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1.
痕量元素及其同位素采集、预处理和分析在海洋研究中具有重要的作用,对于认识全球环境变迁具有重要的价值。但其浓度在这些过程中易受沾污。本文结合海水痕量元素CTD现场采集工作环境,工作拉力等特殊要求,先后跟缆绳设计、生产制造厂家进行缆绳相关技术讨论、确定缆绳各项技术指标。设计敷塑纤维通讯缆,并委托缆绳生产厂家加工出样缆两条。通过对样缆进行静态拉力试验验证缆绳自身工作拉力,并通过成分分析、浸出试验验证最大化减少缆绳对于海中溶解态痕量金属的沾污。该研究结果可提高采样过程的可靠性,保证数据的准确率。 相似文献
2.
Concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater from the general region between Nova Scotia and Bermuda were estimated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Concentrations in surface water (0–3 mm) averaged 20.4 μg/l, and in water from 1 and 5 m they averaged 0.8 and 0.4 μg/l respectively. No significant concentrations could be detected in deeper water. There was considerable variability in the concentrations suggesting that the distribution of oil in seawater is quite patchy, especially in surface waters. Seawater samples for hydrocarbon analysis cannot be collected with conventional sampling equipment. Due to adsorption problems, the inner surface of samplers must come into contact only with the water being sampled and must be rinsed with organic solvent after samples are removed. Because these precautions were not taken in previous investigations, much of the published data of hydrocarbons in seawater is unreliable. 相似文献
3.
Takeshi Naganuma Masanori Kyo Tatsuhiko Ueki Kazuhiko Takeda Jun-ichiro Ishibashi 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(3):241-246
A new hydrothermal fluid sampler has been developed to provide more maneuverability in underwater operation. The sampler characteristically
employs a shape-memory alloy, which senses high temperature and actuates the suction mechanism. A shape-memory alloy is also
used to switch the intake valve of the sampler, the intention being to avoid missampling when the inlet is in low temperature
water. Prototype samplers were designed to collect the fluids hotter than 80°C. Test sampling was performed at hydrothermal
vents (1372–1374 m deep) in the submarine volcano, Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, northwestern Pacific. Observed fluid temperature
was between 138 and 298°C, while the ambient seawater temperature was 3.1°C. Each prototype collected about 100 ml fluid as
designed. The magnesium concentration in the samples indicated a seawater content of 47.5–90.8%, which indicates the entrainment
of ambient seawater. Microscopic observatinn revealed the occurrence of microorganisms in the sample fluids at a population
density of 105 to 106 cells ml−1, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those in seawater at that depth. The use of the newly developed fluid sampler
will greatly facilitate the collection of vent-associated microorganisms, which are of potential biological and biotechnological
interest. 相似文献
4.
黄、渤海几种溶解态痕量金属(Cu、Ni、Co、Zn)分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海水中的痕量金属在海洋生物地球化学循环中至关重要。本研究在严格采用痕量金属洁净(trace-metalclean)采样和分析测试技术的前提下,于2016年7月采集了渤海与黄海表、底层海水水样,获得黄、渤海几种痕量金属(Cu、Ni、Co、Zn)的空间分布特征。研究结果显示,黄、渤海海水中痕量金属的空间分布具有近岸高、远岸低的特点,体现了人类活动对近岸海域的影响,而其在局部海域的分布则受到沿岸流、冷水团、沉积物再悬浮过程以及生物过程等因素的影响。Cu、Ni、Co在黄、渤海海水中的分布特征较为类似,平均浓度由高到低依次为渤海北黄海南黄海,而溶解态Zn的分布则与其他几种金属不同,在黄、渤海平均浓度类似,整体偏低,具有其特殊性。本研究测定的几种痕量金属在黄、渤海海水中的浓度较以往报道数据偏低,其中易污染的痕量金属Zn的浓度更是低近1—3个数量级,体现了痕量洁净采样和测试方法的重要性。 相似文献
5.
为了适应我国近海海洋环境监测快速、多要素的现场监测需求,研制了一套船载水样自动采集系统,系统控制方式简单灵活,具有全自动、半自动和手动三种控制模式。该系统由采水泵、复合采水缆、电动绞车、电控柜、储水罐等硬件和控制软件组成。在软件的控制下,绞车、采水泵等执行元件可自动开启和关闭,自动完成同一地点不同深度的多层水样采集。与传统人工采水方式相比,可大大减轻实验人员的劳动强度,减小水样采集的深度误差。渤海和东海大量的海上试验证明该系统性能稳定,能够适用于营养盐分析仪对水样的要求。 相似文献
6.
7.
To evaluate the applicability of a diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) probe for monitoring dissolved metals in coastal seawater, DGT-labile metal concentrations were compared with total dissolved metal concentrations using spiked and natural seawater samples in the laboratory and transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). This was achieved through the simultaneous deployment of DGT probes and transplanted mussels in Ulsan Bay during winter and summer. DGT-labile metal concentrations were 45% (Cu) ~ 90% (Zn) of total dissolved concentrations, and the order of non-labile concentrations was Cu > Pb > Co ~ Ni > Cd ~ Zn in both metal-contaminated and non-contaminated seawater samples, which was similar to the order of stability of metal complexes in the Irving–Williams series. The overall variability of the DGT probe results within and between tanks was less than 10% (relative standard deviation: RSD) for all the metals tested during a 48-h deployment. The accumulation of metals, as determined by DGT probes, represented the spatial gradients better than the transplanted mussels did for all of the metals tested, and the extent of metal accumulation in mussels differed depending on the metal. The comparison of results for the DGT probe and the transplanted mussels in two seasons (winter and summer) suggested that metal accumulation in mussels was controlled by the physiological factors of mussels and partly by their diet (particulate metal loadings). The DGT probe could be used as a monitoring tool for dissolved metals in coastal seawater because its results explained only labile species. When using the DGT probe, slightly more than half of the total dissolved concentration in seawater samples for all the metals investigated displayed timeintegrated properties and distinct spatial gradients from pristine to metal-contaminated seawater. 相似文献
8.
An intercomparison study of voltammetric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods for determining cadmium, lead and copper in seawater samples was conducted. The voltammetric approach utilizes differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a rotating, glassy carbon, mercury film electrode under conditions developed to minimize contamination sources and to enhance sensitivity for seawater matrices. The atomic absorption approach involves a concentration step using either an organic solvent extraction of metal dithiocarbamate chelates or a Chelex-100 column with detection by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Similar and consistent results were obtained using both methods for the three trace metals studied on a wide range of natural seawater samples. Both methods are comparable in sensitivity for cadmium and copper, however the voltammetric method is better suited for the analysis of lead in seawater because of its enhanced sensitivity and low blank. An advantage of the voltammetric approach is its amenability towards real-time shipboard analysis. 相似文献
9.
W. M. Landing G. A. Cutter J. A. Dalziel A. R. Flegal R. T. Powell D. Schmidt A. Shiller P. Statham S. Westerlund J. Resing 《Marine Chemistry》1995,49(4)
“Dissolved” (< 0.4 μm filtered) and “total dissolvable” (unfiltered) trace element samples were collected using “clean” sampling techniques from four vertical profiles in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on the first IOC Trace Metals Baseline expedition. The analytical results obtained by 9 participating laboratories for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Se on samples from station 4 in the northeast Atlantic have been evaluated with respect to accuracy and precision (intercomparability). The data variability among the reporting laboratories was expressed as 2 × SD for a given element and depth, and was comparable to the 95% confidence interval reported for the NASS seawater reference standards (representing analytical variability only). The discrepancies between reporting laboratories appear to be due to inaccuracies in standardization (analytical calibration), blank correction, and/or extraction efficiency corrections.Several of the sampling bottles used at this station were not adequately pre-cleaned (anomalous Pb results). The sample filtration process did not appear to have been a source of contamination for either dissolved or particulate trace elements. The trace metal profiles agree in general with previously reported profiles from the Atlantic Ocean. We conclude that the sampling and analytical methods we have employed for this effort, while still in need of improvement, are sufficient for obtaining accurate concentration data on most trace metals in the major water masses of the oceans, and to enable some evaluation of the biogeochemical cycling of the metals. 相似文献
10.
Accurate and precise measurements of stable lead isotopic compositions in seawater are critically dependent upon the ultra-clean techniques developed for accurate measurements of low (0.1 ng kg−1) lead concentrations in seawater by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. These include both limiting and measuring lead contamination during all phases of sampling, storage and analysis. Essential to this are samplers and shipboard facilities for collecting uncontaminated samples, and laboratory facilities for cleaning containers, purifying reagents and processing samples and standards. Techniques are also required to compensate for the absence of an internal standard, refractory hydrocarbon contaminants and the limited sensitivity of the detectors. Adaptation of those techniques has lowered the lead analytical detection limit for seawater analyses to 0.02 ng kg−1. While the precision of these analyses (0.1–0.4%) is less than that of high precision isotope ratio measurements (0.001%), it is sufficient to identify sources of lead inputs to the ocean and to trace biogeochemical cycles of lead within the ocean. The accuracy of these initial data is currently being established with interlaboratory calibrations and evaluated in terms of its oceanographic consistency. 相似文献
11.
Concentrations of dissolved Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were measured in water samples collected during a cruise with R.V Pelagia (29-6/14-7-1993) in the northern North Sea and N.E. Atlantic Ocean. At least six depths (0–90 m) were sampled with modified Go-Flo samplers from a rubber zodiac. In the study area, the first 25 m were well mixed and stratification occurred below this depth. The local bloom of Emiliania huxleyi hardly affected the trace metals concentration, except for some removal of Cd as seen from its correlation with nitrate. The mean dissolved concentrations were for Ni (3.66 nM), Cu (1.61 nM), Zn (4.5 nM), Cd (48 pM) and Pb (108 pM). These concentrations are among the lowest reported for the North Sea and are of similar magnitude to those found in the eastern North Atlantic at the same latitude. Zn was the only exception with values 10 times higher compared to those in the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting external inputs, mainly atmospheric and possibly from surrounding land masses. The observed ratio Zn:Cd in the North Sea and estuaries is in between the high ratio 600–900 for continental sources and the low ratio 5–10 for oceanic waters. Latter low ratio is consistent with the 21-fold stronger inorganic complexation of Cd in seawater which, in combination with the preferential biological uptake of Zn, may lead to the observed about hundredfold fractionation of Zn versus Cd in the marine system. Other processes may play a role but would need further investigation. The dissolved Pb values tend to be lower than found before in the North Sea, indicating decreasing inventories due to reduced anthropogenic emissions. 相似文献
12.
N. V. Astakhova 《Oceanology》2017,57(4):558-567
Based on data on the concentration of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Os, Ir, and Ru) in bulk samples of ferromanganese crusts, the presence of inclusions of micro- and nanosized grains of Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt, often with impurities of other elements, as well as their chaotic distribution, three sources of incorporation of these metals into ore crusts of Far Eastern seas are suggested: seawater, postvolcanic gas–hydrothermal fluids, and hydrothermal plumes. The presence of grains of platinoids and gold in ferromanganese crusts on only some mounts may result from peculiarities in the formation of volcanic rocks on the ancient continental basement. 相似文献
13.
黄、渤海是我国重要的海洋经济渔业开发区域,海水中痕量金属的含量及其存在形态会对海洋环境、海洋渔业产生重要影响。随着近年我国痕量金属采集与分析测试技术的发展,数据的准确性有了新的提升。2016-06—07采集黄、渤海40个站位的海水样品,测定其溶解态金属Cd的总浓度,并应用电化学方法(阳极溶出伏安法)分析Cd存在形态。结果表明,渤海海水中的总溶解态Cd浓度是南黄海海水中的2~3倍,这可能与渤海海水停留时间较长,水深较浅,周边较多河流输入有关。20%~92%以上的溶解态Cd是以有机络合物形态存在,以自由离子态存在的Cd浓度不超过100 pmol/L,低于Cd对浮游生物的毒性阈值。渤海比黄海的金属配体浓度高出2倍以上,高值出现在黄河口周围海域,表明黄河水携带较多有机配体输入。推测我国近海有机配体来源可能包括陆源输入、沉积物再悬浮的解析过程以及藻类分泌。研究还表明,黄、渤海海水中溶解态Cd的有机配体络合常数较其他海域的稍高,这与我国近海废、污水排放的有机络合配体类型有关。 相似文献
14.
Hajime Obata Jun Nishioka Taejin Kim Kazuhiro Norisuye Shigenobu Takeda Yohei Wakuta Toshitaka Gamo 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(3):333-344
Using a clean seawater sampling system for trace metals onboard the R. V. Shinsei-Maru, newly launched in 2013, we investigated the vertical distributions of dissolved iron and zinc in Sagami Bay and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench. We applied appropriate clean sampling and filtering processes for trace metals, so that uncontaminated seawater samples were successfully collected. The distribution of zinc in the trench area was similar to that of silicate and the same as that previously reported in the subtropical North Pacific. There were spatial variations in the iron (Fe) distribution in the trench areas. We used previously reported information about biogeochemical cycling in the trench area, and found that Fe has a residence time of 29 years in the water column. The short residence time of Fe (29 years) corresponds to the vertical variations of dissolved Fe in the water column. 相似文献
15.
Two sampling devices for the in situ extraction of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water are described. Both samplers use the macroreticular adsorbent Amberlite XAD-2. They include a “fish” sampler which has been used to collect samples for PCB analysis from waters around the British Isles. Operation of this sampler causes a minimum of interruption to a ship's cruise programme and at the same time allows a large area to be surveyed. The second sampler is a self-powered in situ pump which is cheap to construct and can be left unattended to extract large volumes of water at a fixed station. The device is serviced by divers and samples may be collected daily on a routine sampling basis. 相似文献
16.
痕量元素及其同位素采集、预处理和分析在海洋研究中具有重要的作用，由于含量极低，在采样、样品预处理及分析过程中容易受到外界污染源沾污。通过在一个20尺标准超高集装箱内制作一套移动式海水痕量元素洁净采集实验室，完成对实验室空间设计、空气质量控制，样品快速转移，实现水样上船后快速进入到洁净环境中，减少样品暴露在大气中时间，在洁净环境中高效完成样品取样、过滤和预处理等操作。所有操作满足GEOTRACES组织有关痕量元素采集的规范要求，从源头上保证分析测试结果的可靠性。 相似文献
17.
海底沉积物保真采样对于诸多海洋科学研究非常重要,各种研究目标的实现与沉积物样品的原位信息密切相关。本文论述了海底沉积物保真采样的目的和意义,提出了保真采样的定义,介绍了保真采样器的发展现状。论文重点讨论了保真采样器在采样过程中所涉及的共性关键技术。在此基础上,介绍了我国重力活塞式天然气水合物保真采样器的研究进展。最后,提出了关于发展我国保真采样技术的如下几点设想：1）重视沉积物低扰动技术研究,为相关海洋科学研究提供样品层次清晰、物质成分完备的沉积物样品。2）与HYACINTH计划类似,为适应不同海底地质条件,开发系列保真采样器。对松软的非岩性沉积物（从软泥、沙到砂砾）采样时,可采用重力驱动或震动冲击驱动保真采样装置;对硬质岩化的沉积物采样时,可采用回转式保真采样装置。3）重点开展沉积物样品无压降转移技术。实现实验室内的保真分析、存储和小段样品获取,开展原位压力条件下沉积物样品的地球物理学测试、地球化学、微生物、和石油物理学等研究分析。4）开展长柱状沉积物保真采样技术研究,为我国天然气水合物研究提供技术保障。 相似文献
18.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2002,49(1):189-196
A new gas-tight isobaric sampler for the collection of hydrothermal fluids venting at the seafloor has been designed, constructed, and tested at a ridge-crest vent site. The new device is constructed of chemically inert titanium, is gas-tight to 450 bar and can be used to sample fluids with temperatures up to 400°C. Compressed gas is used to maintain the sample at seafloor pressure before and during sample withdrawal onboard ship, allowing subsampling without degassing the fluid remaining in the sampler. This feature eliminates the need to collect separate gas-tight and major element samples since a single fluid sample can be analyzed quantitatively for major, trace, semi-volatile, and volatile components. The sampler fill rate is regulated to minimize entrainment of ambient seawater during collection of fluids from environments characterized by low fluid flow such as diffuse hydrothermal vents. In addition to deployment at the ridge-crest, the samplers can be used to collect gas-tight samples from other subseasurface environments such as hydrocarbon seeps, areas of methane-gas hydrate formation, cold seeps associated with serpentinites, regions of groundwater egress to the oceans, and the water column. 相似文献
19.
根据2012年双岛湾海域环境调查资料,研究了海水和表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征以及生态风险。结果显示,双岛湾海域海水中的重金属Cu和Pb在湾中部和湾底的部分站位含量较高,Zn和Cr含量在湾底最高、湾外最低,Cd和Hg在湾底和湾外的含量均高于湾中部,As的分布比较均匀;除Zn和Pb外,其余重金属含量均高于周边其他海域。双岛湾海域沉积物中重金属含量较低,与区域背景值相近,其中重金属Hg和Cd在湾内沉积作用明显,而Cu、Pb和Cr在湾外沉积作用比较明显。相关性分析表明,有机碳含量对双岛湾沉积物中的重金属分布影响不大。生态风险评价结果表明,双岛湾海域海水未受到重金属的污染;表层沉积物中重金属存在中低度的生态风险,具有潜在的不利生物毒性效应,重金属毒性大小依次为Pb>As>Cu>Hg>Cr=Cd>Zn。 相似文献
20.
Research and development in ocean engineering, particularly in the areas of deep ocean drilling and platform construction, have progressed remarkably in the past few decades. By and large, instrumentation for biological ocean research, in comparison, remains simplistic. A brief review of marine biological sampling devices is provided, indicating the relative inadequacies of marine bio-instrumentation. Equipment for plankton, benthos, and nekton sampling has been improved in recent years compared to that available for nannoplankton. Nevertheless, there are limitations even in the best of these devices, and improvements in sampling gear would benefit ocean biology significantly. Precise sample collection of surface slicks, water column, and ocean sediment is mandatory for biological assessment of environmental impact. The necessary sampling gear is either not available or under development and, in cases where the instrumentation is available, it is, in general, either limited in application or not entirely reliable. As an example, increasingly, the ocean serves as the receptor of discharge from sewage outfalls, deep water disposal, and ocean dumping. Thus assessment of biological impact is required, particularly in light of the increasing frequency of reports of survival of bacteria and viruses pathogenic for man in those regions of the world oceans significantly affected by these activities. Improved instrumentation for aseptic sample collection and retrieval of water, sediment, and biota for quantitative, as well as qualitative, microbiological analyses are needed. Developments in baromicrobiology have been rapid, but improved instrumentation is needed. Even though aseptic collection of deep ocean water samples is possible, sediment sample collection for microbiology is still accomplished by coring or grab devices, with no instrument yet available for quantitative undisturbed sample collection without contamination from water column microorganisms. 相似文献