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《Sedimentology》2018,65(6):2117-2148
The origin of the fourth member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in the northern steep slopes of the Minfeng Sub‐sag, Dongying Sag, China, was investigated by integrating core studies and flume tank depositional simulations. A non‐channelized depositional model is proposed in this paper for nearshore subaqueous fans in steep fault‐controlled slopes of lacustrine rift basins. The deposits of nearshore subaqueous fans along the base of steep border‐fault slopes of rift basins are typically composed of deep‐water coarse‐grained sediment gravity‐flow deposits directly sourced from adjacent footwalls. Sedimentation processes of nearshore subaqueous fans respond to tectonic activities of boundary faults and to seasonal rainfall. During tectonically active stages, subaqueous debris flows triggered by episodic movements of border‐faults dominate the sedimentation. During tectonically quiescent stages, hyperpycnal flows generated by seasonal rainfall‐generated floods, normal discharges of mountain‐derived rivers and deep‐lacustrine suspension sedimentation are commonly present. The results of a series of flume tank depositional simulations show that the sediments deposited by subaqueous debris flows are wedge‐shaped and non‐channelized, whereas the sediments deposited by hyperpycnal flows generated by sporadic floods from seasonal rainfall are characterized by non‐channelized, coarse‐grained lobate depositional bodies which switch laterally because of compensation sedimentation of hyperpycanal flows. The hyperpycnal‐flow‐deposited non‐channelized lobate depositional bodies can be divided into a main body and lateral edges. The main body can be further subdivided into a proximal part, middle part and frontal part. Normal mountain‐derived river‐discharge‐deposited sediments are characterized by thin‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstones and siltstones with a limited distribution range. Normal mountain‐derived river‐discharge‐deposited sediments and deep‐lacustrine mudstones are commonly eroded in the area close to boundary faults. A nearshore subaqueous fan can be divided into three segments: inner fan, middle fan and outer fan. The inner fan is composed of debrites and the proximal part of the main body. The middle fan consists of the middle part of the main body and lateral edges, normal mountain‐derived river‐discharge‐deposited fine‐grained sediments and deep‐lacustrine mudstones. The outer fan comprises the frontal part of the main body, lateral edges, and deep‐lacustrine mudstones. Based on the non‐channelized depositional model for nearshore subaqueous fans, criteria for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation are discussed and applied. 相似文献
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南大港构造带下降盘沙河街组沙三段岩石类型为砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩组合。岩心中发育块状构造、交错层理、变形层理等重力流和牵引流沉积构造,炭屑、植物茎干、同生断层、泥质砂岩团块等现象也常见。粒度概率累计曲线为一段式和二段式,测井曲线可分为箱形、钟形、漏斗形和平直形4类。地震剖面上也可识别出水下扇的反射特征。综合岩性、粒度、电性和地震反射特征,明确了南大港构造带发育水下扇沉积,并可进一步分为内扇主水道、中扇分支水道、中扇水道间、水道前端朵叶体、水下天然堤及决口扇6种微相。自沙河街组沙三段沉积开始,南大港断层活动强烈,在五断块形成了远源水下扇;而在歧南9X1断块发育近源水下扇。两种类型的水下扇在物源、岩性、电性、地震反射特征和形态上都表现出不同特征。近源水下扇以扇形为主,规模小而数量多,以古隆起物源、沉积物粒度粗、电性整体箱形、地震反射杂乱振幅强为特征;远源水下扇以朵叶形为主,规模大而数量少,以三角洲前缘物源、沉积物粒度细、电性整体钟形、地震反射杂乱振幅弱为特征。 相似文献
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蒙古国塔南凹陷南屯组中发育大量远岸水下扇沉积,综合岩石学特征、重矿物组合及地震资料分析,确定其为盆地陡坡物源供给形成,属于罕见的陡坡远岸水下扇.在总结陡坡远岸水下扇地震、测井及岩心特征的基础上,将其划分为供给水道、内扇、中扇、外扇4种亚相及若干微相,不同相带特征差异显著.陡坡远岸水下扇主要沿中央断层呈串珠状展布,并在低水位体系域、水进体系域及水退体系域中均有发育,其形成和演化受物源供给、古地形及构造运动3方面因素共同控制.其储集物性整体较差,但在周围高压暗色泥岩的配合下,往往可以形成大量岩性油气藏和构造—岩性复合油气藏,受非连续沉积及层内非均质性影响,陡坡远岸水下扇油藏通常具有含油层数多、单一油层厚度薄、不同油层之间含油性差异大的特点. 相似文献
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核二段沉积时期泌阳凹陷总体处于从断陷向坳陷转换的过渡阶段。本文利用测井、钻井和C、O同位素等资料，研究了核二段各砂组沉积时期的沉积环境、相带分布、砂体展布以及沉积演化规律。核二段时期，泌阳凹陷发育5种沉积体系类型：辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲、正常三角洲、近岸水下扇和盐湖沉积体系。物源供给条件和古地形严格控制了泌阳凹陷各种沉积体系的发育。在陡坡带的中、西部地区发育扇三角洲沉积体系，而在陡坡带东部则发育近岸水下扇沉积体系；在东北部缓坡带发育辫状河三角洲，而在西北部缓坡带则发育正常曲流河三角洲。借用C、O同位素数据估算核二段沉积时期平均古水温为28.17 ℃，最高46.8 ℃；环境指标Z值平均为126.84，表明核二段整套地层都为盐湖咸水沉积条件。从纵向上δ13C、δ18O及Z、t演化看，核二段地层演化表现为两个旋回：从三砂组底到二砂组底部为第一次湖水变咸、湖盆收缩，从二砂组底部到核二段顶为第二次湖水变咸、湖盆收缩。 相似文献
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为精确揭示高精度层序内沉积体系的三维几何形态及沉积演化特征,采用小波能谱分析手段,建立准层序组的三种叠加模式,以小波能谱的准层序叠加样式、振幅谱尺度突变点以及能谱聚类规律划分高频等时层序; 结合地震反演、属性分析等手段,应用地层切片技术,对塔南凹陷南屯组SQ21 时期进行沉积发育史研究。结果表明,研究区发育扇三角洲及水下扇沉积,随着沉积物供给能量的减弱,沉积体系表现为一种沉积规模由老到新逐渐向后( 逆物源方向) 萎缩、沉积物粒度逐渐变细的时空配置关系,到最大湖泛时期湖相全区发育,扇三角洲和水下扇沉积规模萎缩至全区最小,水下扇是扇三角洲前缘砂体二次搬运后再次滑塌而成。 相似文献
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JUTTA WINSEMANN ULRICH ASPRION THOMAS MEYER HARM SCHULTZ PIA VICTOR 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(2):386-398
The Coppenbrügge subaqueous ice‐contact fan complex of early Saalian age is about 10 km long and up to 10 km wide and is composed of offset‐stacked fan clinothems that are transgressive‐regressive sequences formed during an overall lake level rise. The individual fan bodies consist of coarse gravel in the ice‐proximal part, passing distally into sandy facies and showing large‐scale foreset bedding. The iceberg scour recognized in an open‐pit outcrop is up to 1.5m deep, up to 2m wide and cut in undisturbed mid‐fan deposits. The scour‐fill can be traced laterally for about 15m and consists of sheared sand and, in the frontal zone, of downbent overlying strata surrounded by a zone of deformed sediments. The deformed sediment produced by the iceberg keel's shearing of the trough walls is a sand mass containing angular soft‐sediment clasts that show internal folds and fractures. The basal surface of the deformed sediment is a nearly horizontal shear plane, steepening up laterally as a discrete thrust and showing a flat‐ramp‐flat geometry. The scour was formed by the iceberg keel's ploughing the substrate and pushing the sediment sideways and frontally, forming a ridge of deformed sediments at the trough end. This ridge was concurrently eroded by an accompanying meltwater underflow which apparently developed a horseshoe system of scouring vortices around the grounded iceberg. The current's scour was filled with massive, non‐stratified sand deposited rapidly from turbulent suspension. The iceberg eventually broke up and its keel part was buried. As these ice fragments gradually melted, the space was closed by normal faulting and downbending of overlying strata. The collapsing scour‐fill became partly liquified, and the resulting water‐escape structures cut the normal faults and the overlying deposits. Though produced chiefly by tangential shear strain, iceberg‐ploughing features are readily distinguishable from other glaciotectonic deformations. They can serve as a diagnostic criterion for glaciolacustrine or glaciomarine environments and the distinguishing of ice‐contact subaqueous fans from ice‐contact deltas in the stratigraphic record. 相似文献
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The Oligocene Balleny Group of Chalky Island, southwestern Fiordland, comprises a typical continental margin sequence 900 m in thickness. Thin nearshore traction deposited sediments at the base are overlain by submarine canyon and fan lithofacies that were deposited by the full range of subaqueous mass-transport processes. A steep-walled channel within Balleny Group is interpreted as a fossil proximal fan-channel. The sedimentary fill of the channel is texturally similar to sediments moving by slump-creep in Recent submarine canyons and fan-valleys. The field data presented indicate (1) that a small canyon complex at Sealers Bay was initially cut by subaqueous debris-flows derived from an adjacent cliffed continental coast; (2) that transport within the upper parts of the canyon and fanchannel complex was primarily by inertia-flow and slump-creep; and (3) that these more proximal types of mass-transport gave way gradationally and successively to fluxoturbidity and turbidity currents at locations further down-slope, with consequent deposition of sediment in more distal fan-channel and fan-surface environments as fluxoturbidites and turbidites, with lesser contributions from inertia-flows. 相似文献
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沉积物源分析在确定沉积物源位置、母岩性质及沉积物搬运距离,甚至整个盆地的沉积作用和构造演化等方面都有重要意义。本文从重矿物组合、轻矿物组合、稀土元素分配和古水流恢复等方面系统地分析了柴达木盆地西部地区渐新世物源方向,确定了阿尔金东段物源、阿尔金西段物源、阿拉尔物源、铁木里克物源、祁漫塔格—东柴山物源和弯西—甘森物源6大沉积物源。沉积物源特征明显控制了沉积物特征,来自阿尔金西段物源的沉积物搬运距离短,碎屑物供给明显受季节性洪水控制,故稳定性差,发育近源陡坡型的扇三角洲、近岸水下扇沉积物;来自其余物源的沉积物搬运距离较长,最长搬运距离约190 km,碎屑物供给的稳定性较好,发育远源缓坡型的辫状三角洲沉积物,受不同沉积物源的影响,其沉积特征具有明显的差异性。 相似文献
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基于近期流域减沙背景下长江口水下三角洲地形的演变特征与趋势,选用1958—2015年覆盖面积超过7 000 km2的长江口实测水下地形数据,在Surfer软件支持下开展水下三角洲地形冲淤分析,探讨了水下地形演变影响因素。结果表明:1958—2015年,长江口水下三角洲经历了淤积—平衡—剧烈波动3个阶段;持续的流域减沙已导致10 m等深线以浅区域从2009年开始进入净侵蚀状态;流域来沙锐减与极端气候引发的口外及邻近海域对河口泥沙的补给是近年长江口水下三角洲冲淤变化剧烈的主要原因;长江口向外海年均输送泥沙量可能低于1.20亿t,与近年流域年均来沙量较为接近,未来长江口水下三角洲有望逐渐进入整体冲淤平衡状态。 相似文献
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伊通地堑位于吉林省中部，属佳-伊地堑的南段，是郯庐断裂带的北延部分，其西北缘为主控断裂，而东南缘为补偿极性断层。主控深大断裂和狭长的盆地分布使得该地堑的构造和沉积比较复杂，发育有多个小的断陷盆地。莫里青断陷是其中的一个主要含油气二级断陷盆地，其沉积盖层主要为古近系，为扇三角洲沉积体系和湖泊水下扇沉积体系，油气主要分布在双阳组不同的沉积体系中。本文重点描述了水下扇在岩芯上、测井曲线上、地震剖面上的特征。水下扇和扇三角洲在岩相组合、测井曲线特征和地震反射结构上均有较大的区别。水下扇的内扇、中扇和外扇随着时间的变化在平面上分布有很大变化，而西北边缘的扇三角洲一直保持不变。本区水下扇的形成与构造、物源和湖平面变化等因素有关。控盆断裂的长期活动使得在双二段时期发育大量的水下扇，而物源供给规模决定着水下扇的时空分布形态，直接物源形成的扇体规模较大，间接物源形成的扇体较小。 相似文献
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在层序地层学原理和方法的指导下,综合利用地震、测井、钻井及岩心等资料,结合盆地构造演化特征,建立了梨 树断陷断陷层(晚侏罗世火石岭组及早侏罗世沙河子组、营城组和登娄库组)层序地层格架。将梨树断陷断陷层划分为 1 个一级层序(TSq1)、3 个二级层序 (I—III)、7 个三级层序 (SQ1—SQ7),并在层序格架内进行沉积相划分和沉积体系研究, 明确研究区主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、近岸水下扇和湖泊等沉积体系。冲积扇沉积体系主要分布在早期 SQ2 层序中;扇三角洲沉积体系主要分布在 SQ3 和 SQ4 层序中;SQ5,SQ6 和 SQ7 层序则以辫状河三角洲沉积为主;近岸水 下扇沉积体系主要发育在 SQ4、SQ5 和 SQ6 各层序的陡坡带。沉积体系在平面与纵向上的演化受古构造与古地貌的双重控制, 提出梨树断陷 SQ4 和 SQ5 层序沉积砂体为较有利的勘探区域。 相似文献
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南襄盆地泌阳凹陷深凹区核三段沉积特征及演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过测井、录井、粒度分析资料,结合区域地质资料、前人研究成果、岩心描述和地震反射资料,认为核三段发育辫状河三角洲、近岸水下扇、滑塌浊积扇及湖泊沉积,并进一步识别出5个亚相及6个微相。其中,近岸水下扇发育于研究区西南部和东南部的控边断层处,辫状河三角洲发育于东北部,滑塌浊积扇发育于辫状河三角洲前端的半深湖-深湖区域。近岸水下扇岩性主要为灰白色中、细砾岩,砾石成分复杂,分选差,磨圆程度低。辫状河三角洲发育平行层理、交错层理及冲刷充填构造,垂向上构成间断正韵律,其岩性为浅灰色砾岩、砾质砂岩、砂岩,中-厚层或块状,自然电位曲线和电阻率曲线呈钟形或箱型。辫状河三角洲前缘砂体失稳,产生滑塌,在深湖区形成滑塌浊积扇,其岩性为细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩,多呈正韵律,发育块状层理、液化变形层理、波状层理及泥岩撕裂屑、槽模、沟模构造等,电测曲线表现为钟形、箱形、漏斗形等。湖泊沉积主要发育于三角洲前缘和近岸水下扇前方的深凹区。从H38-H31研究区经历了水体由深到浅再略加深的沉积演化。 相似文献
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板桥凹陷钱圈地区沙河街组物源主要来自北部陡坡带增幅台地区和南部北大港潜山地区,在研究区北部陡坡带形成了扇三角洲沉积,在南部缓坡带形成了辫状河三角洲沉积。利用层序地层学和地震沉积学的研究思路和方法,在波阻抗数据体的基础上采用地层切片技术,在等时层序地层格架内结合单井岩-电关系,对三角洲体系砂体的展布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:①南部缓坡带沙三上亚段沉积时期,物源主要来自北大港潜山地区,辫状河三角洲的砂体呈进积特征,展布范围逐渐变大,反映湖盆基准面下降的特征,在沙二段沉积时期,辫状河三角洲沉积物源来自增幅台和北大港潜山2个地区;陡坡带沙二段至沙一上亚段沉积时期,扇三角洲砂体呈退积特征,砂体展布范围逐渐变小,反映湖盆基准面上升的特征;②以地震波阻抗数据体为基础的地层切片技术可以清晰地刻画三角洲沉积体系的砂体沉积相带平面展布,砂体预测结果得到了钻井资料的进一步证实。 相似文献
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利用基于Wheeler变换的数据驱动倾角导向体生成的非线性年代地层切片,研究蒙古国塔南凹陷下白垩统南屯组水下扇的沉积演化特征。基于沉积学的理论指导,通过单井相、连井相标定,结合地震反演、地震属性等技术,进行等时地层单元的沉积相分析;基于相控应用年代地层切片技术研究沉积演化特征。结果表明:塔南凹陷南屯组SQ21时期发育近岸水下扇及远岸水下扇,水下扇的沉积演化规模随着水体的加深先扩张后萎缩,到最大湖泛时期基本消失;切片中水道显示远岸水下扇是近岸水下扇二次搬运至同生断裂再次滑塌而成。 相似文献
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苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系戴南组沉积相及沉积演化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据岩心、电测曲线、录井以及地震资料,对苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系戴南组的沉积相类型、展布特征及其演化规律进行了系统的研究。结果表明,戴南组发育扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇和湖泊四种沉积相类型,扇三角洲、近岸水下扇分布在凹陷南部陡坡,三角洲分布在北部缓坡,湖泊分布在凹陷的中心及扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇的侧翼,从凹陷边缘到中心,沉积相由扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇沉积逐渐变为滨浅湖、半深湖沉积,整体呈南北分异、隆凹成带的格局。戴南组的沉积演化可划分为戴南组一段和戴南组二段两个时期,不同时期的沉积特征、沉积相展布表现各异,总体表现出水体由浅变深,再变浅,沉积范围逐渐扩大,扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇先退积,后进积的特点。 相似文献
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C. ROBERTSON HANDFORD 《Sedimentology》1982,29(2):239-253
Bristol Dry Lake, a 155 km2 continental-sabkha playa basin in the Mojave Desert of south eastern California, is filled with at least 300 m of interbedded terrigenous clastics, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. Evaporite facies conform approximately to a bull's eye pattern with gypsum and anhydrite surrounding a basin centre accumulation of halite. Transects through Bristol Dry Lake, from the alluvial fan to the centre of the playa, reveal: (1) crudely-bedded, alluvial fan clastics interfingering with (2) playa-margin sand flat and wadi sand and silt, followed by (3) gypsum, anhydrite, chaotic mud halite, and clay of the saline mud flat, and (4) salt-pan halite beds. Terrigenous clastics were deposited in Bristol Dry Lake by sheetflow and by suspension settling from ponded floodwater. Some sediment has been reworked by aeolian processes to form barchan dunes around the playa margin. Thin nodular-like beds of anhydrite and several types of gypsum occur across most of the playa. Giant hopper-shaped halite cubes are suspended in saline mud flat facies, suggesting that they grew displacively in brine soaked sediment just below the surface. Thick beds (4 m) of halite, in the playa centre, may have formed through a complex alternating history of subaqueous and intrasedimentary precipitation under the influence of periodic floods, intense evaporation and brine-level lowering, and capillary discharge of brines. The stratigraphy in the playa centre is cyclic. An ideal cycle consists of: (1) chaotic mud halite at the base overlain by (2) green to red clay with abundant, giant hoppers, and at the top (3) red clay, gypsum, and anhydrite with flaser- to wavy-bedded sand and silt. This type of cycle probably records a gradual progradation of mud-flat facies over salt pans. Bristol Dry Lake sediments are nearly identical to some of the Permian evaporites of the Permian Basin region, U.S.A. and they can serve as modern analogues for ancient-sabkha facies analysis. 相似文献
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歧口凹陷古近系东二段沉积体系空间配置研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综合岩心、录井、测井、3D地震、生物组合等资料,对东二段沉积体系进行了重点研究。分析认为,该时期研究区主要发育4种沉积体系。在此基础上结合砂分散体系分析,揭示了东二段沉积期沉积体系的空间配置关系,重建了沉积体系域。其中,扇三角洲发育于沧东断层控制的陡坡背景边缘,呈裙带状分布;辫状河三角洲主要发育在凹陷北部的北塘地区,向南延伸至长芦-新港断层下降盘演变为远岸水下扇;源于北部的远岸水下扇受活动性较强的滨海断层、港西断层和歧中断层的影响,呈多阶梯状分布;埕宁隆起刘官庄地区和沙垒田隆起西部发育较小规模的辫状河三角洲;湖泊的发育主要受控于长芦-新港断层、滨海断层、港西断层、张东断层和歧东断层,滨浅湖发育于增幅台、王岗庄、曹妃甸等地区,半深湖-深湖位于驴驹河、高尘头等地区。基于上述研究,预测研究区存在三个有利勘探区带。 相似文献
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酒西白垩纪盆地是酒西含油气盆地的一个单型盆地，发育了冲积扇、水下重力流扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、河流沉积体系。在湖盆演化的不同阶段形成冲积扇—扇三角洲—滨浅湖-砾质辫状河、近岸水下重力流扇。中深湖—扇三角洲和扇三角洲—中浅湖—河流沉积体系组合型式。依据答时界面，将湖盆充填序列划分为3个构造层序，相对应于初始裂陷、扩张裂陷—热衰减沉陷和湖盆萎缩关闭3个演化阶段。地幔热柱的形成和衰减、燕山运动等远程应力作用控制着盆地的演化。 相似文献