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贮灰场子坝冲填粉煤灰的动力特性是评估挡灰坝在地震作用下动力稳定性的关键因素。为探究冲填粉煤灰的动力变形和强度特性,利用液压控制振动三轴试验仪测试饱和沉积灰和冲填灰两类试样在偏压固结条件下的动应力-动应变关系、动强度、阻尼比和动孔隙水压力。结果表明:试样骨干曲线均表现出应变硬化特征,可近似描述为双曲线型关系。此外,循环振次增大导致试样动强度降低,且主要与动黏聚力降低有关,受内摩擦角影响较小。双对数坐标轴下,无量纲处理后的阻尼比与动剪切模量近似呈线性关系,且与围压关系不显著。不同围压下动孔压水平随破坏振次增大仅在较窄范围内变化,为简便计算,可忽略围压和循环振次对动孔压水平的影响。据此,可采用Finn公式描述偏压固结下粉煤灰试样的动孔隙水压力特征。 相似文献
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The present work involves the study of Se(IV) adsorption onto bagasse fly ash. The adsorbents were coated with a ferric chloride solution for the effective removal of selenium. The physico‐chemical characterization of the adsorbent was carried out using standard methods, e. g., proximate analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo‐gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption process. Results obtained from these studies were analyzed using various kinetic models and isotherms. Se(IV) adsorption onto adsorbent was high at low pH values, and decreased with an increase in initial pH. A temperature study showed that the uptake of Se(IV) was greatest at 293 K, within the temperature range studied. The parameters of pseudo first order, pseudo second order, and Weber‐Morris intra‐particle kinetic models were determined. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. Error analyses were also carried out using hybrid fractional error function and Marquardt's percent standard deviation. 相似文献
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为了经济、环保地达到改良处理减轻饱和黄土地基液化震害的目的,通过配备不同粉煤灰掺量的改良黄土进行动三轴试验,研究饱和粉煤灰改良黄土的动应力、动应变和动孔隙水压力变化特征,分析粉煤灰掺量对饱和改良黄土液化应力比、动残余变形和动孔隙水压力的影响规律,并结合微结构试验结果,探讨饱和粉煤灰改良黄土抗液化的物理化学机制。结果表明:粉煤灰掺量对饱和改良黄土的液化应力比、动应变和动孔隙水压力比均具有较为显著的影响。随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,饱和改良黄土的液化应力比持续增加,且当掺量达到15%后,继续增加粉煤灰掺量时改良黄土的液化应力比增加显著。饱和改良黄土的动应变和动孔隙水压力比均随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而减小;掺量达到25%后,饱和改良黄土不液化。饱和粉煤灰改良黄土的SEM细观结构试验照片中呈现大量的圆球状、粒状粉煤灰颗粒和絮凝状胶结物,表明其抗液化的物理化学机制主要包括粉煤灰的水化作用、胶体生成物和颗粒的填隙作用和粉煤灰对游离水的吸附作用。 相似文献
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Hydrogeology of an Alkaline Fly Ash Landfill in Eastern Iowa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1984,4(3):75-80
Column leaching experiments show that fly ash Interlayered with sulfide-rich tailings can reduce the vertical permeability of tailings by at least three orders of magnitude. Chemical reactions between the fluid, alkaline fly ash from Western coal and pyritic tailings result in a one to three order of magnitude reduction in the dissolved metals content of the effluent solution. Metal precipitation, which produces the dissolved metals reduction, is a significant element in the permeability reduction. The combined factors reduce the metals flux from the tailings by four to six orders of magnitude. We believe that tailings ponds with fly ash layers as amendments can greatiy reduce ground water contamination from pyritic tailings. In addition, concentrated application of fly ash layers near the end of mining should act to restrict infiltration and access of oxygen, thereby enhancing reclamation. Similar results maybe obtainable using other amendments with lower base capacity (lime, crushed limestone, trona). 相似文献
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Coal fly ash (CFA) and paper waste (PW) related environmental problems and its recycling techniques have been a major challenge to society. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to develop new recycling methods for CFA and PW. This work proposes a potential new way of developing synthetic aggregates (SA) using CFA, PW, starch waste and ammonium sulfate (AS) as a granular nitrogen fertilizer medium, and their utilization as a soil amendment to improve crop production in the low productive acidic red soil of Okinawa, Japan. Three types of SA with three different nitrogen (N) percentages were produced and used to amend acidic red soil in a pot experiment for the cultivation of Komatsuna, which is also called as Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa var. pervidis). SA had a low bulk density (0.58–0.62 g/cm3), high water holding capacity (0.60–0.64 kg/kg), high saturated hydraulic conductivity (2.34·10–2 cm/s), high mean weight diameter (MWD) (4.32–4.48 mm), alkaline pH (8.58–8.61), high electrical conductivity (EC) (82.18–84.35 mS/m) and high carbon (C) content (68.71–70.07 g/kg) in comparison with the acidic red soil. The trace element concentrations of the developed SA were below the maximum pollutant concentration of individual metals for land application of sewage sludge given by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies showed the higher structural surface area of SA, where round shaped CFA particles were embedded into the fibrous PW matrix. Incorporation of SA into the acidic red soil not only enhanced soil fertility but also improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil compared to soil without SA addition. SA addition to the acidic red soil significantly increased the growth and yield parameters of Komatsuna compared to soil without SA addition. 相似文献
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Vimal Chandra Pandey Jay Shankar Singh Akhilesh Kumar D. D. Tewari 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(12):1116-1123
Chickpea grown in fly ash (FA) treated soil (25, 50, and 100% FA) was used to evaluate the effect of FA on antioxidants, metal concentration (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a (chl‐a), chlorophyll b (chl‐b), total chlorophyll (total chl), and carotenoids), growth and yield performance. All antioxidants in roots, shoots and leaves of chickpea increase with increasing FA doses to combat FA stress. The activities of antioxidants were more in the root tissues to cope with stress induced in the plants as compared to shoot and leaf. Concentration of metals was found maximum in roots than the shoots and seeds. The highest concentration of Fe and lowest level of Cd were recorded in all treatments of FA for different parts of the plant. The treated crop showed reduced level of chlorophyll but enhanced level of carotenoids and protein. However, root length, number of nodules and biomass in 25 and 50% FA treatments did not differ significantly in comparison to respective control plants. These results suggest that heavy metals of FA causes oxidative stress in this crop and the antioxidant enzymes could help a pivotal role against oxidative injury. 相似文献
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Water samples were collected from cold and warm karst springs for stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) and 3H from SE of Kashmir valley (western Himalayas) to distinguish the sources of recharge and infer their recharge areas. The spring water samples were most depleted in heavier isotopes in May (average δ18O: ?8.87‰ and δD: ?50.3‰) and enriched in September (average δ18O: ?7.58‰ and δD: ?48.1‰). The depleted 18O and 2H of spring waters bear the signatures of winter precipitation while as the enriched 18O and 2H of spring waters bear the signature of summer rainfall. D‐excess and 3H corroborate with the stable isotope results that the spring flow in spring season (May) and autumn (September) is dominantly controlled by the melting of winter snowmelt and summer rainfall, respectively. The results showed that unlike δD, the δ18O value in the karst spring waters decreases in January suggesting δ18O shift. The spring water samples also fall above the Local Meteoric Water Line and Global Meteoric Water Line indicating the δ18O shift due to interaction of groundwater with the host carbonate rocks during its traverse. The mean elevation of the recharge areas of the springs using δ18O and δD tracers was also estimated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In this study, untreated and treated wood fly ash (WA) was used as a low‐cost sorbent in batch sorption tests to investigate the removal of organic pollutants from a real wastewater generated by cleaning/washing of machinery in a wood‐laminate floor industry in Sweden. The experiments focused on the effect of the WA dosage and particle size on the removal efficiency for organic compounds. With a WA dosage of 160 g L?1 and a particle size less than 1 mm, the reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biologic oxygen demand, and total organic carbon were 37 ± 0.4, 24 ± 0.4, and 30 ± 0.3%, respectively. Pre‐treatment of WA with hot water improved the COD removal efficiency by absorption from 37 ± 0.4 to 42 ± 1.6% when the same dosage (160 g L?1) was applied. Sorption isotherm and sorption kinetics for COD using untreated WA can be explained by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models. Intra‐particle diffusion model indicates that pore diffusion is not the rate‐limiting step for COD removal. Based on the experimental data, WA could be used as an alternative low‐cost sorption media/filter for removal of organic compounds from real industrial wastewater. 相似文献
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Stable isotope data on humid tropical hydrology are scarce and, at present, no such data exist for Borneo. Delta18O, δ2H and δ13C were analysed on 22 water samples from different parts of the Sungai (river) Niah basin (rain, cave drip, rainforest pool, tributary stream, river, estuary, sea) in north‐central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. This was done to improve understanding of the modern stable isotope systematics of the Sungai Niah basin, essential for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Quaternary stable isotope proxies preserved in the Great Cave of Niah. The Niah hydrology data are put into a regional context using the meteoric water line for Southeast Asia, as derived from International Atomic Energy Agency/World Meteorological Organization isotopes in precipitation network data. Although the Niah hydrological data‐set is relatively small, spatial isotopic variability was found for the different subenvironments of the Sungai Niah basin. A progressive enrichment occurs towards the South China Sea (δ18O ?4·6‰; δ2H ?29·3‰; δ13C ?4·8‰) from the tributary stream (δ18O ?8·4‰; δ2H ?54·7‰; δ13C ?14·5‰) to up‐river (δ18O c. ?8‰; δ2H c. ?51‰; δ13C c. ?12‰) and down‐river values (δ18O c. ?7·5‰; δ2H c. ?45‰; δ13C c. ?11‰). This is thought to reflect differential evaporation and mixing of different components of the water cycle and a combination of depleted biogenic δ13C (plant respiration and decay) with enriched δ13C values (due to photosynthesis, atmospheric exchange, mixing with limestone and marine waters) downstream. Cave drip waters are relatively enriched in δ13C as compared to the surface waters. This may indicate rapid degassing of the cave drips as they enter the cave atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A temporal stable isotopic (δ18O, δD,d‐excess) comparison in glacier meltwater streams,Taylor Valley,Antarctica 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, we describe the importance of hyporheic dynamics within Andersen Creek and Von Guerard Stream, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, from the 2010–2011 melt season using natural tracers. Water collection started at flow onset and continued, with weekly hyporheic‐zone sampling. The water δ18O and δD values were isotopically lighter in the beginning and heavier later in the season. D‐excess measurements were used as an indicator of mixing because an evaporative signature was evident and distinguishable between 2 primary end‐members (glacier meltwater and hyporheic zone). Hyporheic‐zone influence on the channel water was variable with a strong control on streamwater chemistry, except at highest discharges. This work supports previous research indicating that Von Guerard Stream has a large, widespread hyporheic zone that varies in size with time and discharge. Andersen Creek, with a smaller hyporheic zone, displayed hyporheic‐zone solute interaction through the influence from subsurface hypersaline flow. Overall, the evolution of Taylor Valley hyporheic‐zone hydrology is described seasonally. In mid‐December, the hyporheic zone is a dynamic system exchanging with the glacier meltwater in the channel, and with diminishing flow in January, the hyporheic zone drains back into the channel flow also impacting stream chemistry. This work adds new information on the role of hyporheic zone–stream interaction in these glacier meltwater streams. 相似文献
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Recharge patterns, possible flow paths and the relative age of groundwater in the Akaki catchment in central Ethiopia have been investigated using stable environmental isotopes δ18O and δ2H and radioactive tritium (3H) coupled with conservative chloride measurements. Stable isotopic signatures are encoded in the groundwater solely from summer rainfall. Thus, groundwater recharge occurs predominantly in the summer months from late June to early September during the major Ethiopian rainy season. Winter recharge is lost through high evaporation–evapotranspiration within the unsaturated zone after relatively long dry periods of high accumulated soil moisture deficits. Chloride mass balance coupled with the isotope results demonstrates the presence of both preferential and piston flow groundwater recharge mechanisms. The stable and radioactive isotope measurements further revealed that groundwater in the Akaki catchment is found to be compartmentalized into zones. Groundwater mixing following the flow paths and topography is complicated by the lithologic complexity. An uncommon, highly depleted stable isotope and zero‐3H groundwater, observed in a nearly east–west stretch through the central sector of the catchment, is coincident with the Filwoha Fault zone. Here, deep circulating meteoric water has lost its isotopic content through exchange reactions with CO2 originating at deeper sources or it has been recharged with precipitation from a different rainfall regime with a depleted isotopic content. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Huawu Wu Jinglu Wu Kadyrbek Sakiev Jinzhao Liu Jing Li Bin He Ya Liu Beibei Shen 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1658-1669
Characterization of spatial and temporal variability of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) of surface waters is essential to interpret hydrological processes and establish modern isotope–elevation gradients across mountainous terrains. Here, we present stable isotope data for river waters across Kyrgyzstan. River water isotopes exhibit substantial spatial heterogeneity among different watersheds in Kyrgyzstan. Higher river water isotope values were found mainly in the Issyk‐Kul Lake watershed, whereas waters in the Son‐Kul Lake watershed display lower values. Results show a close δ18O–δ2H relation between river water and the local meteoric water line, implying that river water experiences little evaporative enrichment. River water from the high‐elevation regions (e.g., Naryn and Son‐Kul Lake watershed) had the most negative isotope values, implying that river water is dominated by snowmelt. Higher deuterium excess (average d = 13.9‰) in river water probably represents the isotopic signature of combined contributions from direct precipitation and glacier melt in stream discharge across Kyrgyzstan. A significant relationship between river water δ18O and elevation was observed with a vertical lapse rate of 0.13‰/100 m. These findings provide crucial information about hydrological processes across Kyrgyzstan and contribute to a better understanding of the paleoclimate/elevation reconstruction of this region. 相似文献
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F. Fernndez‐Chacn J. Benavente J. C. Rubio‐Campos C. Kohfahl J. Jimnez H. Meyer H. Hubberten A. Pekdeger 《水文研究》2010,24(10):1343-1356
We characterize the precipitation and groundwater in a mountainous (peaks slightly above 3000 m a.s.l.), semi‐arid river basin in SE Spain in terms of the isotopes 18O and 2H. This basin, with an extension of about 7000 km2, is an ideal site for such a study because fronts from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean converge here. Much of the land is farmed and irrigated both by groundwater and runoff water collected in reservoirs. A total of approximately 100 water samples from precipitation and 300 from groundwater have been analysed. To sample precipitation we set up a network of 39 stations at different altitudes (800–1700 m a.s.l.), with which we were able to collect the rain and snowfall from 29 separate events between July 2005 and April 2007 and take monthly samples during the periods of maximum recharge of the aquifers. To characterize the groundwater we set up a control network of 43 points (23 springs and 20 wells) to sample every 3 months the main aquifers and both the thermal and non‐thermal groundwater. We also sampled two shallow‐water sites (a reservoir and a river). The isotope composition of the precipitation forms a local meteoric water line (LMWL) characterized by the equation δD = 7·72δ18O + 9·90, with mean values for δ18O and δD of − 10·28‰ and − 69·33‰, respectively, and 12·9‰ for the d‐excess value. To correlate the isotope composition of the rainfall water with groundwater we calculated the weighted local meteoric water line (WLMWL), characterized by the equation δD = 7·40δ18O + 7·24, which takes into account the quantity of water precipitated during each event. These values of (dδD/dδ18O)< 8 and d‐excess (δD–8δ18O)< 10 in each curve bear witness to the ‘amount effect’, an effect which is more manifest between May and September, when the ground temperature is higher. Other effects noted in the basin were those of altitude and the continental influence. The isotopic compositions of the groundwater are represented by the equation δD = 4·79δ18O − 18·64. The groundwater is richer in heavy isotopes than the rainfall, with mean values of − 8·48‰ for δ18O and − 59·27‰ for δD. The isotope enrichment processes detected include a higher rate of evaporation from detrital aquifers than from carbonate ones, the effects of recharging aquifers from irrigation return flow and/or from reservoirs' leakage and enrichment in δ18O from thermal water. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献