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1.
从小时尺度考察中国中东部极端降水的持续性和季节特征   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
李建  宇如聪  孙蟩 《气象学报》2013,71(4):652-659
相对于日降水量,小时尺度降水资料可以更准确地反映降水强度并描述降水过程,因而更适用于极端降水阈值确定及其特性研究.利用广义极值分布估计中国321个站最大小时降水量的分布函数,确定了5a重现期的小时降水强度阈值.阈值的空间分布呈现出明显的地域差异,西北地区阈值偏低,华北地区、长江中下游地区、华南沿海地区和四川盆地西部地区为高阈值中心.取各站5a一遇极端降水事件对其持续性特征和季节特征进行分析,发现在沿海地区、长江流域和青藏高原东坡极端降水事件的平均持续时间较长(超过12h);中国北部地区持续时间较短.在具有较大海拔落差的复杂地形区,极端降水事件较平原地区更快地发展到峰值.华南地区4月就可有极端降水事件出现,而中国北方地区要到6月底才出现极端降水;全中国大部分地区的年最晚极端降水在8-9月,但沿海地区、大陆南端和西南地区南部的少数站点在10月以后仍有极端降水发生.  相似文献   

2.
基于1961—2017年夏季新疆北部45个气象站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用百分位法确定夏季极端降水事件阈值,分析新疆北部夏季不同等级极端降水频数的时间变化特征及雨量与夏季最大日降水量、同月降水量的关系,并通过欧式距离法对12个5级大范围极端降水个例进行聚类分析,重点探讨大范围极端降水分布的环流特征。结果表明:近57 a新疆北部夏季不同等级(4级除外)极端降水频数均呈显著上升趋势,多数站点5级大范围极端降水量为当年夏季最大日降水量,平均占研究区同月降水量的28.6%。夏季大范围极端降水空间分布表现为3种类型,对应200 hPa西亚副热带西风急流轴偏南,40°N以南地区西风加强,500 hPa乌拉尔山高压脊引导冷空气南下,西西伯利亚或中亚地区低值系统活跃,下游贝加尔湖地区高压系统强盛,但系统位置、范围和强度不同,导致大范围极端降水落区不同。同时,中亚地区和新疆东部下游地区分别存在异常的气旋式和反气旋式水汽通量距平,新疆北部异常偏南或偏东的水汽输送为大范围极端降水的发生提供了有利条件。  相似文献   

3.
刘森峰  段安民 《气象学报》2017,75(6):903-916
使用1980-2014年由青藏高原中东部的地面气象观测台站观测资料计算得到的地表感热通量以及中国东部高分辨率的降水格点资料,在年代际变化和年际变率两个时间尺度上,使用最大协方差分析方法研究了青藏高原春季感热与中国东部夏季6、7和8月降水的关系,基于最大协方差关联因子的时间尺度分解回归分析方法建立了一个降水统计预测模型。青藏高原春季感热的各个关联预报因子与中国东部夏季各月降水的相关分析表明,在年代际成分中,6、7和8月在中国东部绝大部分地区均存在显著相关,方差贡献分别为75.6%、99.9%和79.7%;在年际成分中,相关区域在6月是华南地区、华北沿海地区和江淮流域,7月是华南地区西南部、长江流域、东北地区东南部和黄河中下游地区,8月是东北地区和华南地区西部,方差贡献分别为42.7%、43.4%和32.0%。预测模型的解释方差分析和后报试验检验表明,7月对整个中国东部地区预测效果最好,6月主要在长江以南地区,而8月主要在东北地区和华南地区西部预测效果较好。该预测模型能很好描述青藏高原春季感热与中国东部夏季各月降水的关联性,并对局地降水实现较好的定量预测,具有在短期气候预测业务应用的价值。   相似文献   

4.
张礼平  丁一汇 《气象学报》2005,63(3):325-332
用SVD方法分析了1月全球地表(海表)温度与中国及华中区域夏季降水场的关系,分析结果表明:1月热带地区地表(海表)温度与夏季长江中游降水关系最好,呈正相关。与新疆西北部、青海东北部、长江上游有弱的正相关,与山东大部分地区、浙江沿海地区有弱的负相关。前期热带海洋海表温度偏高,可能预示长江中游夏季降水偏多,反之亦然。由于分析的范围为全球的陆面和海面,因而其关联范围较已有成果有很大的扩展,不仅仅为热带西太平洋、印度洋和南海,而是整个热带地区,包括热带的海洋和陆地。预报信号也提前了4个月,可为预测长江中游夏季降水提供更长时效的参考和依据。  相似文献   

5.
基于长时间序列的观测和再分析数据,分析了1958-2008年间华南夏季极端降水的时空变异特征及其与西北部太平洋海域的海表温度、潜热通量以及水汽输送异常的联系.华南地区夏季极端降水异常变化的主要模态显示,华南绝大部分地区夏季极端降水异常呈同相变化,并以2~5年的年际变化最为显著.特别是近50年来该地区夏季极端降水趋势变化在20世纪80年代末存在明显转折,即在1989年之前华南绝大部分地区夏季极端降水频次呈减少趋势,之后表现为增多趋势.结果表明,西北部太平洋同期海气异常与我国华南地区夏季极端降水显著关联的关键区主要位于南海海域及其邻近的西太平洋暖池区.该海域的海表温度、潜热通量的异常变化可能是影响华南夏季极端降水的重要因素,而南海北部水汽经向输送的异常变化可能是引起华南夏季极端降水变异的关键因素之一.这可为我国华南地区夏季极端降水变异规律、机理及模拟预测研究提供一定的参考依据.  相似文献   

6.
将Hulme的全球陆地格点化降水资料在中国陆地区域内同测站值进行了对比分析。结果表明,格点化资料能较好地描述降水场的大尺度特征,40多个格点值序列代表了全国近200个测站记录,并具有较高的时空覆盖率。当仅对中国区域内的降水进行分析时,为使资料的代表性更好,需对位于国界附近和沿海地区格点的序列值进行必要的修正。  相似文献   

7.
利用1981—2015年辽宁省54个气象站降水观测资料,采用气候趋势系数、Morlet小波分析和Mann-Kendall突变分析等气候统计方法,分析了辽宁省夏季不同历时极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:1981—2015年夏季辽宁省西南部沿海、渤海北部沿海、黄海北部沿岸地区及大连市区为极端降水阈值大值区,辽宁省西部地区和东部山区极端降水阈值较小,极端降水强度的空间分布特征与极端降水的阈值相似。辽宁省夏季不同历时极端降水发生频次的分布特征基本相同,时间长期变化趋势不明显,主要表现为年际变化,存在3 a、5 a和8 a的变化周期,东部山区极端降水发生频次较多,环渤海沿岸和朝阳地区极端降水发生频次较少。近35 a夏季辽宁省24 h、12 h、6 h、3 h和1 h降水量极值的空间分布极不均匀,最大值与最小值分别差1.2、1.6、1.6、2.4倍和1.8倍。极端湿期长度最大值出现在新宾地区,为11.3 d;极端干期长度最大值出现在大石桥地区,为24.3 d。  相似文献   

8.
江苏夏季旱涝环流演变特征分析   总被引:9,自引:7,他引:2  
陶玫  吕军  于波 《气象科学》2008,28(1):85-89
利用NCEP/NCAR OLR月资料和北半球500 hPa逐月高度场距平格点资料,讨论江苏夏季旱涝天气气候的环流特征.研究表明:菲律宾以西太平洋暖池区OLR低值区值强弱直接影响江苏夏季降水,OLR值越低,该区辐合越强,则其北部副热带高压偏强,有利于副高的北抬和西伸,使副高北侧的雨带偏东偏北,江苏易偏旱;反之江苏易偏涝.500 hPa在东亚地区南北呈" 、-、 "的纬向分布,中高纬度乌拉尔山和鄂霍茨克海地区夏季500 hPa高度距平场为明显的正距平区,在该地区形成双阻或单阻有利于形势的稳定,使降水持续,江苏夏季降水偏多.  相似文献   

9.
利用1961—2017年长江流域700个气象站夏季(6—8月)逐日降水量资料,采用泰森多边形法计算各子流域面雨量,通过Box-Cox变换和百分位法确定长江各子流域极端降水事件阈值,分析各子流域夏季极端降水事件的时空分布特征以及流域间降水空间配置关系。结论如下:(1)长江流域夏季极端降水事件的年代际特征明显,20世纪60年代至70年代极端少雨事件频发,20世纪80年代至90年代中下游以极端多雨事件为主,上游以极端少雨事件为主,21世纪以来以大范围极端少雨事件为主,且多发生在上游,而金沙江石鼓以上易发生极端多雨事件。(2)长江流域夏季极端降水前2个空间分布模态表现为:流域大部一致型,即岷沱江东部、嘉陵江北部及两湖南部夏季极端降水与流域其他地区呈反位相;南北反位相型,即长江以南与以北地区夏季极端降水呈相反的空间分布。(3)当夏季极端多雨时,长江流域夏季降水空间差异较大,空间分布格局大致有4类,但以沿江干流偏多为主;夏季极端少雨时,长江流域夏季降水空间一致性较高,以全流域大部偏少为主,仅岷沱江和嘉陵江或者两湖南部偏多。  相似文献   

10.
利用山东省117个测站19662010年夏季逐日降水资料集,分析夏季极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:1)夏季极端降水频次高值区位于鲁中及鲁东南等地,低值区主要位于鲁西北地区。极端降水强度高值区位于鲁东南地区,低值区主要位于鲁中及其北部地区。全省大部分地区极端降水频次和强度都存在增加趋势,尤其鲁中及其以南地区增加趋势明显。2)夏季极端降水可大致划分为鲁西北、鲁西南、鲁中及其北部、鲁东南、半岛5个区域,各区域极端降水频次和强度以准2~3 a的周期波动为主,鲁西北、鲁西南及半岛地区的极端降水频次和强度在年代际尺度上呈现出反向变化特征。各区域极端降水频次的长期趋势均为增加,而极端降水强度表现为鲁西北地区先增加后减小、其他地区先减小后增加的长期趋势。3)鲁西北、鲁中及其北部、半岛3个区域的夏季极端降水主要集中在7月下旬和8月上中旬,而鲁西南和鲁东南地区极端降水主要集中在7月中下旬。鲁西北和半岛地区极端降水开始时间有推迟的趋势,其他地区的为提前趋势。鲁西北和鲁西南地区的结束时间有提前趋势,其他地区的则为推迟趋势,但提前和推迟的趋势变化均比较微弱。  相似文献   

11.
In order to study the spatial structure and dynamical mechanism of extreme precipitation in East Asia, a corresponding climate network is constructed by employing the method of event synchronization. It is found that the area of East Asian summer extreme precipitation can be separated into two regions: one with high area-weighted connectivity receiving heavy precipitation mostly during the active phase of the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM),and another one with low area-weighted connectivity receiving heavy precipitation during both the active and the retreating phase of the EASM. Besides, a new way for the prediction of extreme precipitation is also developed by constructing a directed climate networks. The simulation accuracy in East Asia is 58% with a 0-day lead, and the prediction accuracy is 21% and average 12% with a 1-day and an n-day(2≤n≤10) lead, respectively. Compared to the normal EASM year, the prediction accuracy is low in weak years and high in strong years, which is relevant to the differences of correlations and extreme precipitation rates in different EASM situations. Recognizing and indentifying these effects is good for understanding and predicting extreme precipitation in East Asia.  相似文献   

12.
东亚梅雨季节内振荡的气候特征   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
梁萍  丁一汇 《气象学报》2012,70(3):418-435
影响中国、日本、朝鲜半岛的东亚梅雨是夏季风向北推进过程中的特有雨季。利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、CMAP降水资料,将夏季风影响及夏季风降水的季节转换相结合,定义东亚梅雨的入、出梅指标;进而采用集合经验模态分解信号提取方法对东亚梅雨区降水季节内振荡及其大尺度环流条件的气候特征进行了详细分析;并对东亚梅雨季节内振荡对降水事件的指示作用进行讨论,为东亚梅雨区降水的延伸预报提供依据和参考。研究结果表明:(1)采用标准化候降水量的空间覆盖率,同时兼顾夏季风影响等条件确定的东亚梅雨入、出梅划分指标可较好地反映东亚梅雨的气候特征及东亚梅雨期的大尺度环流形势。(2)东亚梅雨全年降水量存在三峰型分布特征,峰值分别位于第27、36及47候。该三峰型特征主要受10—20及30—60d的低频振荡影响。比较而言,30—60d振荡对梅雨区降水三峰型的贡献较10—20d振荡大。(3)东亚梅雨区峰值降水与热带环流及北方高位涡冷空气输送的低频演变密切关联。在梅雨区北侧,中高纬度里海附近冷空气(高位涡)低频波列的东传及鄂霍次克海高位涡的西南向输送共同影响东亚梅雨区。在梅雨区南侧,通过热带低频异常强对流的激发作用,热带西太平洋至中国东北—鄂霍次克海地区形成沿经向分布的低层气旋-反气旋-气旋-反气旋波列,进而导致梅雨区低层形成低频偏北风和偏南风的辐合;而印度西海岸和阿拉伯海地区异常对流活动产生的波列向东北方向传播,亦对梅雨区低频峰值降水产生影响。对于低频谷值降水的大气低频演变,情况与上述基本相反。(4)东亚梅雨区降水不同位相下出现极端降水事件的概率有明显差异。梅雨区降水低频峰(谷)值位相下出现异常多(少)降水量的概率约为30%。因此,上述梅雨区降水低频振荡演变相关的大气低频振荡特征对梅雨区降水事件的延伸预报具有参考价值。  相似文献   

13.
Summary The influence of the Indian Ocean Zonal Mode on the extreme summer monsoon rainfall over East Asia (China, Korea, Japan) has been investigated applying simple statistical techniques of correlation and composite analysis. While the observed rainfall data are used as a measure of rainfall activity, the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis data are used to examine the circulation features associated with the extreme monsoon phases and the dynamics of the zonal mode – monsoon variability connections. The data used covers the period 1960 to 2000.The equatorial Indian Ocean is dominated by westerly winds blowing towards Indonesia. However, during the positive phase of the zonal mode, an anomalous, intensified easterly flow prevails, consistent with the positive (negative) sea surface temperature anomalies over the western (southeastern) equatorial Indian Ocean. This positive phase of the zonal mode enhances summer monsoon activity over China, but suppresses the monsoon activity over the Korea-Japan sector, 3 to 4 seasons later. The relationship is more consistent and stronger over the Korea-Japan region than over China.The Indian Ocean influences the monsoon variability over East Asia via the northern hemisphere mid-latitudes or via the eastern Indian Ocean/west Pacific route. The monsoon-desert mechanism induces strong subsidence northwest of India due to the anomalous convection over the Indian Ocean region associated with the positive phase of the zonal mode. This induces a zonal wave pattern over the mid-latitudes of Asia propagating eastwards and displacing the north Pacific subtropical high over East Asia. The warming over the eastern Indian Ocean/west Pacific inhibits the westward extension of the north Pacific sub-tropical high. The location and shape of this high plays a dominant role in the monsoon variability over East Asia. The memory for delayed impact, three to four seasons later, could be carried by the surface boundary conditions of Eurasian snow cover via the northern channel or the equatorial SSTs near the Indonesian Through Flow via the southern channel.  相似文献   

14.
East Asia summer rainfall is of great social–economic importance. Based on observations, reanalysis and simulations of 16 Coupled Models Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models, the responses of East Asia summer precipitation, as well as some relevant features, to global warming are investigated. The CMIP5 historical simulation reasonably reproduces the climatology of summer rainfall, the associated circulation, the moisture and its transportation, and the mid-troposphere horizontal advection of temperature as well. Under global warming, the rainfall enhancement is robustly projected in the state-of-the-art models over North China, Northeast China, northern coast of Japan and the Kuroshio. As well, the total summer rainfall over East Asia is consistently increased in the models. For the consistent responses, the moisture budget analysis based on the simulations shows that two factors are responsible: one is increased moisture. As East Asia is a climatological ascent region in northern summer, increased moisture induced by global warming leads to more moisture transported upward and thus the rainfall rise. The other is enhanced evaporation, which may be caused by surface warming and provides more precipitable water to the atmosphere column. Furthermore, the results may provide some implications to the long-term variability of East Asia summer rainfall over the last several decades.  相似文献   

15.
一次冬季江淮气旋逗点云区的雷达回波和气流结构分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
赵宇  蓝欣  杨成芳 《气象学报》2018,76(5):726-741
2016年2月12—13日,受冷空气和江淮气旋暖锋锋生影响,山东出现一次极端暴雨雪天气过程,全省有42个站的降水突破同期历史记录。采用多种观测以及WRF模式模拟的热力学变量,基于拉格朗日方法的气流轨迹模式(HYSPLIT v4.9),分析了气旋逗点云区云系的演变特征、降水不同阶段气旋逗点云区气流结构和轨迹特征。结果表明:(1)江淮气旋逗点云区由4条带状回波合并发展形成,气旋形成后降水回波呈气旋式旋转、拉长,形成多条中尺度强降水带。(2)降雨阶段气旋逗点头从下到上主要由来自东海、黄海、日本海或内陆的边界层气团,来自中国南海和中南半岛的暖湿气团以及来自西亚和东欧的干冷气团组成。气旋逗点头内有3个降水区:北部和南部暖湿气团浅薄、层结稳定,为层状云降水区;中部暖湿气团深厚,中高层有条件性不稳定发展,为深厚的对流云降水区。气旋逗点头中南部的干冷空气来自高层的西亚气团,而剖面北部有来自中层(即青藏高原东部气团)的干冷空气,气团明显变性,对降水贡献大。(3)降雪阶段气旋逗点头从下到上主要由西伯利亚气团、东海气团、南海气团和孟加拉湾气团叠置而成。气旋逗点头西部层状降水区分两部分:北部为降雪区,南部为降雨区。降雪与降雨阶段的明显差别是冷湿的东海气团下面是否有西伯利亚冷气团。降雪区西伯利亚气团上空东海气团深厚,南海气团浅薄;降雨区南海气团深厚,东海气团浅薄。   相似文献   

16.
Performance of a regional climate model (RCM), WRF, for downscaling East Asian summer season climate is investigated based on 11-summer integrations associated with different climate conditions with reanalysis data as the lateral boundary conditions. It is found that while the RCM is essentially unable to improve large-scale circulation patterns in the upper troposphere for most years, it is able to simulate better lower-level meridional moisture transport in the East Asian summer monsoon. For precipitation downscaling, the RCM produces more realistic magnitude of the interannual variation in most areas of East Asia than that in the reanalysis. Furthermore, the RCM significantly improves the spatial pattern of summer rainfall over dry inland areas and mountainous areas, such as Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, it reduces the wet bias over southeast China. Over Mongolia, however, the performance of precipitation downscaling strongly depends on the year: the WRF is skillful for normal and wet years, but not for dry years, which suggests that land surface processes play an important role in downscaling ability. Over the dry area of North China, the WRF shows the worst performance. Additional sensitivity experiments testing land effects in downscaling suggest the initial soil moisture condition and representation of land surface processes with different schemes are sources of uncertainty for precipitation downscaling. Correction of initial soil moisture using the climatology dataset from GSWP-2 is a useful approach to robustly reducing wet bias in inland areas as well as to improve spatial distribution of precipitation. Despite the improvement on RCM downscaling, regional analyses reveal that accurate simulation of precipitation over East China, where the precipitation pattern is strongly influenced by the activity of the Meiyu/Baiu rainfall band, is difficult. Since the location of the rainfall band is closely associated with both lower-level meridional moisture transport and upper-level circulation structures, it is necessary to have realistic upper-air circulation patterns in the RCM as well as lower-level moisture transport in order to improve the circulation-associated convective rainfall band in East Asia.  相似文献   

17.
中国东部夏季降水与东亚垂直环流结构及其预测试验   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
韩雪  魏凤英 《大气科学》2010,34(3):533-547
本文在分析中国东部夏季降水的时空分布特征基础上, 从东亚高、中、低层大尺度环流异常着手, 选取对中国东部夏季降水异常有显著影响的大气环流预报因子, 分别应用逐步回归和最优子集回归法两种统计降尺度方法, 以动力气候模式CAM3.1预报输出的大气环流预报因子为基础, 以中国东部夏季降水的典型空间分布型为预报对象, 建立动力与统计相结合的中国东部夏季降水预测模型, 并对1981~2000年的中国东部夏季降水进行回报试验。结果表明: 中国东部夏季降水具有4类典型的空间分布型式, 且具有显著的准2年和年代际尺度振荡周期; 东亚高、中、低层大气环流异常的特定配置, 对东部夏季降水的空间分布型有显著影响; 使用两种降尺度方案建立的动力与统计相结合的预测模型对中国东部夏季降水异常具有一定的预报技巧, 可以在一定程度上提高动力模式对中国东部夏季降水的预报效果。  相似文献   

18.
Afforestation is usually thought as a good approach to mitigate impacts of warming over a region. This study presents an argument that afforestation may have bigger impacts than originally thought by previous studies. The study investigates the impacts of afforestation on future climate and extreme events in Nigeria, using a regional climate model (RegCM3), forced with global climate model simulations. The impacts of seven afforestation options on the near future (2031–2050, under A1B scenario) climate and the extreme events are investigated. RegCM3 replicates essential features in the present-day (1981–2000) climate and the associated extreme events, and adequately simulates the seasonal variations over the ecological zones in the country. However, the model simulates the seasonal climate better over the northern ecological zones than over the southern ecological zones. The simulated spatial distribution of the extreme events agrees well with the observation, though the magnitude of the simulated events is smaller than the observed. The study shows that afforestation in Nigeria could have both positive and negative future impacts on the climate change and extreme events in the country. While afforestation reduces the projected global warming and enhances rainfall over the afforested area (and over coastal zones), it enhances the warming and reduces the rainfall over the north-eastern part of the country. In addition, the afforestation induces more frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events (flooding) over the coastal region and more frequent occurrence of heat waves and droughts over the semi-arid region. The positive and negative impacts of the afforestation are not limited to Nigeria; they extend to the neighboring countries. While afforestation lowers the warming and enhances rainfall over Benin Republic, it increases the warming and lowers the rainfall over Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The result of the study has important implication for the ongoing climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in Nigeria.  相似文献   

19.
李健颖  毛江玉 《大气科学》2019,43(4):796-812
本文基于1979~2015年中国台站观测的格点化高分辨率降水和NCEP II大气再分析逐日资料,探讨了亚洲季风区夏季30~60天大气季节内振荡(ISO)与长江中下游地区持续性降水异常的关系,重点揭示了南亚和东亚子季风区ISO的相互作用及二者协同引起长江中下游持续性极端降水的物理机制。合成分析表明,南亚和东亚ISO是通过高层辐散环流发生相互作用。在ISO位相1~3(5~7),异常活跃(抑制)对流从赤道印度洋北传至孟加拉湾—印度次大陆区域,其伴随的高层异常辐散(辐合)环流通过补偿效应,引起南海—热带西北太平洋的异常高层辐合(辐散),加强了局地的异常下沉(上升)运动,有利于南海—西北太平洋的异常抑制(活跃)对流发展并维持。南海—西北太平洋的异常抑制(活跃)对流伴随着显著的斜压散度,并进一步激发出一个连接南海和长江中下游的经向垂直环流圈,引起长江中下游强烈的异常上升(下沉)运动和低层水汽辐合(辐散),使得降水持续性偏多(少),极端降水的发生概率持续地偏高(低),有利于(不利于)形成持续性极端降水事件。研究还表明,亚洲季风区ISO的强度存在显著的年际变化,并对长江中下游持续性极端降水的发生频次和持续时间具有调制作用。在ISO偏强(弱)年,长江中下游持续性极端降水的发生频次较高(低),且持续时间较长(短)。  相似文献   

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