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1.
Fragments of acid pumice have been found among the basic pyroclastics thrown out by the Teneguía volcano during its explosive phases. The presence of these pumice fragments brings up the problem of their origin and their relationships to the mechanism of the eruption.The composition of the analysed samples coincides exactly with the low temperature trough in petrogeny's residua system, albits-orthoclase-silica. The samples can be classified as rhyolites and trachytes.The authors propose that the pumice was produced by the fusion of the acid phase in a subvolcanic complex located beneath the island of La Palma.  相似文献   

2.
The Riviére Claire on the flank of Montagne Pelée, northern Martinique, displays remarkable selective textural and compositional sorting of pumice pebble and cobble-size material by fluvial processes. Pumice fragments are very well rounded, rather uniform in shape, and show moderate to good size-sorting; gravels are concentrated along channels as natural levee and overbank deposits. The low density of pumice to a considerable degree influences its transport, largely by suspension. Pumice pebble concentrations associated with more poorly sorted, denser volcanic debris record hydraulic equivalency.  相似文献   

3.
Sixteen elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Al, Fe, Mn, P, Co, Cu, Li, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Zn, determined by atomic absorption) were identified in 453 pumice fragments recovered from Holocene strandplains in southeast Queensland and New South Wales. Eight pumice groups and 13 subgroups are recognised by numerical analysis. Some pumices record known eruptions. Others come from known centres in Tonga and Vanuatu. Several pumice eruptions have occurred from some centres, but there are instances of single episodes. The numerical analyses, combined with carbon dating and soil identification, identify marker horizons in the development of the strandplains. These horizons provide a time‐scale for soil development. Pumice that occurs in middens has an archaeological value. Coke was found with recent pumice. It conveniently identifies the modern industrial age.  相似文献   

4.
Based on textural and geochemical evidence, the existence of Late Precambrian rhyolitic volcanism related to the Cape Granite Suite is illustrated. Recrystallised rhyolitic ignimbrites represent the volcanic phase of a subvolcanic to volcanic sequence composed of rhyodacite to rhyolitic magma. Textural features including faimme, pumice fragments and glass shards provide unquivocal evidence for the volcanic origin of these rocks.  相似文献   

5.
Pyroclastic flow is defined as the flow of high-temperature, essential, fragmental materials. This is synonymous with the nuée ardente in the broad sense. Three modes of emplacement of high-temperature, essential, solid (or liquid) materials after the ejection from the crater may be recognized: 1) Projection of fragments from the crater by explosive expansion of gas within the crater; 2) descent of fragments or liquid magma from the crater caused only by the action of gravity; and 3) swift downflow of the mixture of gas and fragments. This last is intermediate between the first two and corresponds to pyroclastic flow.

A new classification of pyroclastic flows is proposed based upon viscosity of the materials, which ls inferred from the nature of the deposit. The volume of the deposit increases as the viscosity decreases.

1) Nuée ardente in the strict sense: Represented by the nuée ardente of Mt. Pelée, Merapi, etc. The fragments are less porous, which indicates the high viscosity. The volume of the deposit is small, generally less than 0.01 km3.

2) Pyroclastic flow of the intermediate type: Represented by certain pyroclastic flows of Asama, Hakone, and Myoko volcanoes. Both viscosity and volume (0.1 - 1 km3) are intermediate between 1) and 3).

3) Pumice flow: Represented by pumice and tuff flows of all sizes, such as those of Crater Lake, Hakone, Katmai, and Aso volcanoes. Low viscosity leads -to full vesiculation into pumice. Many of them are larger in volume ( > 10 km3) than 1) and 2), and calderas of the Krakatau type are often formed after the eruption of larger pumice flows.--Auth. English summ.  相似文献   

6.
Pumice flow from the 1883 Krakatau eruption significantly differs in both mineral and chemical compositions from any other volcanic rocks or ejecta of the Krakatau group, which belong to the tholeiitic series. Lithic fragments of granitic Rock, discovered in the pumice flow, are similar to West Malayan granitic rocks. No other granitic rock occurs throughout the Krakatau group, therefore, we consider that the granitic fragments came from the underlying complex at depths, where they were captured as foreign materials by the magma.It is possible that sialic crustal materials plunged into depths along a peculiar tectonic structure located at the Sunda Strait, which appears to be a sheared portion caused by deformation of the Sunda arc due to differential movement between the Indo-Australian oceanic plate and the Eurasian continental crust. The crustal materials were partially melted and produced a magma of granitic composition. The magma was mixed with or assimilated by an ascending basaltic magma originating probably from the upper mantle. This resulted in a dacitic magma distinctly dominant in silica, alkalis and volatile components, and the 1883 Krakatau eruption, characterized by the pumice flow of dacitic composition, took place.  相似文献   

7.
This communication reports the occurrence of an ash layer intercalated within the late Quaternary alluvial succession of the Madhumati River, a tributary of the lower Narmada River. Petrographic, morphological and chemical details of glass shards and pumice fragments have formed the basis of this study. The ash has been correlated with the Youngest Toba Tuff. The finding of ash layer interbedded in Quaternary alluvial sequences of western Indian continental margin is significant, as ash being datable material, a near precise time-controlled stratigraphy can be interpreted for the Quaternary sediments of western India. The distant volcanic source of this ash requires a fresh re-assessment of ash volume and palaeoclimatic interpretations.  相似文献   

8.
The chemistry and mineralogy of sediments in the vicinity of the active rise in the Lau Basin can be accounted for by weathering of tholeiitic basalts exposed in the Basin, the introduction of pumice fragments derived from the Tonga Ridge, precipitation of ferromanganese minerals from sea water and pore water addition.  相似文献   

9.
Lascar Volcano (Atacama, Chile) erupted on 18–20 April 1993. Several sub-Plinian explosions occurred, and some were mushroom-shaped. The highest column rose up to 23 km. Ash clouds crossed South America eastwards. Dacite pumice falls made of blocks and ashes were deposited on the flanks of the volcano as a result of collapsed columns. The pumice contains phenocrysts of plagioclase, enstatite, augite, biotite, magnetite and ilmenite and small crystals of apatite. The 1992 previous andesite dome inside the crater was destroyed. Banded blocks resulting from mingling of the dacitic pumice and andesite from the dome are found in the pumice flow. Both the lava dome and the pumice are representative of the Lascar high-K magma unit. Dacitic pumice is a product of crystal fractionation of the andesitic magma.  相似文献   

10.
Lightweight aggregate concretes are widely incorporated in construction and development. This study presented an experimental investigation on the engineering properties of volcanic pumice lightweight aggregates concretes. Three groups of lightweight concretes: 1—coarse pumice aggregates (2–6 mm), 2—course pumice aggregates (2–6 mm)/sand size pumice aggregates and 3—course pumice aggregates (2–6 mm)/sand fraction were built and the physical/mechanical aspects of them were studied. The results of the compressive strength, density, water absorption, pH and shrinkage showed that these lightweight concretes were affected by the type of aggregates, the cement paste and the interfacial zone between cement and aggregates. One grain size pumice (2–6 mm) showed best compressive strength (65 kg/cm2), density of 0.60 g/cm3, linear shrinkage 0.4 % and high water absorption 29.73 %. Strength minerals represented by calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) and calcium-aluminate-hydrate (CAH) leading the concrete strength.  相似文献   

11.
The 2010 eruption of Merapi (VEI 4) was the volcano’s largest since 1872. In contrast to the prolonged and effusive dome-forming eruptions typical of Merapi’s recent activity, the 2010 eruption began explosively, before a new dome was rapidly emplaced. This new dome was subsequently destroyed by explosions, generating pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), predominantly consisting of dark coloured, dense blocks of basaltic andesite dome lava. A shift towards open-vent conditions in the later stages of the eruption culminated in multiple explosions and the generation of PDCs with conspicuous grey scoria and white pumice clasts resulting from sub-plinian convective column collapse. This paper presents geochemical data for melt inclusions and their clinopyroxene hosts extracted from dense dome lava, grey scoria and white pumice generated during the peak of the 2010 eruption. These are compared with clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions from scoriaceous dome fragments from the prolonged dome-forming 2006 eruption, to elucidate any relationship between pre-eruptive degassing and crystallisation processes and eruptive style. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles (H2O, CO2) and light lithophile elements (Li, B, Be) is augmented by electron microprobe analysis of major elements and volatiles (Cl, S, F) in melt inclusions and groundmass glass. Geobarometric analysis shows that the clinopyroxene phenocrysts crystallised at depths of up to 20 km, with the greatest calculated depths associated with phenocrysts from the white pumice. Based on their volatile contents, melt inclusions have re-equilibrated during shallower storage and/or ascent, at depths of ~0.6–9.7 km, where the Merapi magma system is interpreted to be highly interconnected and not formed of discrete magma reservoirs. Melt inclusions enriched in Li show uniform “buffered” Cl concentrations, indicating the presence of an exsolved brine phase. Boron-enriched inclusions also support the presence of a brine phase, which helped to stabilise B in the melt. Calculations based on S concentrations in melt inclusions and groundmass glass require a degassing melt volume of 0.36 km3 in order to produce the mass of SO2 emitted during the 2010 eruption. This volume is approximately an order of magnitude higher than the erupted magma (DRE) volume. The transition between the contrasting eruptive styles in 2010 and 2006 is linked to changes in magmatic flux and changes in degassing style, with the explosive activity in 2010 driven by an influx of deep magma, which overwhelmed the shallower magma system and ascended rapidly, accompanied by closed-system degassing.  相似文献   

12.
爆炸式喷发过程中,火山碎屑物气孔记录了挥发分出溶、膨胀和合并等信息,其大小、形态、数量密度、空间分布等局域特征是推断火山喷发动力条件的重要参考。文章基于天池火山三期喷发(50 000年前大喷发的黄色浮岩、千年大喷发的灰白色浮岩和1668年八卦庙期喷发的黑色浮岩)野外地质工作,以非线性火山喷发动力学为指导,开展了火山通道内气泡生长的流体动力学研究,揭示出岩浆流体黏性力和界面张力的共同作用对于岩浆减压和气泡生长过程的约束。在浮岩气孔结构的定量化分析基础上,进一步研究了天池火山三期喷发的浮岩气孔参数,通过气泡生长流体动力学方程得到了千年大喷发灰白色浮岩毛细管数Ca值为253, 明显高于50 000年前大喷发黄色浮岩(Ca值为94)和八卦庙期喷发黑色浮岩(Ca值为111),表明了千年大喷发曾发生过明显的成分变化,推测可能与幔源基性岩浆注入有关;而50 000年前大喷发黄色浮岩气孔不规则形态参数(1-Ω)值为0.098,大于后两期喷发(分别为0.052和0.064),可能意味着天池火山系统动力学平衡的弛豫周期变小或浮岩气泡生长受动力学、流变学改造过程减弱,这可为进一步研究天池火山活动规律提供参考。三期浮岩毛细管数Ca量级为102,气孔不规则形态参数(1-Ω)量级为10-1,从动力学上首次证实了天池火山属于普林尼型或超普林尼型喷发。  相似文献   

13.
The Early Miocene Tateyamazaki Dacite infills a 3.2 km diameter caldera. It comprises poorly sorted, massive, biotite-bearing dacite pumice lapilli tuff, in which huge blocks of densely welded dacite lapilli tuff, basaltic andesite lava, and other lithologies are commonly set. Dense blocks are variably cracked and intruded by the host lapilli tuff. Sparse blocks of bedded lapilli tuff and tuff are variably disaggregated to intermingle with the host rocks or are plastically deformed into irregular shapes. Rootless tuff veins millimeters to 30 cm thick are developed within the host rocks, mainly dipping at 10–30°, and are locally branched and mutually cut to form a network. Where thicker, they are stratified and locally carry accidental fragments. Accidental lapilli up to 2 or 3 cm wide and 30 cm long are locally set in near-vertical and variably sinuous arrays. Although poorly defined they are reminiscent of fluid escape structures. The host pumice lapilli tuff, however, retains in part a thermal remnant magnetization (TRM) vector stable at temperatures above 280 °C. Blocks in the caldera fill also retain TRM but the vectors are rotated significantly from those of the host pumice lapilli tuff and the adjacent volcanic rocks. Tateyamazaki Dacite is thus likely to have been emplaced at high temperatures, and intermingled with shattered basement rocks and ambient water to be partly liquefied within the caldera immediately after or during the caldera-forming eruption.  相似文献   

14.
长白山天池地区全新世以来火山活动及其特征   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
长白山火山全新世规模最大的喷发活动发生在公元1199-1200年,即800年前的大爆发,被确定为普林尼或布里尼(Plinian)式喷发。这次大爆发形成体积巨大的、分布广泛的以空中降落堆积物为主的火山喷发碎屑堆积物,在长白山火山周围,远至日本都留下了地质记录。文章辨认并划分了这次大爆发火山碎屑物的成因类型:火山喷发空中降落堆积物(airfalltephra)、火山碎屑流(pyroclasticflow)状堆积物和火山泥流(lahar)堆积物,并且点、面结合,近、远和国内、国外兼顾,分析了这些火山碎屑物的主要特征、分布和相互关系,进而确定这些火山碎屑物分别属于两次普林尼式爆发。第1次(早期)普林尼式爆发称赤峰期,火山喷发模式为:普林尼式喷发柱(赤峰空落浮岩层)-火山碎屑流(长白山火山碎屑流层),随即主要由火山碎屑流诱发火山泥流(二道白河火山泥流层);第2次(晚期)普林尼式爆发称园池期,喷发模式为:普林尼式喷发柱(园池空落浮岩火山灰层)-火山碎屑流(冰场火山碎屑流层)。在层序上将气象站期碱流岩置于800年前大爆发火山碎屑物之下是正确的,其时代为晚更新世-全新世早期。  相似文献   

15.
A comparison of the crystal contents of selected sieve grades from 9 ignimbrites, with the yield of crystals from crushed pumice, shows that on average a tenfold concentration of crystals has taken place in the ignimbrites. This is explained by the selective loss of pumice by an amount equal to at least the present bulk of the samples studied. The pumice is thought to have been lost above the vent or the moving pyroclastic flow, though there is a possibility, yet untested, that it may be contained in the distil part of the ignimbrites.This paper also further characterises the relatively well-sorted basal layer, and the pipes (interpreted as due to primary fumaroles) which cut some ignimbrites. Basal layer and pipes show an even greater concentration of crystals than the body of the ignimbrites.One corollary of this study is that doubt is placed on the value of making chemical analyses of ignimbrites, the composition of which is likely to depart appreciably from that of the eruptive magma.  相似文献   

16.
R.N. Thompson 《Lithos》1975,8(1):9-14
An intensely-welded ignimbrite has been identified in the upper part of the thick Palaeocene lava pile of Ubekendt Ejland, west Greenland. It consists of 2.3 volume present of phenocrysts and 2 percent of lithic fragments (basalt and trachyte) in a compact nitreous matrix of flattened and welded rhyolitic pumice fragments and glass shards. The phenocrysts are mostly of plagioclase (An17), together with minor amounts of sanidine (Or87), hydrothermally-altered olivine and augite, ilmenite and zircon. The major elements chemistry of the magmatic fraction of the rock is deduced from microprobe analyses of its constituent phases. It is suggested that this erupted pyroclastic rock may be a surface expression of high-level granite emplacement in southern Ubekendt Ejland. The source could have been an early acid member of the currently-exposed Sarqâta qáqâ plutonic complex. Recent Rb/Sr isotopic studies have shown that the acid and basic rocks of this intrusive centre, together with the surrounding basaltic lavas, define a single isochron (65 m.y.) with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7045, appropriate to the upper mantle. The ultimate source of the Ubekendt Ejland ignimbr.es may therefore be sub-crustal.  相似文献   

17.
本文在长白山天池火山野外地质工作基础上,对天池火山黄色浮岩(50000年前大喷发)、灰白色浮岩(千年大喷发)和黑色浮岩(八卦庙期喷发)等三期空降浮岩开展了扫描电子显微镜高精度结构分析以及浮岩气孔结构的局域化定量研究。三期浮岩洛伦茨分析表明:黄色浮岩和黑色浮岩气孔均一化程度基本一致,而灰白色浮岩均一化程度更高,反映了千年大喷发在岩浆演化程度和喷发动力学行为上的特殊性,推测可能与幔源岩浆注入地壳岩浆房的动力过程有关。气孔大小幂律分布以及气孔形态分形特征的复杂性分析表明,50000年前大喷发的浮岩幂指数和分形维数最高,揭示了其自组织临界态程度最高,对外界环境触发最为敏感,而另外两期浮岩幂指数和分形维数呈现出标准的幂律衰减,据此我们推测三期喷发可能均处在天池火山系统逐渐稳态恢复的大周期中。  相似文献   

18.
Montaña Negra is a 121 m cinder cone in the Bandas del Sur region of southern Tenerife. Formed in the Middle Pleistocene, it comprises alternating phonolitic pumice deposits and scoria layers; the latter are extremely fossiliferous with good taphonomical fidelity. 40Ar/39Ar age determination provides new dates of 302 ± 7.6 ka and 299.9 ± 11.4 ka for the Lower and Upper Aldea Blanca pumice fall deposits, respectively. This chronological constraint allows comparison of the palaeo‐habitat with the global climate at the time of pyroclastic activity. Abundant terrestrial gastropod species and rare disarticulated Coleoptera fragments are to be found. The occurrence of the endemic semi‐slug genus Plutonia (Family Vitrinidae) is significant in indicating a woodland habitat in the region during the Middle Pleistocene. We suggest that this may have been forest, possibly dominated by laurel, which is in stark contrast to the present‐day semi‐desert. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Melt inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from a single clast of pumice near the base of the plinian pumice fall of the Bishop Tuff were studied to test ideas concerning separation of melt and crystals in silicic magmas. Ten analyzed inclusions from the pumice clast are of high silica rhyolite composition with very low contents of the highly compatible elements Ba, Sr, and Eu, consistent with extensive fractionation. The concentrations of U, La, Ce, Mg, and Ca of these ten melt inclusions vary considerably as determined by ion microprobe. Petrologic considerations indicate that uranium is an incompatible element with a maximum bulk partition coefficient D of about 0.2 and that the evolution of the uranium content of the melt was controlled by crystallization of the magma. A minimum of 33 wt% perfect fractional crystallization is required to explain the observed range in uranium. However, only 17 wt% crystals occurred in the pumice clast. The greater calculated fraction of crystals requires significant separation of crystals and melt before the eruption of the plinian pumice fall in spite of the fact that crystal mixing (settling, etc.) did not occur in the Bishop magma.  相似文献   

20.
Volcanic pyroclasts of small size, such as lapilli and small pumice stones, are widely used in agriculture, gardening, and for pot plants as natural inorganic mulch. The technique of using pyroclasts to enhance topsoil stems from the eighteenth century, and specifically from the ad 1730–1736 eruption on Lanzarote. Critical observations on plant development during and after the eruption showed that the vegetation died when buried under a thick layer of lapilli, but grew vigorously when covered thinly. While the agriculture of Lanzarote was restricted to cereals before the eruption, it diversified to many kinds of fruit and vegetables afterwards, including the production of the famous Malvasía wines in the Canaries. The population of Lanzarote doubled in the years after the eruption, from about 5000 in 1730 to near 10 000 in 1768, predominantly as a result of the higher agricultural productivity. This outcome led to widespread use of lapilli and pumice fragments throughout the islands and eventually the rest of the globe. Lapilli and pumice provide vesicle space for moisture to be retained longer within the planting soil, which can create an environment for micro‐bacteria to thrive in. Through this route, nutrients from volcanic matter are transported into the surrounding soil where they become available to plant life. The detailed processes that operate within the pyroclasts are less well understood, such as the breakdown of nutrients from the rock matrix and transport into the soil by biological action. Further studies promise significant potential to optimize future agricultural efforts, particularly in otherwise arid areas of the globe.  相似文献   

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