共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 265 毫秒
1.
非静力中尺度高分辨率模式模拟中的垂直坐标影响研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
近几年来,随着高性能计算机技术的高速发展,甚高分辨率的中尺度数值预报模式业务应用已成为可能,与之相关的一系列模式技术的新问题也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响就是其中之一。文中借助于美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(WeatherReseachandForecast),比较了非静力中尺度模式高分辨率模拟应用的垂直坐标影响问题。研究表明,当选用几何高度(z)和气压(p)来构造地形追随坐标时,低层两坐标引起的误差基本一样,中高层高度地形追随坐标引起的误差小于气压地形追随坐标;而且分辨率越高差异愈大。高分辨率模拟结果也表明,这种差异趋势是存在的;此外,本文对天气过程的预报要素场进行了相关的分析。 相似文献
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广义坐标系η中的位涡方程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
给出了在广义坐标系（η）中导出的位涡方程,以及它分别在笛卡尔坐标（z)、气压坐标（p）或等熵坐标（θ）时的具体表达式。结果表明,由此得出的各坐标系的位涡方程和过去人们在各坐标系中分别推出的位涡方程一致。并且得出位涡在绝热和无摩擦的条件下守恒。 相似文献
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地形跟随坐标系中水平气压梯度力的算法一直是困扰数值模式发展的关键问题之一。目前数值模式中使用的方法只能在天气尺度的模式中部分缓解气压梯度力的计算误差问题。在高分辨率中尺度模式中，随着地形坡度的进一步加大，气压梯度力的计算误差问题更加突出。作者通过理想场的计算分析了几种主要气压梯度力算法的误差，结果显示在中尺度模式分辨率下，计算的水平气压梯度力不但不收敛于真值，而且随着地形坡度的加大或模式分辨率的提高，计算误差逐渐增大。作者提出了基于静力方程订正的回插等压面改进方案，理想场的计算结果表明该方案的计算误差可显著减小，在典型中尺度模式参数的设置下计算精度可达10-6m/s2。其最大特点是随着模式分辨率的提高，该方案的计算误差将逐步收敛到零。 相似文献
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本文利用差微差一致性坐标变换原理和公式,将高度(z)坐标系中的大气动力学方程组变换到具有最一般意义的n坐标系中,然后设η即为气压p或无量纲地形坐标σ,从而导出了相应坐标系中具有二阶精度的大气动力学微分或差分方程组。文中还指出,通常所用的p坐标系和σ坐标系经典动力学方程组只具有一阶精度,因此,它们的简单中央差形式的差分方程组在具有高而陡的大地形的数值模式中常常造成很大的计算误差。 相似文献
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本文将σ坐标系中描写次天气尺度系统的方程组写在两层σ模式的不同层次上,再根据次天气尺度系统的某些特点作必要的假设,使方程线性化,然后求出方程的解并进行讨论,得到在不同稳定度条件下大尺度天气系统和大地形对次天气尺度系统产生发展和移动的一些定性结论。并利用这些结论讨论了在青藏高原东部地区产生低涡等次天气尺度系统的最有利的形势。 相似文献
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地形对登陆台风麦莎(2005)影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式MM5(V3)对2005年9号台风Matsa("麦莎")登陆后期的过程进行了48h模拟,应用低通滤波器分离模拟结果中的天气尺度和次天气尺度运动,并采用热带气旋动态坐标跟踪考察登陆过程中热带气旋的次天气尺度环流特征.通过研究地形对两种尺度间动能和涡度转换的影响,进一步证明了地形对热带气旋有着不可忽视的影响.结果表明,地形的存在有利于维持热带涡旋性强度,这种影响随气旋中心与地形间距离的缩小而逐渐增强,且强度的增强在对流层中高层表现得更为明显.去掉地形后对流层低层次天气尺度系统向热带气旋输送的动能减少,次天气尺度系统对热带气旋动能的消耗增大;当低层涡度转换项的垂直运动贡献为负时,去掉地形会加剧这种负贡献,即次天气尺度系统从热带气旋得到更多的正涡度;从整体上看,去掉地形后,热带气旋不仅没有从次天气尺度系统获得正涡度,反而将自身的正涡度向外输送. 相似文献
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《高原气象》2018,(6)
基于z坐标系下考虑地形的正压模式方程组,利用小参数法求得其一级近似形式,对包含地形坡度与不考虑地形坡度的切变波和涡旋波及其关系进行了理论分析。得出切变线上的波动包括切变波、惯性波和重力外波,属于双向传播的频散波。考虑地形坡度时,波动不稳定条件与波数有关,地形坡度对波动不稳定贡献大小取决于基本气流的纬向分布状况。在不考虑地形坡度时,基流存在南北切变且波长较长时,易出现切变波不稳定。涡旋波不稳定是切变波不稳定的一种特殊形式,即切变线上的波动可通过不稳定发展而形成低涡。理论分析与个例应用表明水平尺度较长的横切变线在一定条件下可诱发低涡生成及东移,从而有利于形成低涡暴雨等极端天气事件。 相似文献
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本文介绍的六层亚洲有限区域模式包含了地形作用和地面摩擦、动量、热量和水汽的水平和垂直方向扩散过程（其中包括了下垫面感热作用）、水汽凝结潜热、云和辐射作用以及积云对流等物理过程。并运用新的有效的计算气压梯度力的方法，为减少青藏高原引起的σ面上的初值（由p面到σ面）的插值误差，用了初始时刻的迭代插值方法。另外，利用上述模式，以1981年7月11日12时客观分析为初始场，对青藏高原背风坡地区的西南涡形成过程进行了数值模拟试验，较成功地研究了青藏高原动力作用对西南涡形成和发展过程的影响，模式还较成功地模拟出在西南涡形成过程中在我国西南地区低层西南风急流的迅速形成和维持过程。如果降低模式地形高度（如将青藏高原降至3000 m以下），地形的坡度也变小了，西南涡的模拟就不能成功。本模式所用的新的气压梯度力的计算方法，使预报效果得到了改进。 相似文献
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《气象》2021,(9)
气象常用的涡度、水平散度(简称散度)是天气系统、天气现象演变的重要诊断物理量。依据坐标转换的观点,分别推导出气象中常用的局地直角坐标系("z"坐标系)和等压坐标系("p"坐标系)中涡度之间、散度之间的关系表达式。讨论表明,在两种坐标系中,涡度、散度的定义式形式完全相同,但本质有所差异,"p"坐标系中涡度不仅表示空气微团绕天顶方向的旋转程度,还反映大气的斜压性强弱。同样,"p"坐标系中散度不仅表示空气微团水平面积的相对变化率大小程度,也反映大气的斜压性强弱。只有大气在正压状态的情况之下,"p"坐标系中涡度、散度才表示纯粹的旋转和辐散辐合。"p"坐标系中涡度、散度不仅具有大气动力特征,同时还具有大气热力特征。 相似文献
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高分辨率GRAPES模式如3 km模式对地形的识别程度更高,模式中各高度坐标面可识别的地形坡度也更大,地形作用带来的气压梯度力计算误差和平流输送误差更突出。平缓地形追随坐标可以通过多种方式衰减坐标面上的地形影响进而减小这些计算误差。选择一种逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标,基于GRAPES-3km模式进行理想试验和批量模拟试验。试验结果显示:逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标相对其他平缓地形追随坐标对地形重力波模拟更接近解析值;24 h滚动预报月连续模拟试验中逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标一定程度上能降低高层月平均的温度场、风场的模拟误差,月平均的降水评分也有所提高。逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标应用于GRAPES-3km模式有较好的模拟效果。 相似文献
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An Impact Study of the Vertical Coordinate on a Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale High-Resolution Model 
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下载免费PDF全文 With the high-speed development of high-powered computer techniques, it is possible that a high-resolution and multi-scale unified numerical model is applied to the operational weather prediction. Some techniques about mesoscale non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction are addressed, and the impact of the vertical coordinate system is one of them. Based on WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model, the influence of vertical coordinates on the non-hydrostatic mesoscale high-resolution model is compared. The results show that the error of various coordinates in lower levels is almost same when we use the geometry height (z) and the pressure (p) to set up a terrain-following coordinate; but the error of the height terrain-following coordinate in higher levels is smaller than that of the pressure terrain-following coordinate. The higher the resolution is, the bigger the error will be. The results of the high-resolution simulation exhibited that the trend of the difference in the two coordinates existed. In addition, the correlative coefficient and standard error are also analysed by the comparison between the forecast fields and the corresponding analysis fields. 相似文献
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IMPACT STUDY ON THE CALCULATION OF VERTICAL VELOCITY IN DIFFERENT VERTICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
1 INTRODUCTION First, let’s have a review of various vertical coordinate systems used in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Richardson[1] (1922) first attempted to use the geometrical height z as the vertical coordinate system. Though geometrical height is easy to understand as a concept, it had not been applied in NWP until Kasahara and Washington (1967) rewrote his predictive equations and used state-of-the-art high-speed computers to conduct NWP in height coordinates. Eliassen[2]… 相似文献
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不同垂直坐标系对垂直速度计算的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
近年来,随着高精度中尺度数值预报模式和多尺度统一模式的发展,与之相关的一些非静力中尺度模式技术也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响问题就是其中之一。本文借助于高精度美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(Weather Reseach and Forecast),模拟分析了两种不同的坐标系对模式大气中垂直速度计算的影响。试验结果表明,不同的坐标系对大气垂直速度大小计算存在着差异,特别是当分辨率提高时,不同垂直坐标系对大气垂直结构的刻画的差别更加明显。由于垂直速度与降雨过程密切相关,垂直速度的计算差异必然影响模式对降雨过程的描述。理想试验结果表明,在气压地形追随坐标中气压梯度力的计算对地表气压计算很敏感。 相似文献
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Kinetic Energy Budget Equations of Rotational and Divergent Flow in Terrain-following Coordinates 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study, kinetic energy budget equations of rotational and divergent flow in pressure coordinates are derived on terrain-following coordinates. The new formulation explicitly shows the terrain effects and can be applied directly to model-simulated dynamic and thermodynamic fields on the model’s original vertical grid. Such application eliminates interpolation error and avoids errors in virtual weather systems in mountainous areas. These advantages and their significance are demonstrated by a numerical study in terrain-following coordinates of a developing vortex after it moves over the Tibetan Plateau in China. 相似文献
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Effects of terrain-following vertical coordinates on high-resolution NWP simulations 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 With increasing resolution in numerical weather prediction(NWP)models,the model topography can be described with finer resolution and includes steeper slopes.Consequently,negative effects of the traditional terrain-following vertical coordinate on high-resolution numerical simulations become more distinct due to larger errors in the pressure gradient force(PGF)calculation and associated distortions of the gravity wave along the coordinate surface.A series of numerical experiments have been conducted in this study,including idealized test cases of gravity wave simulation over a complex mountain,error analysis of the PGP estimation over a real topography,and a suite of real-data test cases.The GRAPES-Meso model is utilized with four different coordinates,i.e.,the traditional terrain-following vertical coordinate proposed by Gal-Chen and Somerville(hereinafter referred to as the Gal.C.S coordinate),the one-scale smoothed level(SLEVE1),the two-scale smoothed level(SLEVE2),and the COSINE(COS)coordinates.The results of the gravity wave simulation indicate that the GRAPES-Meso model generally can reproduce the mountain-induced gravity waves,which are consistent with the analytic solution.However,the shapes,vertical structures,and intensities of the waves are better simulated with the SLEVE2 coordinate than with the other three coordinates.The model with the COS coordinate also performs well,except at lower levels where it is not as effective as the SLEVE2 coordinate in suppressing the PGF errors.In contrast,the gravity waves simulated in both the Gal.C.S and SLEVE1 coordinates are relatively distorted.The estimated PGF errors in a rest atmosphere over the real complex topography are much smaller(even disappear at the middle and upper levels)in the GRAPES-Meso model using the SLEVE2 and COS coordinates than those using the Gal.C.S and SLEVE1 coordinates.The results of the real-data test cases conducted over a one-month period suggest that the three modified vertical coordinates(SLEVE1,SLEVE2,and COS coordinates)give better results than the traditional Gal.C.S coordinate in terms of forecasting bias and root mean square error,and forecasting anomaly correlation coefficients.In conclusion,the SLEVE2 coordinate is proved to be the best option for the GRAPES-Meso model. 相似文献
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Abstract Evaluating horizontal gradients in three‐dimensional shallow water models that use bottom‐following sigma coordinates can lead to large errors near steep bathymetry. A technique that has been proposed to minimize this problem involves computing horizontal gradients in cartesian coordinates, while treating all other terms in a sigma coordinate framework. We study this technique through both truncation error analysis and numerical experimentation, and compare it to the direct application of sigma coordinates. While the Cartesian coordinate method has better convergence properties and generally smaller truncation errors when horizontal gradients are zero, the sigma coordinate method can be more accurate in other physically relevant situations. Also, the Cartesian coordinate method introduces significant numerical diffusion of variable sign near the bottom (where physical diffusion is particularly small), thus potentially leading to instabilities. Overall, we consider the sigma coordinates to be the best approach. 相似文献
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一种新型高度地形追随坐标在GRAPES区域模式中的实现:理想试验与比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将一种新的高度地形追随坐标(Klemp坐标)引入了GRAPES区域模式,并与传统追随坐标(Gal-Chen坐标)和平缓地形追随坐标(SLEVE,Smooth Level Vertical coordinate)进行了比较。对不同坐标下气压梯度力的计算误差通过理想静止大气试验进行了评估,结果表明:与Gal-Chen坐标和SLEVE坐标相比,Klemp坐标有效地减小了气压梯度力的计算误差。理想重力波模拟试验表明,Klemp坐标下对重力波的模拟相比其他两种坐标也更接近于解析解。模式进一步采用了Mahrer气压梯度计算方案减少了计算误差,并提高了模式的精度和稳定性。实际个例试验与理想试验的结论相似。 相似文献
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Hann-Ming H. Juang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1992,50(1-3):75-88
Summary The set of fully compressible nonhydrostatic equations governing a broad spectrum of atmospheric motion was transformed fromz coordinates to sigma coordinates under a hydrostatic base state. The hydrostatic base state may be either time-independent, such as a hydrostatic balance with-out motion or with motion such as a thermal wind balance, or time-dependent such as might be obtained from the result of integrating a hydrostatic model. The transformed set of equations can be used to predict and study all scales of at mospheric phenomena.The set of perturbation equations was also derived under the same condition. The computational sensitivity in computation of pressure gradient force in sigma coordinate can be improved by computing the pressure gradient interms of perturbations under a certain hydrostatic state.The hydrostatic regional spectral model developed by Juang and Kanamitsu (1991) was modified to be a nonhydrostatic spectral model based on the nonhydrostatic equations in sigma coordinates with time-dependent hydrostatic base states. A semi-implicit time integration scheme was used. Two experiments were performed to test this nonhydrostatic spectral model with acceptable results.With 7 Figures 相似文献