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1.
Acidification is the most common water quality problem in lakes created from previous open cast lignite mines. Aeration of
aquifers and dump materials from mining activities causes pyrite oxidation. Pyrite oxidation products are stored in pore water,
minerals and at the exchange complexes of the aquifers and dump sediments. Rainfall runoff transports sediments on the dump
slope into the lakes. Elutriation of these sediments whithin the lakes releases either acid-producing or acid-neutralizing
agents. At a test site south of Leipzig, the annual erosion rates were quantified by water erosion models (RUSLE, EROSION
2D, PEPP) and field measurements. They ranged from 300 up to 900 tons per hectare. Hydrogen ion equivalent release or binding
at the sediment elutriation was computed from laboratory analysis of the pore-water quality, ion exchange complex and mineral
composition of the sediment. Two of the three investigated sediments contained 3 mmol (eq) acidity per 100 g dry sediment
and revealed saturation with respect to jarosite, jurbanite and gypsum. In the third sediment, 6 mmol (eq) alkalinity per
100 g dry sediment was obtained. The annual net acidity influx was calculated to be about 0.5 million mol (eq) for the lake
of the test site.
Received: 2 November 1998 · Accepted: 26 January 1999 相似文献
2.
This paper presents a study on Manasbal lake, which is one of the high altitude lakes in the Kashmir Valley, India. Eighteen
water samples were analysed for major ions and trace elements to assess the variability of water quality of the lake for various
purposes. Geostatistics, the theory of regionalized variables, was then used to enhance the dataset and estimate some missing
spatial values. Results indicated that the concentration of major ions in the water samples in winter was higher than in summer.
The scatter diagrams suggested the dominance of alkaline earths over the alkali elements. Three types of water were identified
in the lake that are referred to as Ca–HCO3, Mg–HCO3 and hybrid types. The lake water was found to be controlled by rock–water interaction with carbonate lithology as a dominant
source of the solutes. The major (Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , NO3 and HCO3-{\rm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}, CO3 and Cl) and trace elements of the lake water were within the World Health Organization standards, therefore the lake water
was considered chemically safe for drinking purposes. Although NO3 concentration (ranging from 1.72 to 2 mg/L), is within the permissible limit and not very alarming, the gradually increasing
trend is not acceptable. It is however, important to guard its spatio-temporal variability as the water is used for domestic
as well as agricultural purposes. This study is significant as hydrogeological information on such high altitude lakes in
India is scanty. 相似文献
3.
Flat variograms often are interpreted as representing a lack of spatial autocorrelation. Recent research in earthquake engineering shows that nearby field noise can substantially mask a prominent spatial autocorrelation and result in what appears to be a purely random spatial process. A careful selection of threshold in assigning an indicator function can yield an indicator variogram which reveals underlying spatial autocorrelation. Although this application involves use of seismic data, the results are relevant to geostatistical applications in general. 相似文献
4.
Sample schemes used in geostatistical surveys must be suitable for both variogram estimation and kriging. Previously schemes
have been optimized for one of these steps in isolation. Ordinary kriging generally requires the sampling locations to be
evenly dispersed over the region. Variogram estimation requires a more irregular pattern of sampling locations since comparisons
must be made between measurements separated by all lags up to and beyond the range of spatial correlation. Previous studies
have not considered how to combine these optimized schemes into a single survey and how to decide what proportion of sampling
effort should be devoted to variogram estimation and what proportion devoted to kriging
An expression for the total error in a geostatistical survey accounting for uncertainty due to both ordinary kriging and variogram
uncertainty is derived. In the same manner as the kriging variance, this expression is a function of the variogram but not
of the sampled response data. If a particular variogram is assumed the total error in a geostatistical survey may be estimated
prior to sampling. We can therefore design an optimal sample scheme for the combined processes of variogram estimation and
ordinary kriging by minimizing this expression. The minimization is achieved by spatial simulated annealing. The resulting
sample schemes ensure that the region is fairly evenly covered but include some close pairs to analyse the spatial correlation
over short distances. The form of these optimal sample schemes is sensitive to the assumed variogram. Therefore a Bayesian
approach is adopted where, rather than assuming a single variogram, we minimize the expected total error over a distribution
of plausible variograms. This is computationally expensive so a strategy is suggested to reduce the number of computations
required 相似文献
5.
L. A. Shevenell 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(7):807-815
Within the next 10–15 years, over 35 mines in Nevada will have a lake in their open pit mines after dewatering and cessation
of mining. Of the ten past or existing pit lakes at eight different gold mines for which temporal data are available, most
had near neutral pH, yet most had at least one constituent (e.g., As, SO4, TDS) that exceeded drinking water standards for at least one sampling event. Most samples from pit lakes had TDS exceeding
drinking water standards, but lower than that in the natural Pyramid (TDS≈5,500 mg/l) and Walker (TDS≈14,000 mg/l) Lakes.
In the past century, salinity increased in both natural, terminal lakes, in part due to irrigation withdrawals and evapoconcentration.
The salinity in the pit lakes may also increase through time via evapoconcentration. However, water balance models indicate
that up to 132% (Walker Lake) of the total yearly inflow evaporates from the terminal lakes, whereas steady-state may be reached
in the pit lakes modelled, where evaporative losses account for only ≈6% of the total pit lake volume annually and ≈100% of
the net inflow (groundwater inflow minus outflow, precipitation and runoff into the lake). The effects of evapoconcentration
are expected to be less significant at most pit lakes than at the natural, terminal lakes because (1) evaporation rates are
lower at many pit lakes because they are located at higher elevations than the terminal lakes, and (2) the surface area to
depth ratio of the pit lakes is >1000 times smaller than that of the terminal lakes.
Received: 1 March 1999 · Accepted: 13 April 1999 相似文献
6.
Pierre Petitgas Mathieu Woillez Mathieu Doray Jacques Rivoirard 《Mathematical Geosciences》2018,50(2):187-208
Marine research survey data on fish stocks often show a small proportion of very high-density values, as for many environmental data. This makes the estimation of second-order statistics, such as the variance and the variogram, non-robust. The high fish density values are generated by fish aggregative behaviour, which may vary greatly at small scale in time and space. The high values are thus imprecisely known, both in their spatial occurrence and order of magnitude. To map such data, three indicator-based geostatistical methods were considered, the top-cut model, min–max autocorrelation factors (MAF) of indicators, and multiple indicator kriging. In the top-cut and MAF approaches, the variable is decomposed into components and the most continuous ones (those corresponding to the low and medium values) are used to guide the mapping. The methods are proposed as alternatives to ordinary kriging when the variogram is difficult to estimate. The methods are detailed and applied on a spatial data set of anchovy densities derived from a typical fish stock acoustic survey performed in the Bay of Biscay, which show a few high-density values distributed in small spatial patches and also as solitary events. The model performances are analyzed by cross-validating the data and comparing the kriged maps. Results are compared to ordinary kriging as a base case. The top-cut model had the best cross-validation performance. The indicator-based models allowed mapping high-value areas with small spatial extent, in contrast to ordinary kriging. Practical guidelines for implementing the indicator-based methods are provided. 相似文献
7.
In the present study, we explored the use of various optical parameters to detect differences in the composition of the dissolved
organic matter (DOM) in a set of lakes that are all located on the Canadian Precambrian Shield, but within which Cu and Ni
speciation predictions were previously shown to diverge from measured values in some lakes but not in others. Water samples
were collected with in situ diffusion samplers in 2007 (N = 18 lakes) and 2008 (N = 8 lakes). Significant differences in DOM quality were identified between the sampling regions (Rouyn-Noranda, Québec and
Sudbury, Ontario) and among lakes, based on dissolved organic carbon concentrations ([DOC]), specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), fluorescence indices (FI), and excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence measurements. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)
of the EEM spectra revealed four components, two of which (C3, oxidized quinone fluorophore of allochthonous origin, and C4,
tryptophan-like protein fluorescence of autochthonous origin) showed the greatest inter-regional variation. The inter-lake
differences in DOM quality were consistent with the regional watershed characteristics as determined from satellite imagery
(e.g., watershed-to-lake surface area ratios and relative percentages of surface water, rock outcrops vegetative cover and
urban development). Source apportionment plots, built upon PARAFAC components ratios calculated for our lakes, were used to
discriminate among DOM sources and to compare them to sources identified in the literature. These results have implications
for other areas of research, such as quantifying lake-to-lake variations in the influence of organic matter on the speciation
of trace elements in natural aquatic environments. 相似文献
8.
The variogram is a critical input to geostatistical studies: (1) it is a tool to investigate and quantify the spatial variability of the phenomenon under study, and (2) most geostatistical estimation or simulation algorithms require an analytical variogram model, which they will reproduce with statistical fluctuations. In the construction of numerical models, the variogram reflects some of our understanding of the geometry and continuity of the variable, and can have a very important impact on predictions from such numerical models. The principles of variogram modeling are developed and illustrated with a number of practical examples. A three-dimensional interpretation of the variogram is necessary to fully describe geologic continuity. Directional continuity must be described simultaneously to be consistent with principles of geological deposition and for a legitimate measure of spatial variability for geostatistical modeling algorithms. Interpretation principles are discussed in detail. Variograms are modeled with particular functions for reasons of mathematical consistency. Used correctly, such variogram models account for the experimental data, geological interpretation, and analogue information. The steps in this essential data integration exercise are described in detail through the introduction of a rigorous methodology. 相似文献
9.
Teacher''s Aide Variogram Interpretation and Modeling 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
The variogram is a critical input to geostatistical studies: (1) it is a tool to investigate and quantify the spatial variability of the phenomenon under study, and (2) most geostatistical estimation or simulation algorithms require an analytical variogram model, which they will reproduce with statistical fluctuations. In the construction of numerical models, the variogram reflects some of our understanding of the geometry and continuity of the variable, and can have a very important impact on predictions from such numerical models. The principles of variogram modeling are developed and illustrated with a number of practical examples. A three-dimensional interpretation of the variogram is necessary to fully describe geologic continuity. Directional continuity must be described simultaneously to be consistent with principles of geological deposition and for a legitimate measure of spatial variability for geostatistical modeling algorithms. Interpretation principles are discussed in detail. Variograms are modeled with particular functions for reasons of mathematical consistency. Used correctly, such variogram models account for the experimental data, geological interpretation, and analogue information. The steps in this essential data integration exercise are described in detail through the introduction of a rigorous methodology. 相似文献
10.
Kriging with imprecise (fuzzy) variograms. II: Application 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The geostatistical analysis of soil liner permeability is based on 20 measurements and imprecise prior information on nugget effect, sill, and range of the unknown variogram. Using this information, membership functions for variogram parameters are assessed and the fuzzy variogram is constructed. Both kriging estimates and estimation variances are calculated as fuzzy numbers from the fuzzy variogram and data points. Contour maps are presented, indicating values of the kriged permeability and the estimation variance corresponding to selected membership values called levels. 相似文献
11.
Environmental pollution of Udaisagar lake and impact of phosphate mine, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
B. K. Das 《Environmental Geology》1999,38(3):244-248
The study of water chemistry and sediment core samples from Udaisagar lake in Rajasthan has revealed high phosphate contents;
186 and 236 μg/l in surface and sub-surface waters and in core samples 0.157 wt % P2O5, low D.O. 4.61 and 3.50 mg/l on average in surface and depth waters and high E.C. 1316 and 1395 μs/cm and higher sedimentation
rate 8.90 mm/year in this lake compared to other lakes in the vicinity. The enormous and wide-spread growth of algal bloom
in lake water and Ahar river and occasional fish mortality are indications of eutrophic conditions prevailing in the lake.
Such a situation is developing due to the discharge of pollutants from phosphorite mines, chemical factories, distillary,
sewage and domestic waste from settlements, hotels throughout the length of River Ahar which during its journey receives and
finally discharges pollution in this lake. This renders the water unhygenic for human consumption and deleterious to aquatic
life.
Received: 27 January 1998 · Accepted: 28 September 1998 相似文献
12.
Scales of Reservoir Heterogeneities and Impact of Seismic Resolution on Geostatistical Integration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Seismic measurements may be used in geostatistical techniques for estimation and simulation of petrophysical properties such as porosity. The good correlation between seismic and rock properties provides a basis for these techniques. Seismic data have a wide spatial coverage not available in log or core data. However, each seismic measurement has a characteristic response function determined by the source-receiver geometry and signal bandwidth. The image response of the seismic measurement gives a filtered version of the true velocity image. Therefore the seismic image cannot reflect exactly the true seismic velocity at all scales of spatial heterogeneities present in the Earth. The seismic response function can be approximated conveniently in the spatial spectral domain using the Born approximation. How the seismic image response affects the estimation of variogram. and spatial scales and its impact on geostatistical results is the focus of this paper. Limitations of view angles and signal bandwidth not only smooth the seismic image, increasing the variogram range, but also can introduce anisotropic spatial structures into the image. The seismic data are enhanced by better characterizing and quantifying these attributes. As an exercise, examples of seismically assisted cokriging and cosimulation of porosity between wells are presented. 相似文献
13.
X. J. Wang R. M. Liu K. Y. Wang J. D. Hu Y. B. Ye S. C. Zhang F. L. Xu S. Tao 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(8):1208-1216
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil originate from various sources under different spatial scales. Coregionalization
analysis is more revealing than univariate geostatistical analysis. Scale-dependent spatial features of variables reflect
different sources of spatial variability. In this study, 188 topsoil samples in the Tianjin area were collected. The contents
of 16 PAHs and soil background properties were determined for all samples. A multivariate geostatistical approach was used
for multi-scale spatial analysis for PAH compounds. Results show that coal combustion was the major source for the spatial
distribution patterns of PAHs in the topsoil of the studied area. It worked mainly at the short-range scale (5–10 km). Significant
spatial variation patterns were identified. In contrast, no significant spatial distribution trends at the nugget (0–5 km)
or long-range scales (10–50 km) were seen. Long-range transport and site contamination of PAHs might not be key contributors
in forming the distribution pattern of PAHs in the topsoil of Tianjin area. 相似文献
14.
E.M. Cameron 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1978,10(3):219-243
The use of lake waters for base metal exploration has been studied in the northern part of the Slave Geological Province of the Canadian Shield. The area is north of the treeline, within the zone of continuous permafrost, and, like most other regions of the Shield, has a high density of small lakes.A regional sampling of 1218 lakes established that less than 2 ppb (μg/l) Zn or Cu is typical of waters from unmineralized terrane. These samples had a median pH of 6.8 and a median specific conductivity of 19.5 μmhos. Lake waters were also taken from the areas surrounding five massive sulphide occurrences: High Lake, Canoe Lake, Takiyuak Lake, Hackett River and Agricola Lake. In all cases there are unambiguous anomalies for Zn. Anomalies are also present for Cu, but are less intense and extensive. This difference between the two elements is related to the superior mobility of Zn in surface waters and its more consistent presence as a major constituent of massive sulphides.A water sampling apparatus has been developed and tested on a light turbine helicopter. Using this, thirty sites may be sampled each hour when sampling at a density of 1 site per 2.8 km2. Measurement of pH, conductivity and water temperature are recorded in the helicopter during sampling.A number of factors have been investigated that may influence the utility of lake water sampling for base metal exploration:
- 1. (1) Seasonal variability, while present to moderate degree, is unlikely to hinder application of the method.
- 2. (2) For the size of lakes sampled (2 km2 or less), elements are homogeneously distributed across the lake surface during the ice-free season. During the initial period of break-up there are marked variations in element content around the ice-free lake margin. Sampling during this period may help define the source of metals for anomalous lakes.
- 3. (3) Study of sample preservation suggests that mobile elements, such as Zn, that are stable in solution within lakes, are also relatively stable when untreated water is stored in plastic bottles.
- 4. (4) Care must be taken to avoid contamination of the samples, particularly from the bottle.
15.
The Malter Reservoir is situated about 30 km south of Dresden (eastern Germany) in a historical mining area of the eastern
Erzgebirge. It was built in 1913 for the protection from floodwaters, droughts and for generating electricity. The river Rote
Wei?eritz is the main source of clastic input into the lake. Geochemical and sedimentological data of gravity-and piston-cores,
recovered from the deepest point of the lake, document the environmental history of the drainage area since 1963. 137Cs dating gives an average sedimentation rate of ∼2.9 cm/year. Within the whole core, heavy metals are strongly enriched (parentheses
refer to enrichment factors as compared with average shale): cadmium (290), silver (140), bismuth (90), antimony (25), lead
(21), zinc (14), tin (13), uranium (9), tungsten (9), molybdenum (5), copper (4), thallium (3) and chromium (2). Enrichments
are detectable for the whole registered time-period of 81 years. Peaks of up to 27 mg/kg silver, 37 mg/kg bismuth, 91 mg/kg
cadmium, 410 mg/kg chromium, 240 mg/kg copper, 20 mg/kg molybdenum, 14000 mg/kg phosphorus, 740 mg/kg lead, 6,5 mg/kg antimony,
74 mg/kg tin, 52 mg/kg tungsten and 1900 mg/kg zinc reflect local events caused by human impact. Inputs from different pollution
sources at different times are represented by highly variable elemental concentrations and ratios within the core. High pH
values within the water and the sediment column, the large adsorption capacity of the fine-grained Corg.-rich sediment, and the presence of low Eh-values and sulphide ions in the sediment prevent the remobilisation of the toxic
elements. Erosion of these contaminated sediments during floods, channel flows or resuspension during removal of the sediments
may lead to a downstream transfer of pollutants. Contents of P and Corg., as well as diatom abundance, indicate a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions in the lake during ∼1940–1950.
This was mainly caused by high agricultural activity in the drainage area. Reduced contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr since the
reunification of East and West Germany are obviously caused by increasing environmental protection measures, such as wastewater
purification and especially the closing of contaminating industries.
Revision received: 23 September 1999 · Accepted: 17 December 1999 相似文献
16.
Geostatistics has traditionally used a probabilistic framework, one in which expected values or ensemble averages are of primary importance. The less familiar deterministic framework views geostatistical problems in terms of spatial integrals. This paper outlines the two frameworks and examines the issue of which spatial continuity measure, the covarianceC (h) or the variogram (h), is appropriate for each framework. AlthoughC (h) and (h) were defined originally in terms of spatial integrals, the convenience of probabilistic notation made the expected value definitions more common. These now classical expected value definitions entail a linear relationship betweenC (h) and (h); the spatial integral definitions do not. In a probabilistic framework, where available sample information is extrapolated to domains other than the one which was sampled, the expected value definitions are appropriate; furthermore, within a probabilistic framework, reasons exist for preferring the variogram to the covariance function. In a deterministic framework, where available sample information is interpolated within the same domain, the spatial integral definitions are appropriate and no reasons are known for preferring the variogram. A case study on a Wiener-Levy process demonstrates differences between the two frameworks and shows that, for most estimation problems, the deterministic viewpoint is more appropriate. Several case studies on real data sets reveal that the sample covariance function reflects the character of spatial continuity better than the sample variogram. From both theoretical and practical considerations, clearly for most geostatistical problems, direct estimation of the covariance is better than the traditional variogram approach.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987. 相似文献
17.
There is a confusing situation in geostatistical literature: Some authors write variogram, and some authors write semivariogram.
Based on a formula for the empirical variance that relates to pairwise differences, it is shown that the values depicted in
a variogram are entire variances of observations at a given spatial separation (lag). Therefore, they should not be called
semivariances, and the term semivariogram should also be avoided. To name a variogram value, we suggest the use of the term
gammavariance instead of the misleading semivariance. 相似文献
18.
L. A. Neville R. T. Patterson P. Gammon A. L. Macumber 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(2):577-588
Industrial mercury (Hg) sources associated with the processing of Athabasca oil sands (AOS), Alberta, Canada, may pose an environmental risk to nearby water bodies via either waterborne or airborne transport. Using a dataset derived from 63 lakes in the area, this study investigates the relationships between total-Hg (THg), organic matter, grain size, and lake ecology as measured by environmentally sensitive arcellacean (testate lobose amoebae) communities. The lakes studied include 59 lakes within a 75 km radius of the operations, plus four distal lakes ~150 km from the main industrial operations. Hg transport to the lakes is primarily through airborne pathways. The four distal lakes in the Peace–Athabasca Delta (~150 km downstream of the AOS operations) were examined to determine if the operation is emitting potential waterborne inputs, in addition to airborne inputs, and to identify any associated impact to those ecosystems. Total mercury in lakes close to the AOS were similar to values recorded in lakes farthest away. THg was most closely linked to the silt fraction, suggesting much of the Hg in these lakes is minerogenic in origin, either adsorbed and/or lattice-bound. THg is not statistically related to organic matter as has been observed in other Canadian lakes. The ecologic response to THg levels was investigated via the distribution of key indicator species and, or species diversity (Shannon diversity index). The spatial extent of arcellacean ecosystem stress in the study lakes did not correlate with THg concentrations. This is perhaps due to the generally low THg levels found in these lakes, all except one had THg concentrations lower than current CCME guidelines. While these findings may rule out any direct link between THg concentrations in the lakes and observed Arcellacea faunas, ecosystem stress unrelated to THg was observed northeast of the AOS, which warrants further examination. The results of this research suggest that the natural lake arcellacean faunas in the region are not being significantly impacted by current THg concentrations. 相似文献
19.
Syed Bukhari Nick Eyles Shane Sookhan Riley Mulligan Roger Paulen Maarten Krabbendam Niko Putkinen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2021,50(3):781-805
Three-dimensional surface visualization models derived from high-resolution LiDAR data provide new information about the type and scale of erosional processes below Late Wisconsin palaeo-ice streams traversing the boundary between Canadian Shield crystalline rocks with offlapping Palaeozoic limestones in central Ontario. The hard bed is directly analogous to that found below ice streams in East Antarctica and East Greenland and provides insight into the effects of abrupt changes in substrate type on subglacial processes. Erosion of hard crystalline Canadian Shield rock was largely ineffectual consisting of areal abrasion of rounded whalebacks and local lee side plucking. In contrast, fast flow over the strike of gently dipping well-bedded and jointed Palaeozoic limestones cut large flow-parallel grooves and ridges akin to mega-scale glacial lineations reflecting intense abrasion below narrow streams of subglacial debris dominated by hard crystalline Shield clasts (erodents). Regionally extensive plucking of structurally weak, well-jointed and bedded limestone produced large volumes of rubbly carbonate debris leaving a 25-km-wide belt of uncontrolled hummocky rubble terrain (long known as the Dummer Moraine in Southern Ontario) some 350 km long and locally as much as 10 m thick. Subglacial plucking and abrasion under fast flowing ice were highly effective in stripping limestone cover rocks from Precambrian basement, and over many glacial cycles, may have played a role in the location and excavation of numerous large and deep lake basins around the Shield–Palaeozoic boundary zone in North America. 相似文献
20.
Shavkat Rakhmatullaev Antoine Marache Frédéric Huneau Philippe Le Coustumer Masharif Bakiev Mikael Motelica-Heino 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(3):447-460
The paper presents the results of a new geostatistical approach to generate bathymetric surface models from point measurement
converted into continuous contour surfaces of reservoir bottoms in Uzbekistan. Sedimentation of reservoirs raises engineering,
environmental and economical issues for the communities around the world in areas affected by a strong water deficit. Because
of Uzbekistan’s arid climatic conditions, and uneven spatial and temporal water resources distribution, responsive and innovative
water availability assessment surveys of all major water reservoirs are required. Bathymetric surveying is a traditional method
that is carried out for the estimation of reservoir volumes and surface areas of the corresponding reservoir stages in order
to assess the water availability. Volume and surface area differences derived from multiple surveys of a reservoir provide
storage loss estimates over time due to sedimentation. However, two main factors, such as intensive field data measurement
and post data-processing, often limit the frequency of these surveys. Alternatively, innovative depth measurement technologies
coupled with contouring and surface mapping programs provide automated reservoir volume and surface area calculations. This
significantly reduces time, workload and financial burdens for reservoir sedimentation projects. This research proposes the
use of geostatistical approach to assess the reservoir sedimentation in the Akdarya reservoir of Uzbekistan. The geostatistical
approach includes (semi-) variogram analysis and interpolation (kriging and simulations—turning bands) techniques predicting
values at unsampled locations for generating digital bathymetric surface models of reservoir bottom conditions in order to
calculate the volume and surface area at a given water elevation. The simulation enables to have range of reservoir volumes
and surface areas with the same probability, in comparison to the kriging and traditional methods. This gives a real estimation
of the resource availability for water operators to manage natural resources and hydraulic infrastructure in a sustainable
manner. 相似文献