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1.
Joep E.A. Storms Robert M. Hoogendoorn Rien A.C. Dam A.J.F. Hoitink S.B. Kroonenberg 《Sedimentary Geology》2005,180(3-4):149-166
The late-Holocene Mahakam delta, located along the tropical eastern shore of Kalimantan, Indonesia, is considered to be a textbook example of a mixed tide–fluvial dominated delta system. The delta prograded about 60 km during the past 5000 years, which led to the development of a distinct network of distributary and tidal channels. Wave action is low due the limited fetch in the narrow strait of Makassar. Mahakam River discharge is about a quarter of the Mississippi River discharge and is characterized by absence of flood surges. Therefore, natural levees, crevasse splays and avulsions are absent in the delta plain. For the past four decennia, both modern and ancient Mahakam delta deposits have been studied in detail in order to better understand subsurface Miocene and Tertiary Mahakam deposits, which host large volumes of hydrocarbons.
This study focuses on the dynamics and stratal patterns of delta plain, delta-front platform deposits and suspended sediments. Due to the predominance of semi-diurnal tides and the associated flow reversals, depositional patterns are highly variable which has resulted in the formation of characteristic sand–mud couplets. The distribution of the sand–mud couplets found in this study differs from previously proposed conceptual models. They are limited to the fluvial domain and form in the distributary channels (lateral channel bar) or at the fluvial dominated delta-front platform, which flanks the mouth bar deposits in offshore direction. The sand–mud couplets which formed as delta-front platform and lateral channel bar deposits are similar and can only be identified based on their 14C age. The sand content decreases significantly towards the tidal dominated areas due to limitation in transport capacity. Turbidity measurements taken in front of the river mouth also show rapid settlement of river plume sediments.
Some 22 new AMS 14C dates show that late Holocene sea level history resembles the eustatic sea level curve giving a first approximation of the Late Holocene sea level history for East Kalimantan. The dates suggest that the progradational delta system evolved under conditions of slowly rising sea level, which compares well to the eustatic sea level curve. In addition, calculated averaged deposition rates of the sand–mud couplets indicate that deposition is driven by the spring–neap tide cycles instead of the daily tidal cycle. 相似文献
2.
The Hazad Member (Middle Eocene) of the Ankleswar Formation in Cambay Basin, India, is traditionally reported as deltaic system. Present work documents three major facies associations, namely, (i) sandstone-rich upper delta plain (FA-1) deposits, (ii) sandstone-mudstone heterolithic lower delta plain–delta front (FA-2) deposits, and (iii) shale-dominated prodelta (FA-3) deposits, in an overall coarsening-up to fining-up succession. Tidalites are well preserved in FA-2 and are represented by laterally accreted tidal bundles, tidal beddings and vertically accreted tidal rhythmites, described from drill core samples in this communication. Laterally accreted tidal bundles with reactivation surfaces in sand-dominated heterolithic units indicate time-velocity asymmetry in subtidal condition. Tidal beddings and tidal rhythmites in mud-dominated heterolithic units, associated with asymmetric/symmetric ripple forms and desiccation cracks, indicate periodic subaerial emergence in intertidal flat depositional setting. Systematic analysis of the architecture of the tidalites in different parts of the basin signifies rapid shift in sedimentation from subtidal to intertidal flat within the lower delta plain. Transitions from prodeltaic to tidally (subtidal-intertidal) affected delta front to lower delta plain and fluvial-dominated upper delta plain depositional systems attest to high frequency transgressive-regressive cycles in response to changing accommodation, as a result of sea level fluctuations and basinal tectonisms in the Cambay Basin. 相似文献
3.
On the Recent lobe of the Fraser River delta peat accumulation has actively occurred on the distal lower dilta plain, the transition between upper and lower delta plains, and the alluvial plain.Distal lower delta plain peats developed from widespread salt and brackish marshes and were not influenced appreciably by fluvial activity. Lateral development of the marsh facies were controlled by compaction and eustatic sea level rise. The resulting thin, discontinuous peat network contains numerous silty clay partings and high concentrations of sulphur. Freshwater marsh facies formed but were later in part eroded and altered by transgressing marine waters. The peats overlie a thin, fluvial, fining-upward sequence which in turn overlies a thick, coarsening-upward, prodelta—delta front succession.Lower delta plain—upper delta plain peats initially developed from interdistributary brackish marshes and were later fluvially influenced as the delta prograded. The thickest peats occur in areas where distributary channels were abandoned earliest. Sphagnum biofacies replace sedge-grass-dominated communities except along active channel margins, where the sedge-grass facies is intercalated with overbank and splay deposits. The peats are underlain by a relatively thin sequence of fluvial deposits which in turn is underlain by a major coarsening-upward delta front and pro-delta sequence.Alluvial plain peats accumulated in back swamp environments of the flood plain. Earliest sedge-clay and gyttjae peats developed over thin fining-upward fluvial cycles or are interlaminated with fine-grained flood deposits. Thickest accumulations occur where peat fills small avulsed flood channels. Overlying sedge-grass and Sphagnum biofacies are horizontally stratified and commonly have sharp boundaries with fine-grained flood sediments. At active channel margins however, sedge-grass peats are intercalated with natural levee deposits consisting of silty clay. These levees reduce both the number and size of crevasse splay deposits.Coal originating from peats of the different environments of the Fraser delta would vary markedly in character. Peats of the lower delta plain will form thin lenticular coal seams with numerous splits and have a high ash and sulphur content. Peats from the lower to upper delta plain will be laterally extensive and of variable thickness and quality. Basal portions of the seams will contain numerous splits and have a high sulphur content whereas upper portions will be of higher quality. Peats from the upper delta plain—alluvial plain will form thick, isolated and laterally restricted coal seams characterized by low ash and sulphur contents. 相似文献
4.
We describe the tidal circulation of a coastal plain estuary across a flood tide delta located at its entrance. The area connects
the downstream portion of the main estuary extending 30–40 km inland to the more complex delta reach that consists of a shallow
main channel and a series of smaller side channels. The delta acts as a frictionally dominated zone that modifies the tidal
wave from a simple sinusoid to one with ebb currents that accelerate to maximum early in the tidal cycle and last more than
one-half of the tidal cycle. Along smaller side channels, the tidal currents favor stronger flood or ebb currents, depending
upon the local surrounding morphology. The phase difference between ebb currents in the small channels relative to those in
the main channel cause some of the salt to be retained thus reducing the tendency of freshwater discharge to flush salt out
of the system. This mechanism of retention differs from the selective withdrawal mechanism described for this estuary in Blanton
et al. (2000). 相似文献
5.
6.
We describe the tidal circulation and salinity regime of a coastal plain estuary that connects to the ocean through a flood
tide delta. The delta acts as a sill, and we examine the mechanisms through which the sill affects exchange of estuarine water
with the ocean. Given enough buoyancy, the dynamics of tidal intrusion fronts across the sill and selective withdrawal (aspiration)
in the deeper channel landward appear to control the exchange of seawater with estuarine water. Comparison of currents on
the sill and stratification in the channel reveals aspiration depths smaller than channel depth during neap tide. During neap
tide and strong vertical stratification, seawater plunges beneath the less dense estuarine water somewhere on the sill. Turbulence
in the intruding bottom layer on the sill promotes entrainment of fluid from the surface layer, and the seawater along the
sill bottom is diluted with estuarine water. During ebb flow, salt is effectively trapped landward of the sill in a stagnant
zone between the aspiration depth and the bottom where it can be advected farther upstream by flood currents. During spring
tide, the plunge point moves landward and off the sill, stratification is weakened in the deep channel, and aspiration during
ebb extends to the bottom. This prevents the formation of stagnant water near the bottom, and the estuary is flooded with
high salinity water far inland. The neapspring cycle of tidal intrusion fronts on flood coupled with aspiration during ebb
interacts with the sill to play an important role in the transport and retention of salt within the estuary. 相似文献
7.
The impact of relative sea-level rise (RSLR), damage to and possible responses in the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean) has been analyzed. Impact was determined by delineating delta areas prone to flooding under different RSLR scenarios. The surface areas of the different habitats were then quantified for flooding impact and affected ecosystems were assessed. The obtained results enabled us to characterize the Ebro Delta as a coastal environment that is highly sensitive to changes in sea level, with affected flooded areas likely to range between about 45 and 60 % for different RSLR scenarios, from which about 26 % would be inundated by subsidence only. In absolute terms, the habitat most likely to be affected by flooding was cropland. In relative terms, the most affected habitats were those typical of the lowest areas: saltwater wetlands, riparian buffer and areas of saline vegetation. Under present deltaic evolution with no sediment supply, adaptation is considered a plausible option for managing the Ebro delta under a RSLR scenario. This implies permitting surface area losses or land use changes in the lower parts of the delta, where natural values will be reinforced, and concentrating agriculture in the higher parts of the deltaic plain. 相似文献
8.
Designing a long-term flood risk management plan for the Scheldt estuary using a risk-based approach 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Steven Broekx Steven Smets Inge Liekens Dirk Bulckaen Leo De Nocker 《Natural Hazards》2011,57(2):245-266
The Scheldt is a tidal river that originates in France and flows through Belgium and the Netherlands. The tides create significant flood risks in both the Flemish region in Belgium and the Netherlands. Due to sea level rise and economic development, flood risks will increase during this century. This is the main reason for the Flemish government to update its flood risk management plan. For this purpose, the Flemish government requested a cost-benefit analysis of flood protection measures, considering long-term developments. Measures evaluated include a storm surge barrier, dyke heightening and additional floodplains with or without the development of wetlands. Some of these measures affect the flood risk in both countries. As policies concerning the limitation of flood risk differ significantly between the Netherlands and Flanders, distinctive methodologies were used to estimate the impacts of measures on flood risk. A risk-based approach was applied for Flanders by calculating the impacts of flood damage at different levels of recurrence, for the base year (2000) and in case of a sea level rise of 60 cm by 2100. Policy within the Netherlands stipulates a required minimal protection level along the Scheldt against storms with a recurrence period of 1 in 4,000 years. It was estimated how flood protection measures would delay further dyke heightening, which is foreseen as protection levels are presently decreasing due to rising sea levels. Impacts of measures (safety benefits) consist of delays in further dyke heightening. The results illustrate the importance of sea level rise. Flood risks increased fivefolds when a sea level rise of 60 cm was applied. Although more drastic measures such as a storm surge barrier near Antwerp offer more protection for very extreme storms, a combination of dykes and floodplains can offer higher benefits at lower costs. 相似文献
9.
鄂尔多斯盆地中部石炭-二叠系沉积相带与砂体展布 总被引：34，自引：4，他引：30
鄂尔多斯盆地石炭-二叠系广泛发育潮坪、三角洲、湖泊沉积。中上石炭统本溪组和太原组以潮坪相为主,下二叠统山西组沉积初期以全盆地范围广布三角洲平原沉积为特征,山西组沉积后期到下石盒子组沉积期,南北差异特征明显,北部发育三角洲平原,南部发育三角洲前缘。上二叠统石盒子组和石千峰组发育湖泊沉积。三角洲平原分流河道和三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体在盆地内最为发育,是该区的主体储集砂体。潮坪砂坝和三角洲前缘指状砂坝也是较有利的储集体。其纵向发育和横向展布是今后气田勘探的一个重要研究课题。 相似文献
10.
琼东南盆地崖南凹陷海湾扇三角洲体系沉积构成及演化模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文以琼东南盆地崖南凹陷陵水组三段扇三角洲体系为例，详细讨论了进积于海湾背景环境下扇三角洲体系的岩性相、成因相及其空间配置关系。研究区海湾扇三角洲体系自下而上潮汐作用越来越强，其垂向演化可划分为三个阶段，早期为以河流作用占优势阶段，中期为河流和潮汐混合作用阶段，晚期为以潮汐作用占优势逐渐过渡为以潮汐作用占优势。 相似文献
11.
RAYMOND S. EILERTSEN GEOFFREY D. CORNER ODD AASHEIM LOUISE HANSEN 《Sedimentology》2011,58(7):1784-1809
Lithofacies characteristics and depositional geometry of a sandy, prograding delta deposited as part of the Holocene valley‐fill stratigraphy in the Målselv valley, northern Norway, were examined using morpho‐sedimentary mapping, facies analysis of sediments in exposed sections, auger drilling and ground penetrating radar survey. Various lithofacies types record a broad range of depositional processes within an overall coarsening‐upward succession comprising a lowermost prodelta/bottomset unit, an intermediate delta slope/foreset unit containing steeply dipping clinoforms and an uppermost delta plain/topset unit. Bottomset lithofacies typically comprise sand‐silt couplets (tidal rhythmites), bioturbated sands and silts, and flaser and lenticular bedding. These sediments were deposited from suspension fall‐out, partly controlled by tidal currents and fluvial effluent processes. Delta foreset lithofacies comprise massive, inverse graded and normal graded beds deposited by gravity‐driven processes (mainly cohesionless debris flows and turbidity currents) and suspension fall‐out. In places, delta foreset beds show tidal rhythmicity and individual beds can be followed downslope into bottomset beds. Delta plain facies show an upward‐fining succession with trough cross‐beds at the base, followed by planar, laminated and massive beds indicative of a bedload dominated river/distributary system. This study presents a model of deltaic development that can be described with reference to three styles within a continuum related primarily to water depth within a basin of variable geometry: (i) bypass; (ii) shoal‐water; and (iii) deep‐water deltas. Bypass and deep‐water deltas can be considered as end members, whereas shoal‐water deltas are an intermediate type. The bypass delta is characterized by rapid progradation and an absence of delta slope sediments and low basin floor aggradation due to low accommodation space. The shoal‐water delta is characterized by rapid progradation, a short delta slope dominated by gravity‐flow processes and a prodelta area characterized by rapid sea‐floor aggradation due to intense suspension fallout of sandy material. Using tidal rhythmites as time‐markers, a progradation rate of up to 11 m year?1 has been recorded. The deep‐water delta is characterized by a relatively long delta slope dominated by gravity flows, moderate suspension fall‐out and slow sea‐floor aggradation in the prodelta area. 相似文献
12.
Estuarine tidal mudflats form unique habitats and maintain valuable ecosystems. Historic measurements of a mudflat in San Fancsico Bay over the past 150 years suggest the development of a rather stable mudflat profile. This raises questions on its origin and governing processes as well as on the mudflats’ fate under scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply. We developed a 1D morphodynamic profile model (Delft3D) that is able to reproduce the 2011 measured mudflat profile. The main, schematised, forcings of the model are a constant tidal cycle and constant wave action. The model shows that wave action suspends sediment that is transported landward during flood. A depositional front moves landward until landward bed levels are high enough to carry an equal amount of sediment back during ebb. This implies that, similar to observations, the critical shear stress for erosion is regularly exceeded during the tidal cycle and that modelled equilibrium conditions include high suspended sediment concentrations at the mudflat. Shear stresses are highest during low water, while shear stresses are lower than critical (and highest at the landward end) along the mudflat during high water. Scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply drown the mudflat. In addition, the mudflat becomes more prone to channel incision because landward accumulation is hampered. This research suggests that sea level rise is a serious threat to the presence of many estuarine intertidal mudflats, adjacent salt marshes and their associated ecological values. 相似文献
13.
海南岛洋浦湾沉积作用研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文对海南岛洋浦湾海域的洋浦湾、新英湾、洋浦深槽及拦门沙浅滩的沉积环境和沉积特征做了描述、讨论，对河流、海岸侵蚀和珊瑚礁生物的３种沉积物来源及数量做了分析计算，得出其总量为９×１０4ｍ３／ａ。根据钻孔柱状样的14Ｃ及210Ｐｂ分析，得出８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来沉积速率为０．１～０．２ｃｍ／ａ，近百年来沉积速率为１～２ｃｍ／ａ。 相似文献
14.
Kathleen M. Swanson Judith Z. Drexler David H. Schoellhamer Karen M. Thorne Mike L. Casazza Cory T. Overton John C. Callaway John Y. Takekawa 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(2):476-492
Salt marsh faunas are constrained by specific habitat requirements for marsh elevation relative to sea level and tidal range. As sea level rises, changes in relative elevation of the marsh plain will have differing impacts on the availability of habitat for marsh obligate species. The Wetland Accretion Rate Model for Ecosystem Resilience (WARMER) is a 1-D model of elevation that incorporates both biological and physical processes of vertical marsh accretion. Here, we use WARMER to evaluate changes in marsh surface elevation and the impact of these elevation changes on marsh habitat for specific species of concern. Model results were compared to elevation-based habitat criteria developed for marsh vegetation, the endangered California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), and the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) to determine the response of marsh habitat for each species to predicted >1-m sea-level rise by 2100. Feedback between vertical accretion mechanisms and elevation reduced the effect of initial elevation in the modeled scenarios. Elevation decreased nonlinearly with larger changes in elevation during the latter half of the century when the rate of sea-level rise increased. Model scenarios indicated that changes in elevation will degrade habitat quality within salt marshes in the San Francisco Estuary, and degradation will accelerate in the latter half of the century as the rate of sea-level rise accelerates. A sensitivity analysis of the model results showed that inorganic sediment accumulation and the rate of sea-level rise had the greatest influence over salt marsh sustainability. 相似文献
15.
The main objective of this writing is to present a practical way to envisage the flood vulnerability in deltaic region, particularly
on the concern of sea level rise. Kuching city of Malaysia is established on banks of Sarawak River, 30 km from the sea. Therefore,
it is subjected to fluvial and tidal floods. Kuching Bay experiences the highest King Tides in Southeast Asia region. These
tide magnitudes could be a glimpse of future sea level rise. By means of modelling these tides, it provides an understanding
and preparation for the impacts of sea level rise on the flood mitigation infrastructures and the city itself. The modelling
efforts had created an illustration that a 10% rise in tide levels would result in increase of flooding areas up to 6% relative
to existing tide levels. 相似文献
16.
Toru Tamura Yoshiki Saito Sotham Sieng Bunnarin Ben Meng Kong Im Sim Sokuntheara Choup Fumio Akiba 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(3-4):327-344
Modern deltas are understood to have initiated around 7.5–9 ka in response to the deceleration of sea-level rise. This episode of delta initiation is closely related to the last deglacial meltwater events and eustatic sea-level rises. The initial stage of the Mekong River delta, one of the world's largest deltas, is well recorded in Cambodian lowland sediments. This paper integrates analyses of sedimentary facies, diatom assemblages, and radiocarbon dates for three drill cores from the lowland to demonstrate Holocene sedimentary evolution in relation to sea-level changes. The cores are characterized by a tripartite succession: (1) aggrading flood plain to natural levee and tidal–fluvial channel during the postglacial sea-level rise (10–8.4 ka); (2) aggrading to prograding tidal flats and mangrove forests around and after the maximum flooding of the sea (8.4–6.3 ka); and (3) a prograding fluvial system on the delta plain (6.3 ka to the present). The maximum flooding of the sea occurred at 8.0 ± 0.1 ka, 2000 years before the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand, and tidal flats penetrated up to 20–50 km southeast of Phnom Penh after a period of abrupt ～5 m sea-level rise at 8.5–8.4 ka. The delta progradation then initiated as a result of the sea-level stillstand at around 8–7.5 ka. Another rapid sea-level rise at 7.5–7 ka allowed thick mangrove peat to be widely deposited in the Cambodian lowland, and the peat accumulation endured until 6.3 ka. Since 6.3 ka, a fluvial system has characterized the delta plain, and the fluvial sediment discharge has contributed to rapid delta progradation. The uppermost part of the sedimentary succession, composed of flood plain to natural-levee sediments, reveals a sudden increase in sediment accumulation over the past 600–1000 years. This increase might reflect an increase in the sediment yield due to human activities in the upper to middle reaches of the Mekong, as with other Asian rivers. 相似文献
17.
18.
针对前人提出准噶尔盆地腹部石西地区下侏罗统八道湾组三段为曲流河三角洲沉积的观点,笔者根据碎屑岩的结构、沉积构造及砂体的空间展布等特征,认为八道湾组三段是在较强水动力条件下牵引流沉积的产物,其沉积环境应属于辫状河三角洲沉积。通过对研究区八道湾组三段辫状河三角洲的沉积特征进行综合研究,认为该区辫状河三角洲发育2种亚相和5种微相:辫状河三角洲平原分流河道、河漫沼泽,辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口砂坝。并分析了其展布特征与演化过程,推测该区八道湾组三段沉积早期湖平面下降,研究区内发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积;中期湖平面继续下降,发育辫状河三角洲平原沉积;晚期湖平面上升,沉积物有所变细。西北部哈拉阿拉特山—德仑山及扎伊尔山物源体系是其主要物源区。 相似文献
19.
珠江口的沉积作用和沉积相 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
珠江口为华南沿海的重要河口,是珠江水(系(西江、北江、东江、流溪河)的受水盆地。珠江流域每年有8000余万吨悬沙。大约3000万吨溶解质和少量底沙进入珠江河口区域,它们在迳流、潮流和其他海洋动力因素共同影响下,沉积作用甚为活跃。但是珠江口水域宽阔,地形复杂,各河口、河口湾或湾外区域的动力背景及泥沙运动不尽相同,因而其沉积作用和沉积特征也具有区域差异。 相似文献
20.
通过大量的野外剖面观察和盆地内钻井岩心的详细描述,综合测井资料,从岩石类型、结构、沉积构造、古生物化石及测井曲线响应特征等方面对鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区下二叠统太原组和山西组沉积相特征进行了全面分析研究。结果表明,太原组主要发育陆棚、海岸、冲积扇和三角洲等沉积相,海岸沉积相包括障壁岛、潟湖和潮坪沉积,三角洲沉积相可划分为三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲沉积。山西组主要发育冲积扇、河流、曲流河三角洲、湖泊和海岸沉积相,其中河流沉积相包括辫状河和曲流河沉积,曲流河三角洲沉积相可划分为曲流河三角洲平原、曲流河三角洲前缘和前三角洲沉积,而湖泊沉积相以浅湖沉积为主,海岸沉积主要为潟湖沉积。太原期,海相沉积占主导,主要分布于银川—榆林北部一线以南广大地区,并且从东西两侧至中部地区由浅海陆棚沉积和滨浅海过渡为潟湖沉积和潮坪沉积,其间发育障壁岛。盆地西北缘发育冲积扇和扇三角洲沉积,北部广大地区以三角洲沉积为主,自北向南依次为三角洲平原和三角洲前缘沉积。山西期,海水从盆地东南部退却,整体演变为海陆过渡相沉积,盆地北部乌达—杭锦旗—鄂尔多斯一线发育冲积扇沉积,向南至靖边一带依次发育辫状河和曲流河沉积,靖边以南至延安以北地区以三角洲平原沉积为主,向南至同心—庆阳一线发育三角洲前缘沉积,盆地南部彭阳—泾阳地区主要为浅湖沉积,再向南发育物源来自南部的三角洲沉积,在东南部武乡—义马一带为潟湖沉积。 相似文献