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1.
Brazilian legislation defines coastal zone as a national patrimony – the geographic space of interaction of air, sea and land formed by the counties directly influenced, but not necessarily by those located in the coastline; also included are those distant until 50 km from the coastline, holding activities of great impact for the coastal zone or its ecosystems. The definition includes also the territorial sea of 12 nautical miles. Coastal management is conducted by a national plan legally enforced, complemented by states and counties plans, and a coastal ecologic-economic zoning limited to small portions of the coastal zone. A resolution of the “Environmental National Council” defines as “permanent preservation areas”, of very restricted use, coastal ecosystems as mangroves, sand dunes, and reproduction sites of wild fauna. One could expect that the Brazilian coast should be more protected and properly managed than other countries where a national management plan is lacking (Argentina) or where the guidelines exist but are not yet legally enforced (South Africa). Notwithstanding, we note today in Brazil an intensification of conflicts opposing small-scale vs. industrial fishermen; shrimp farming vs. mangrove crab harvesting; resorts installation vs. native communities; oil and gas activities vs. NGOs; and conflicts on environmental permit between federal and state governmental agencies. This paper evaluates the possible reasons for the failure of the complex legal suite available in Brazil and suggests that participatory management and concerted actions with relevant stakeholders are the key elements for the successful cases. 相似文献
2.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2003,46(5):407-419
An effective assessment of functions, goods and services of coastal ecosystems requires commitment from the various stakeholders and an integrated approach in the management of the ecosystem. Malaysia has made commitments through its policies, the latest being the Eighth Malaysia Plan, for 2001–2005 (“8th MP”), which is the first phase implementation of the Third Outline Perspective Plan (“OPP3”), charting the development of the nation for the first decade in the 21st Century. The pledge to develop an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy (“ICZM”) is being carried out to reconcile conflicting uses and ensure sustainability of coastal resources, plus identify and provide for uniformity and minimum standards to be adopted in Malaysia. These policy instruments (e.g. OPP3, 8th MP, Draft ICZM, National Policy on Biodiversity) will set the objectives and direction that will allow for formal instruments of implementation of strategies and plans envisaged to take place, besides setting the stage for the various stakeholders and outlining responsibilities and commitments. It will also allow for disciplines and findings be it in science, socio-economic and humanities to interface with policies and its instruments of implementation, especially when put into the context of the ecosystems approach. 相似文献
3.
Coastal areas, and their small-scale fisheries, are important targets for both internal and transboundary migration partly because high mobility is an inherent feature of many artisanal fisheries livelihoods. As climatic changes are forecast to occur, environmental changes may trigger increased flows of migrant fishers. Policies that seek to promote development in ways that do not extensively degrade natural resources will thus have to deal with likely increases in flows of people across administrative boundaries. However, to date little attention has been directed at this issue and little is known about how policies related to coastal resources and development address these issues. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by analyzing policies and legal documents related to coastal resource management and development to examine the extent to which they recognize and integrate fishers' migration in their provisions. Migrant well-being and vulnerabilities are also addressed by examining the extent to which existing policies dealing with socio-economic development and environmental management address migrants and their needs. The analysis shows that policies related to governance of marine resources and coastal development lack an acknowledgment of fishers' migration issues and suggests that this signals an important gap in policy. The implications of this are discussed. The paper also highlights the fact that the invisibility of the issue in policy means that institutions developed to deal with coastal management at the community level may not have sufficient support from legal and policy documents, and may not be developed or equipped to handle the possible conflicts and difficult trade-offs that need to be addressed as a result of current and potentially increasing fishers’ mobility. 相似文献
4.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2005,48(2):161-176
The coastal zone is the main source of foreign currency for Mexico so that federal policies are adjusting to try to improve its conditions. To that end, a large and comprehensive study was financed by the government to assess the state of knowledge of the water quality of coastal waters and the environmental status of the whole coastal area in Mexico. Based on the existing literature found in the most important research institutions of the country, as well as on field visits to 42 coastal cities from 1996 to 1998, and complemented with interviews of more than 80 persons (“key informants”) involved in the different key activities of the sites visited, the main environmental parameters useful to assess water and environmental quality were selected. All the sites where data existed and in particular the 42 main coastal cities were then analyzed according to the different categories of stress to which they are subjected and the degree of damage observed and reported. As a result, an environmental diagnosis of the Mexican coastal zone is outlined, divided by type of activity. The oil and related petrochemical industries as well as the big tourist resorts were identified as the largest contributors to the degradation of the natural ecosystems in the Mexican Coastal Zone. 相似文献
5.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(9-10):727-738
Balancing the needs of coastal communities, the desire for long-term sustainable resource use, and the maintenance of natural ecosystem equilibrium is a significant issue in most coastal regions. The United States, the United Kingdom and other European nations have used economic instruments (EIs) as an additional tool in curbing pollution. This approach has proven successful in many parts of the world, especially in developed countries.In Malaysia, EIs for environmental protection have not been introduced, but general tax incentives coupled with others instruments (grants and subsidies) have been in place for the last 10 years. As the present environmental legislation (Environmental Quality Act of 1974) is not very effective in curbing pollution, EIs such as green/environmental tax should be considered by the Malaysian Government. 相似文献
6.
中国海岸侵蚀治理和海岸保护 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
加强海滩和海岸侵蚀的研究，组织建筑用砂资源的调查，进一步完善海洋环境保护法或制定海岸环境保护法以便制止不合理的采砂和保护沿岸单位和居民的合法权益，使出现环境问题后的赔偿有确定保证，防止人工海岩进一步扩大，发展偏僻海岸地区的发候旅游，让沿岩居民能从保护海岩中得到实际利益，以便使我国海岸侵蚀治理和海岸保护达到一个新水平。 相似文献
7.
Maria Falaleeva Cathal O'Mahony Stefan Gray Margaret Desmond Jeremy Gault Valerie Cummins 《Marine Policy》2011
Coastal environments are susceptible to a range of impacts arising from medium and long-term climate change. However, as Ireland's population and industrial centres are concentrated in coastal locations, Ireland's coastal communities will be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Therefore, making the best use of existing knowledge to inform the establishment of governance structures capable of facilitating the measures and actions which may soon be required is a national imperative. Coastal communities worldwide have turned to integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) as a process to deliver sustainable development. This paper explores how experience gained from ICZM implementation can be harnessed to inform the development and implementation of climate adaptation policies, with a particular focus on the coastal zone. Using the principles and conceptual basis of Earth System Governance – an emerging approach to analyse complexity of governance under global environmental change – the paper maps the architecture of ICZM and climate governance in Ireland. The research identifies the main barriers to, and opportunities for, integrated application of the two policy domains. Barriers include the fragmentation of governance structures and responsibilities of key stakeholders, a lack of coordinated support for ICZM implementation at the national level, and a relatively weak awareness of the specifics of adaptation at the local level. Opportunities include the availability of expertise gathered from phases of ICZM implementation in Ireland, which encompasses mechanisms for science-policy integration, and invaluable experience of stakeholder participation and interaction. Current political and scientific support at national and EU levels give an additional impetus to climate research and actions which may bring additional opportunities and resources to coastal governance in Ireland. 相似文献
8.
山东滨海旅游项目开发的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
山东半岛拥有长达３１２１ｋｍ漫长的海岸线,海洋旅游资源十分丰富,这里气候冬少严寒,夏无酷暑,海岸风光优美,优质沙滩众多,有闻名遐尔的沿海名山和绮丽海 我国亚热带、温带海岸中,开发利用的前景比较乐观。山东滨海旅游业应以旅游项目的开发来带动发展,在旅游项目开发上,必须避免当前旅游业发展中出现的低水平盲目重复建设和低质 效、粗放式经营的问题,以重点项目带动整体发展,突出海洋优质,大力开发海陆观光、海滨度 相似文献
9.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(8):671-697
The coastal and marine environments and resources of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are globally significant and generally in a healthy state. Current regional issues include localized destruction of coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves; declines in some fisheries; exploitation of some endangered species; pollution from the development and transport of petroleum; and disposal of industrial and municipal wastes. The underlying causes of these issues are the natural vulnerability of the Red Sea due to its semi-enclosed nature; economic reliance on the petroleum industry; significant navigation risks; a rapidly increasing coastal population and associated developments; lack of fisheries information, surveillance and management; poor coastal zone planning; and limited technical expertise. Strategic actions addressing these issues will need to be implemented regionally and focus on coastal zone management that integrates environmental planning, environmental assessment and review; training and institutional development; public awareness and participation; information gathering especially fisheries statistics; reducing navigation risks; and the development of resource management and conservation strategies. 相似文献
10.
11.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(2-4):187-210
This article describes the main factors responsible for the degradation of the coastal areas in Brazil and their impact on coastal population. It also analyses the main policies of the Brazilian government concerning the management of coastal areas, focusing on the shortcomings of the methodologies used. It emphasizes the role of the establishment of marine protected areas, as an important tool for coastal management. Lack of support for coastal management from local communities is a common feature of the proposed approaches. The article also describes local initiatives for coastal management as a positive development for the solution of the ecological and social problems existing in the Brazilian coastal areas. 相似文献
12.
Worldwide, coastal environments are recognised as complex systems of immense biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural value. In South Africa, the promulgation of the Coastal White Paper in 2000, and the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Act of 2008, signalled a significant paradigm shift in coastal management and governance. This article reports on progress with ICM in South Africa from 1994 to the present time, and draws on information gathered from a comprehensive review of the published ICM literature, as well as various technical reports, an online survey, and information gleaned from participation in various meetings and workshops. Here, we review the enabling legal and institutional framework for ICM in South Africa, examine the various programmes, plans, strategies and guidelines developed to support implementation of the ICM Act, discuss institutional developments, and reflect on preconditions for effective and sustained ICM implementation. Despite significant progress, key challenges to implementing this progressive ICM agenda include lack of political support, inadequate institutional capacity, lack of human and financial resources, uncertainty regarding ICM functions across different spheres of government, conflicting policy frameworks, lack of clarity regarding the application of ICM provisions on private and communal land, limited civil-society involvement in decision-making, and persistence of state-centric approaches. Issues requiring urgent action are the establishment of a National Coastal Committee with broad representation, revitalisation of public interest in the coast, declaration of coastal public property and coastal access land, improved cooperation across relevant government agencies, allocation of funds for ICM, and greater commitment to a more deliberative and collaborative style of governance. 相似文献
13.
《Marine Policy》1998,22(2):83-93
State adoption and implementation of coastal management program components regarding the protection of beaches and dunes vary among the coastal states with federally-approved coastal zone management programs. The level of development of state coastal management programs is influenced by a variety of political, economic, social, and environmental factors. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analyses were employed to determine which of these state factors influence the level of development of coastal management programs. The state factors associated with highly developed coastal management programs were identified as pro-environmental, activist citizenry and history of adopting environmental policies. 相似文献
14.
Privatization is often viewed to provide positive stimulus for the economy that can lead to the betterment of society. But when the appropriate governance systems are not functionally in place, the unwanted effects of privatization can have deleterious consequences. This paper highlights the consequences of undesirable privatization and the emergent unwanted privatization tendencies of the coastal commons, particularly in the developing countries such as the Philippines. The lack of coherent policies, standards, and weak enforcement of policies in leasing the coastal commons (e.g. various unregulated aquaculture) in the Philippines in particular, have resulted to alarming displacement, deprivation and marginalization of fishing and farming communities and have degraded many coastal zone areas. In addition, poorly planned coastal tourism and housing development projects in the foreshore areas, inappropriate reclamation of coastal areas, illegal usurpation of indigenous people’s rights over ancestral domain areas, and conversion of fishing and fish farming zones into ecotourism zones further aggravated this scenario. Equitable access to resources is of paramount importance to afford concerned stakeholders greater participation in terms of developing greater capacity for coastal communities to engage and demand for improved coastal governance - an important facet of public administration often identified as one of the challenges in managing the commons. Co-management with an Ecosystem-Based Management approach as core operational mechanism provides opportunities to enhance policy formulation and implementation, secure community safety nets, and facilitate the creation of a level-playing environment that help to prevent the unwanted effects of privatization. 相似文献
15.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2000,43(6):475-494
A survey of coastal and marine resource use conflicts in Tanzania was carried out to highlight them, investigate their origin and finally, suggest ways of minimizing them. Although Tanzania is putting emphasis on environmental issues, including coastal zone management, integrated coastal area management has not yet been integrated into the government management structure/approach. Many conflicts are the result of sectoral approach to coastal and marine resources management, and improper or poor implementation of government policies. Additionally, the local coastal community, who are the foremost stakeholder, were most often not involved in the planning, decision and implementation of many projects and policies even those that affect them directly. Ignorance about the linkages of coastal and marine ecosystems and resources is also an important factor. I suggest that integrated coastal area management which is the foundation for sustainable development, as far as coastal and marine resources are concerned, should be integrated into the government administrative structure. A lead agency with full authority on all activities on the coastal area, including issuance of permits for environmental sensitive businesses/activities, should be nominated or established. This will reduce conflicts by bringing about national coordination of coastal area management. 相似文献
16.
随着国家战略利益的拓展,国家对全球海洋环境预报保障的需求日益凸显。近年来,国家海洋环境预报中心研发并建立我国首个涵盖全球大洋的"全球海洋数值预报系统",该预报系统由MOM4全球海洋环流模式及三维变分同化系统组成。该系统的建立,实现了全球范围海洋环流预报业务全覆盖,为我国探索深海大洋环境的迫切需求提供有力保障,明显提升了我国海洋环境预报能力,体现了我国海洋数值预报技术的发展和进步。该系统的历史回报试验和业务化试运行结果表明其对全球海洋环境要素具有较好的预报能力,其预测结果已经在实际业务中得到了应用,在"雪龙号"极地遇险脱困、马航MH370失联飞机搜救等重大事件的预报保障任务中发挥了重要作用,为我国实施海洋强国战略,推进实施"21世纪海上丝绸之路"的战略构想,应对海上突发事件、维护国家海洋权益等各个方面提供有力的科技支撑和保障,并成为我国全球海洋预报业务的重要参考依据。 相似文献
17.
Considering the small land, dense population and poor natural resources, the oceans are important to Korea, but the recognition of oceans has been weak in Korean society. So ocean governance was fragmented in both institution and policies, which resulted in serious problems in the coastal waters and oceans. However, a series of maritime accidents and failures of policies increased the recognition of the coastal waters and resources and led to the establishment of one single ocean-related governmental agency in 1996. Over the last decade, the ocean governance in Korea has been successful and strong. 相似文献
18.
山东省滨海沙滩现状调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示山东滨海沙滩现状，为合理开发、利用和保护沙滩资源提供科学依据，项目组与2019年6月—8月，通过现场观测沙滩现状，收集沙滩的生态环境和其开发状态的资料，利用RTK-GPS高程仪获取沙丘-海滩剖面数据，并结合卫星遥感资料调查分析可知：滨海沙滩总个数为148个，沙滩岸线总长度约335 km，主要分布在烟台、威海、青岛和日照。74%的沙滩受人工干预，干预的方式主要以旅游型开发和渔业性开发为主，其中旅游型开发占比61.5%，渔业性开发占比35.6%。26%的沙滩保持自然状态，主要分布在乡村。在现场调查中发现，沙滩侵蚀较严重的大多为自然形态的沙滩渔业性开发的沙滩。多数沙滩的沙丘以及植被带上已经被建起养殖厂房、度假场所、娱乐设施及抛石护岸等，建筑垃圾、生活垃圾、养殖垃圾、微塑料垃圾等在滩面上屡见不鲜。结合数据及现场调查结果来看，山东省多数滨海沙滩已经处于开发状态，但是由于缺乏科学合理的规划，滨海沙滩的平衡系统已经受到严重威胁，沙滩面临消失的危险，严重影响了滨海沙滩的持续利用与发展。 相似文献
19.
The European Atlas of the Seas is a web-based information system aimed at the general public, but it is also capable of supporting selected nonspecialist professionals in addressing environmental issues, human activities, and policies related to the coast and sea. It includes a collection of maps and associated fact sheets based on data originating primarily from the European Commission and its agencies, which present a snapshot of key natural and socio-economic elements of the coastal and marine regions of the European Union. It provides a suite of basic instruments for map analysis and data combination to derive ad hoc maritime indicators. 相似文献
20.
J. O. Z. Abuodha 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):199-207
This article addresses both environmental and socioeconomic issues concerned with the development or operation of the envisaged titanium mining project in Kwale District of Kenya. TIOMIN Resources Inc., of Canada, through its wholly owned Kenyan subsidiary, Kenya Titanium Minerals Ltd., is proposing to develop a titanium sands mine and mineral processing plants which will produce high grades of heavy minerals including rutile, ilmenite, and zircon. In addition, TIOMIN has proposed to develop a ship loading facility at Shimoni, a significant marine habitat in Kenya. When properly designed and implemented, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a powerful tool for ensuring that environmental issues are given due consideration during project design, allowing the benefits of the project to be maximized, while reducing the environmental and social costs of development. In Kenya, the EIA has to be conducted according to the requirements of the Kenya Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (2000) and in compliance with World Bank standards. An EIA document submitted to the enforcement authority, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), enables the issuing of an Environmental Impact Assessment License and a Mining License. A number of exploration studies have been undertaken and several sites have been identified for the extraction of titanium minerals and zircon. Many have expressed concern that environmental matters should be considered before a decision about titanium mining is undertaken. Toxic chemicals used in heavy mineral separation processes and disturbance or redistribution of sediment could spell a disaster for the coastal waters. The Wasini channel is home to world class coral reefs, humpback and spotted dolphins, and marine turtles. Another contentious issue is that of radioactivity associated with the minerals zircon and monazite. The coastal zone is a crucial part of the economy, as it supplies a living for a large number of people along the coast. It is envisaged that involuntary resettlement without adequate compensation and viable alternative sites may result in serious socioeconomic consequences. 相似文献