of spatial and temporal changes of the martian atmosphere ever recorded by an orbiting spacecraft. Previous reports of the standard TES retrieval of aerosol optical depth have been limited to those observations taken over surfaces with temperatures above 210 K, limiting the spatiotemporal coverage of Polar Regions with TES. Here, we present an extension to the standard TES retrieval that better models the effects of cold surfaces below 200 K. This modification allows aerosol optical depth to be retrieved from TES spectra over a greater spatiotemporal range than was previously possible, specifically in Polar Regions. This new algorithm is applied to the Polar Regions to show the seasonal variability in dust and ice optical depth for the complete temporal range of the TES database (Mars Year 24, Ls=104°, 1 March 1999 to Mars Year 24, Ls=82°, 31 August 2004). 相似文献
2.
We present a Mars General Circulation Model (GCM) numerical investigation of the physical processes (i.e., wind stress and dust devil dust lifting and atmospheric transport) responsible for temporal and spatial variability of suspended dust particle sizes. Measurements of spatial and temporal variations in airborne dust particles sizes in the martian atmosphere have been derived from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) spectral and emission phase function data [Wolff, M.J., Clancy, R.T., 2003. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 108 (E9), doi:10.1029/2003JE002057. 1-1; Clancy, R.T., Wolff, M.J., Christensen, P.R., 2003. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 108 (E9), doi:10.1029/2003JE002058. 2-1]. The range of dust particle sizes simulated by the NASA Ames GCM is qualitatively consistent with TES-derived observations of effective dust particle size variability. Model results suggest that the wind stress dust lifting scheme (which produces regionally confined dust lifting) is the process responsible for the majority of the dust particle size variability in the martian atmosphere. Additionally, model results suggest that atmospheric transport processes play an important role in the evolution of atmospheric dust particles sizes during substantial dust storms on Mars. Finally, we show that including the radiative effects of a spatially variable particle size distribution significantly influences thermal and dynamical fields during the dissipation phase of the simulated global dust storm. 相似文献
3.
Xianglei Huang 《Icarus》2003,165(2):301-314
We introduce two new techniques in analyzing martian spectrally resolved radiance data obtained by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES): spectral empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and the tri-spectral algorithm. Spectral EOF analysis allows us to obtain the variability of spectra and associated temporal and spatial patterns. The case study with TES 20° S-20° N data shows that the first principal component (PC1) dominates the total variance and is associated with surface or near-surface brightness temperature variations. The PC2 is associated with atmospheric variability, and a negative correlation between dust and ice absorptions can be clearly seen over many regions. The annual cycle is a major component of the PC1 temporal patterns. The fingerprint of the dust storm can be clearly seen in the PC2 temporal patterns in most areas except the highlands. Spectral EOF can be used for validation of the variability of martian GCMs. The tri-spectral algorithm is based on the differences between three bands (dust, ice and a weak CO2 absorption band) to distinguish spectra sampled in different situations: water ice cloud, dust, and surface anisothermality. We use a line-by-line radiative transfer model coupled with multiple scattering to investigate the sensitivity of this algorithm to dust and ice optical depth as well as surface emissivity. The comparisons between results of this algorithm and the TES team's retrieved dust and ice opacity are consistent over all studied periods except during the peak of the dust storm. Our algorithm is complementary to the more sophisticated TES retrieval and can be used to screen large amounts of data to get an overview. 相似文献
4.
A lightweight and sophisticated optical depth sensor (ODS) able to measure alternatively scattered flux at zenith and the sum of the direct flux and the scattered flux in blue and red has been developed to work in martian environment. The principal goals of ODS are to perform measurements of the daily mean dust opacity and to retrieve the altitude and optical depth of high altitude clouds at twilight, crucial parameters in the understanding of martian meteorology. The retrieval procedure of dust opacity is based on the use of radiative transfer simulations reproducing observed changes in the solar flux during the day as a function of 4 free parameters: dust opacity in blue and red, and effective radius and effective width of dust size distribution. The detection of clouds is undertaken by looking at the time variation of the color index (CI), defined as the ratio between red and blue ODS channels, at twilight. The retrieval of altitude and optical depth of clouds is carried out using a radiative transfer model in spherical geometry to simulate the CI time variation at twilight. Here the different retrieval procedures to analyze ODS signals, as well as the results obtained in different sensitivity analysis are presented and discussed. 相似文献
5.
Michael D. Smith 《Icarus》2009,202(2):444-452
We use infrared images obtained by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) instrument on-board Mars Odyssey to retrieve the optical depth of dust and water ice aerosols over more than 3.5 martian years between February 2002 (MY 25, Ls=330°) and December 2008 (MY 29, Ls=183°). These data provide an important bridge between earlier TES observations and recent observations from Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. An improvement to our earlier retrieval [Smith, M.D., Bandfield, J.L., Christensen, P.R., Richardson, M.I., 2003. J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi:10.1029/2003JE002114] to include atmospheric temperature information from THEMIS Band 10 observations leads to much improved retrievals during the largest dust storms. The new retrievals show moderate dust storm activity during Mars Years 26 and 27, although details of the strength and timing of dust storms is different from year to year. A planet-encircling dust storm event was observed during Mars Year 28 near Southern Hemisphere Summer solstice. A belt of low-latitude water ice clouds was observed during the aphelion season during each year, Mars Years 26 through 29. The optical depth of water ice clouds is somewhat higher in the THEMIS retrievals at ∼5:00 PM local time than in the TES retrievals at ∼2:00 PM, suggestive of possible local time variation of clouds. 相似文献
6.
Richard W. Zurek 《Icarus》1981,45(1):202-215
A δ-Eddington radiative transfer algorithm is used to compute the thermal tidal heating of a dusty Martian atmosphere for a given set of dust optical depth, effective single scattering albedo, and phase function asymmetry parameter. The resulting thermal tidal forcing is used in a classical atmospheric tidal model to compute the amplitudes of the surface pressure oscillations at the Viking Lander 1 site for the two 1977 Martian great dust storms. Parametric studies show that the dust opacities and optical parameters derived from the Viking Lander imaging data are roughly representative of the global dust haze needed to reproduce the tidal surface pressure amplitudes also observed at Lander 1, except that the model-inferred asymmetry parameter is smaller during the onset of a great storm. The observed preferential enhancement during dust-storm onset of the semidiurnal tide at Viking Lander 1 relative to its diurnal counterpart is shown to be due primarily to the elevation of the tidal heating source in a very dusty atmosphere, although resonant enhancement of the main semidiurnal tidal mode makes an important secondary contribution. 相似文献
7.
A. Määttänen T. Fouchet O. Forni H. Savijärvi R. Melchiorri Y. Langevin M. Giuranna 《Icarus》2009,201(2):504-516
We present observations of a local dust storm performed by the OMEGA and PFS instruments aboard Mars Express. OMEGA observations are used to retrieve the dust single-scattering albedo in the spectral range 0.4-4.0 μm. The single-scattering albedo shows fairly constant values between 0.6 and 2.6 μm, and a sharp decrease at wavelengths shorter than 0.6 μm, in agreement with previous studies. It presents a small absorption feature due to ferric oxide at 0.9 μm, and a strong absorption feature due to hydrated minerals between 2.7 and 3.6 μm. We use a statistical method, the Independent Component Analysis, to determine that the dust spectral signature is decoupled from the surface albedo, proving that the retrieval of the single-scattering albedo is reliable, and we map the dust optical thickness with a conventional radiative transfer model. The effect of the dust storm on the atmospheric thermal structure is measured using PFS observations. We also simulate the thermal impact of the dust storm using a one-dimensional atmospheric model. A comparison of the retrieved and modeled temperature structures suggests that the dust in the storm should be confined to the 1-2 lowest scale heights of the atmosphere. However, the observed OMEGA reflectance in the CO2 absorption bands does not support this suggestion. 相似文献
8.
Water-ice and dust optical depths in Mars’ north polar region are mapped as function of season, latitude and longitude, and their characteristics and variability on a geographic, seasonal, and interannual basis are discussed. We use water-ice and dust optical depth data provided by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), covering nearly three northern spring and summer periods. We find that interannual variability exists in both the water ice and dust behavior, although there are trends that repeat year to year as well. The optical thickness of the north polar hood (NPH) exhibits interannually varying longitudinal structure, both during springtime recession and late-summer onset. We define the characteristics associated with the transition to and from the NPH and find that the disappearance occurs near Ls=75° and the reappearance near Ls=160-165°. We find that the late spring to early summer time frame is characterized by very low water-ice optical depths and enhanced dust activity, with a preference for lower water-ice and higher dust optical depths in the 0-90°W quadrant. We see possible evidence for stationary wavenumber 2 systems in a few of the maps examined. 相似文献
9.
We present retrieved trends in dust optical depth, dust effective radius and surface temperature from our analysis of Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer daytime data from global dust storm 2001A, and describe their significance for the martian dust cycle. The dust optical depth becomes correlated with surface pressure during southern spring and summer in years both with and without a global dust storm, indicating that global dust mixing processes are important at those seasons. The correlation is low at other times of the year. We found that the observed decay of optical depths at the later stages of the dust storm match, to first-order, theoretical values of clearing from Stokes–Cunningham fallout of the dust. Zonally averaged effective radius is constant within standard deviation of results (between 1.2 and 2.0 μm, with a global mean for all seasons of 1.7 μm), at all latitudes and seasons except at southern latitudes of 35° and higher around equinoxes in both martian years, where it is larger than average (2–3 μm). The emergence and disappearance of these larger particles correlates with observations of polar cap edge storms at those latitudes. Northern latitude observations under similar conditions did not yield a similar trend of larger average effective radii during the equinoxes. We also report on a linear correlation between daytime surface temperature drop and rise in optical depth during the global dust storm. Global dust storm 2001A produced a significant optical depth and surface temperature change. 相似文献
10.
Michael D Smith 《Icarus》2004,167(1):148-165
We use infrared spectra returned by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) to retrieve atmospheric and surface temperature, dust and water ice aerosol optical depth, and water vapor column abundance. The data presented here span more than two martian years (Mars Year 24, Ls=104°, 1 March 1999 to Mars Year 26, Ls=180°, 4 May 2003). We present an overview of the seasonal (Ls), latitudinal, and longitudinal dependence of atmospheric quantities during this period, as well as an initial assessment of the interannual variability in the current martian climate. We find that the perihelion season (Ls=180°-360°) is relatively warm, dusty, free of water ice clouds, and shows a relatively high degree of interannual variability in dust optical depth and atmospheric temperature. On the other hand, the aphelion season (Ls=0°-180°) is relatively cool, cloudy, free of dust, and shows a low degree of interannual variability. Water vapor abundance shows a moderate amount of interannual variability at all seasons, but the most in the perihelion season. Much of the small amount of interannual variability that is observed in the aphelion season appears to be caused by perihelion-season planet-encircling dust storms. These dust storms increase albedo through deposition of bright dust on the surface causing cooler daytime surface and atmospheric temperatures well after dust optical depth returns to prestorm values. 相似文献
11.
《Planetary and Space Science》2006,54(9-10):911-918
As the data from space missions and laboratories improve, a research domain combining plasmas and charged dust is gaining in prominence. Our solar system provides many natural laboratories such as planetary rings, comet comae and tails, ejecta clouds around moons and asteroids, and Earth's noctilucent clouds for which to closely study plasma-embedded cosmic dust. One natural laboratory to study electromagnetically controlled cosmic dust has been provided by the Jovian dust streams and the data from the instruments which were on board the Galileo spacecraft. Given the prodigious quantity of dust poured into the Jovian magnetosphere by Io and its volcanoes resulting in the dust streams, the possibility of dusty plasma conditions exist. This paper characterizes the main parameters for those interested in studying dust embedded in a plasma with a focus on the Jupiter environment. I show how to distinguish between dust-in-plasma and dusty-plasma and how the Havnes parameter P can be used to support or negate the possibility of collective behavior of the dusty plasma. The result of applying these tools to the Jovian dust streams reveals mostly dust-in-plasma behavior. In the orbits displaying the highest dust stream fluxes, portions of orbits E4, G7, G8, C21 satisfy the minimum requirements for a dusty plasma. However, the P parameter demonstrates that these mild dusty plasma conditions do not lead to collective behavior of the dust stream particles. 相似文献
12.
V.H. Tyne A. Evans B. Smalley T.R. Geballe S.P.S. Eyres 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,279(1-2):139-147
We follow the evolution of the infrared excess and the dustshell of Sakurai's Object by modelling the dust emission. The optical depth,dust temperature, and shell thickness parameters from the models are presented.Fits of DUSTY models to infrared spectra between 1997 May and 1999September illustrate the development of the dust from small grains to a rangeof grain sizes with an almost constant 60% graphite – 40% amorphous carbonmixture. The size of the infrared emitting region continues to growand may now be big enough to resolve. This may help to answerquestions such as the morphology of the dust shell, and whether the dustshell is `blobby' or smooth. 相似文献
13.
Hiroyuki Hirashita Tomohiro T. Ichikawa 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,396(1):500-510
We investigate the far-infrared (FIR) properties of a sample of blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs) observed by AKARI . By utilizing the data at wavelengths of λ= 65 , 90 and 140 μm, we find that the FIR colours of the BCDs are located at the natural high-temperature extension of those of the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. This implies that the optical properties of dust in BCDs are similar to those in the Milky Way. Indeed, we explain the FIR colours by assuming the same grain optical properties, which may be appropriate for amorphous dust grains, and the same size distribution as those adopted for the Milky Way dust. Since both interstellar radiation field and dust optical depth affect the dust temperature, it is difficult to distinguish which of these two physical properties is responsible for the change of FIR colours. Then, in order to examine if the dust optical depth plays an important role in determining the dust temperature, we investigate the correlation between FIR colour (dust temperature) and dust-to-gas ratio. We find that the dust temperature tends to be high as the dust-to-gas ratio decreases but that this trend cannot be explained by the effect of dust optical depth. Rather, it indicates a correlation between dust-to-gas ratio and interstellar radiation field. Although the metallicity may also play a role in this correlation, we suggest that the dust optical depth could regulate the star formation activities, which govern the interstellar radiation field. We also mention the importance of submillimetre data in tracing the emission from highly shielded low-temperature dust. 相似文献
14.
G. C. Anupama D. K. Sahu U. K. Gurugubelli T. P. Prabhu N. Tominaga M. Tanaka K. Nomoto 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(2):894-903
We present optical UBVRI photometric and spectroscopic data of the Type Ibn supernova SN 2006jc, until the onset of the dust-forming phase. The optical spectrum shows a blue continuum and is dominated by the presence of moderately narrow (velocity ∼2500 km s−1 ) He i emission lines superimposed over a relatively weak supernova spectrum. The helium lines are produced in a pre-existing He-rich circumstellar shell. The observed helium line fluxes indicate the circumstellar shell is dense, with a density of ∼109 –1010 cm−3 . The helium mass in this shell is estimated to be ≲0.07 M⊙ . The optical light curves show a clear signature of dust formation, indicated by a sharp decrease in the magnitudes around day 50, accompanied by a reddening of the colours. The evolution of the optical light curves during the early phase and that of the uvoir bolometric light curve at all phases is reasonably similar to normal Ib/c supernovae. 相似文献
15.
Temperature-influenced dynamics of small dust particles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Kocifaj † J. Kla&#;ka H. Horvath 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,370(4):1876-1884
The motion of spherical dust particles under the action of gravity, electromagnetic radiation force and Lorentz force (LF) is studied theoretically for materials with temperature-dependent dielectric functions in the visible (VIS) spectral range. Even a weak variation of the optical constants with heliocentric distance may influence predominately a long-term dynamical behaviour of submicron-sized and small micron-sized dust grains. It is shown that the lifetime of carbonaceous or Si particles may change by several tens of per cent because of the temperature dependence of particle refractive indices. The orbital inclination is the most evident difference between the evolution of a dust particle with temperature-dependent optical properties and one without. While carbonaceous 2-μm-sized particles with optical constants independent of temperature may evolve in orbits with inclinations greater than an initial value, grains of the same size with variable refractive indices will be spread along orbits characterized with inclinations lower than the initial one. Here the temperature works as a separation factor for particles having slightly different temperature dependences of the optical constants. 相似文献
16.
The initiation and evolution of a planet-encircling dust storm on Mars have been observed in unprecedented detail by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on board the Mars Global Surveyor. A local dust storm began to expand quickly on 26 June 2001 (areo-centric longitude, Ls=185°), becoming a planet-encircling dust storm by 11 July 2001. The dust storm had dust optical depth >2 over wide areas and caused atmospheric temperatures over a large vertical range to warm by >40 K from 20°N latitude to the south pole. 相似文献
17.
We present an application of a multivariate analyses technique on data returned by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) instrument on board the ESA’s Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft in order to separate the atmospheric contribution from the observed radiation. We observe that Thermal/Far Infrared spectra returned from Mars, covering almost a whole martian year, can be represented by a linear model using a limited set of end-member spectra. We identify the end-members as the suspended mineral dust and water ice clouds, but no surface signature was found. We improve previous studies performed with data from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) thanks to the higher spectral resolution of PFS. This allows for distinguishing narrow gaseous bands present in the martian atmosphere. Furthermore, the comparison of results from PFS and TES with data collected in 1971 by the Mariner 9 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) shows an atmospheric dust component with similar spectral behavior. This might indicate homogeneity of the dust source regions over a time period of more than 30 years. 相似文献
18.
Victoria E. HAMILTON Philip R. CHRISTENSEN Harry Y. McSWEEN Joshua L. BANDFIELD 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(6):871-885
Abstract— The objective of this study was to identify and map possible source regions for all 5 known martian meteorite lithologies (basalt, lherzolite, clinopyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, and dunite) using data from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES). We deconvolved the TES data set using laboratory spectra of 6 martian meteorites (Los Angeles, Zagami, ALH A77005, Nakhla, ALH 84001, and Chassigny) as end members, along with atmospheric and surface spectra previously derived from TES data. Global maps (16 pixels/degree) of the distribution of each meteorite end member show that meteorite‐like compositions are not present at or above TES detectability limits over most of the planet's dust‐free regions. However, we have confidently identified local‐scale (100s‐1000s km2) concentrations of olivine‐ and orthopyroxene‐bearing materials similar to ALH A77005, Chassigny, and ALH 84001 in Nili Fossae, in and near Ganges Chasma, in the Argyre and Hellas basin rims, and in Eos Chasma. Nakhla‐like materials are identified near the detection limit throughout the eastern Valles Marineris region and portions of Syrtis Major. Basaltic shergottites were not detected in any spatially coherent areas at the scale of this study. Martian meteorite‐like lithologies represent only a minor portion of the dust‐free surface and, thus, are not representative of the bulk composition of the ancient crust. Meteorite‐like spectral signatures identified above TES detectability limits in more spatially restricted areas (<tens of km) are targets of ongoing analysis. 相似文献
19.
Identification and physical retrieval of dust storm using three MODIS thermal IR channels 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
In this paper, the dust event on 7 April 2001 in northern China is investigated with three MODIS thermal infrared (IR) bands. It is found that for the dust cloud, the observed 11 μm minus 12 μm brightness temperature difference (BTD) is always negative, while the BTD of 8.5 μm minus 11 μm varies from positive to negative depending on the dust concentration. Based on these distinguishing properties, we develop a dust mask algorithm to identify the dust storm occurrence and spatial extent. The algorithm can be used successfully in both the daytime and nighttime. Using the Mie spherical scattering theory, the thermal radiation transfer through the single dust layer is performed with the widely used forward model DISTORT. Our calculations show that the dust-like aerosols can well explain the observed BTD although both of the complex refractive index and particle size of aerosols will significantly influence the BTD. When the complex refractive index is fixed (dust-like aerosols in this paper), then the dust optical thickness and effective radii of dust particles can be retrieved from the brightness temperature (BT) of the 11 μm channel and the BTD of 11 μm minus 12 μm channels, respectively. The integral dust column density can also be derived from the retrieved dust optical thickness and effective radius. 相似文献
20.
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) visible (solarband bolometer) and thermal infrared (IR) spectral limb observations from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) support quantitative profile retrievals for dust opacity and particle sizes during the 2001 global dust event on Mars. The current analysis considers the behavior of dust lifted to altitudes above 30 km during the course of this storm; in terms of dust vertical mixing, particle sizes, and global distribution. TES global maps of visible (solarband) limb brightness at 60 km altitude indicate a global-scale, seasonally evolving (over 190-240° solar longitudes, LS) longitudinal corridor of vertically extended dust loading (which may be associated with a retrograde propagating, wavenumber 1 Rossby wave). Spherical radiative transfer analysis of selected limb profiles for TES visible and thermal IR radiances provide quantitative vertical profiles of dust opacity, indicating regional conditions of altitude-increasing dust mixing ratios. Observed infrared spectral dependences and visible-to-infrared opacity ratios of dust scattering over 30-60 km altitudes indicate particle sizes characteristic of lower altitudes (cross-section weighted effective radius, ), during conditions of significant dust transport to these altitudes. Conditions of reduced dust loading at 30-60 km altitudes present smaller dust particle sizes . These observations suggest rapid meridional transport at 30-80 km altitudes, with substantial longitudinal variation, of dust lifted to these altitudes over southern hemisphere atmospheric regions characterized by extraordinary (m/s) vertical advection velocities. By LS=230° dust loading above 50 km altitudes decreased markedly at southern latitudes, with a high altitude (60-80 km) haze of fine (likely) water ice particles appearing over 10°S-40°N latitudes. 相似文献