共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层特征的观测分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对STORM-FESTIOP17一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层结构演变及特征进行了分析。发现：暖湿空气沿锋面抬升凝结成云，产生降水过程中释放的大量潜热显著增加锋两侧的水平温度差异，产生锋生。与锋生相伴，在锋前产生低空急流和高空急流。当锋生至最强时，锋两侧温差可达20K，锋前低空急流开始减弱，锋后低空急流增强，锋后冷平流开始主导锋两侧的环流系统。该冷平流削弱锋两侧的温度水平梯度，产生锋消作用。对这次锋面斜压对流边界层的湍流特征分析表明：在边界层之上切应力wv明显增大；湍能收支分析表明在边界层之上的风切变产生项很强，即大尺度天气系统有利于斜压对流边界层的发展，边界层内各量充分混合。这次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程，冷锋前的低空南风急流从墨西哥湾携带来的充足水汽及锋区边界层大气的强斜压性是其产生的关键因子：冷锋过后，大尺度高空急流的作用更有利于对流边界层的充分发展。 相似文献
2.
Effects of mesoscale sea-surface temperature fronts on the marine atmospheric boundary layer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Eric D. Skyllingstad Dean Vickers Larry Mahrt Roger Samelson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(2):219-237
A numerical modelling study is presented focusing on the effects of mesoscale sea-surface temperature (SST) variability on
surface fluxes and the marine atmospheric boundary-layer structure. A basic scenario is examined having two regions of SST
anomaly with alternating warm/cold or cold/warm water regions. Conditions upstream from the anomaly region have SST values
equal to the ambient atmosphere temperature, creating an upstream neutrally stratified boundary layer. Downstream from the
anomaly region the SST is also set to the ambient atmosphere value. When the warm anomaly is upstream from the cold anomaly,
the downstream boundary layer exhibits a more complex structure because of convective forcing and mixed layer deepening upstream
from the cold anomaly. An internal boundary layer forms over the cold anomaly in this case, generating two distinct layers
over the downstream region. When the cold anomaly is upstream from the warm anomaly, mixing over the warm anomaly quickly
destroys the shallow cold layer, yielding a more uniform downstream boundary-layer vertical structure compared with the warm-to-
cold case. Analysis of the momentum budget indicates that turbulent momentum flux divergence dominates the velocity field
tendency, with pressure forcing accounting for only about 20% of the changes in momentum. Parameterization of surface fluxes
and boundary-layer structure at these scales would be very difficult because of their dependence on subgrid-scale SST spatial
order. Simulations of similar flow over smaller scale fronts (<5 km) suggest that small-scale SST variability might be parameterized
in mesoscale models by relating the effective heat flux to the strength of the SST variance. 相似文献
3.
The boundary layer in the warm sector of a moderately deepening winter cyclone during the Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA) is studied near the cold front. Data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra research aircraft are used to examine mean and turbulence quantities. The aircraft data and supplemental data from ships, drifting buoys and moored buoys reveal an equivalent-barotropic pressure field. The area is found to be dominated by gradients in temperature and in turbulent fluxes, with changes occurring over 100 km horizontally being comparable to changes over 350 m vertically. The horizontal components of the gradients are found to be a maximum in a direction perpendicular to the front. Cross-sections perpendicular to the front are used to illustrate boundary-layer structure. Profiles of wind speed, stress, wind direction and stress direction are estimated from an Ekman model that is modified to take into account the equivalent-barotropic pressure field. Comparison of profiles from the model to the aircraft-measured data show reasonable agreement far from the front (100 km) when the model uses a constant eddy viscosity of approximately 6 kg m–1 s–1. Near the front there is less agreement with the model. Profiles of turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and latent heat are divergent, with along-wind momentum flux negative and decreasing upward, cross-wind momentum flux positive and increasing upward, and heat flux and latent heat flux small, positive and decreasing upward. Far from the front, the turbulent kinetic energy budget shows that dissipation balances shear production. However, near-front behavior has an imbalance at low altitude, with shear production appearing as a TKE sink. 相似文献
4.
The Moist Boundary Layer under a Mid-latitude Weather System 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
I. A. Boutle R. J. Beare S. E. Belcher A. R. Brown R. S. Plant 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,134(3):367-386
Mid-latitude weather systems are key contributors to the transport of atmospheric water vapour, but less is known about the
role of the boundary layer in this transport. We expand a conceptual model of dry boundary-layer structure under synoptic
systems to include moist processes, using idealised simulations of cyclone waves to investigate the three-way interaction
between the boundary layer, atmospheric moisture and large-scale dynamics. Forced by large-scale thermal advection, boundary-layer
structures develop over large areas, analogous to the daytime convective boundary layer, the nocturnal stable boundary layer
and transitional regimes between these extremes. A budgeting technique demonstrates the key role of boundary-layer processes
in the transport of moisture. Moisture is evaporated from the ocean behind the cold front and in the high-pressure part of
the wave, and transported large distances within the boundary layer into the footprint of the warm-conveyor belt. The warm-conveyor
belt forms one of the two main processes of boundary-layer ventilation, with shallow cumulus convection being of similar importance. 相似文献
5.
高空急流加速与低层锋生 总被引：27，自引：10，他引：27
本文从动力学上找到了低层锋生函数同急流区内纬向平均风加速的关系,指出高空急流加速有利于大气低层锋生,并从天气学的角度给出了高空急流加速同低层大气锋生的环流形态特征。即高空波的动量和热量通量在急流区的辐合,促使高空急流加速,并引起急流入口区上下层之间的质量调整,在急流轴高度以下出现一个反环流,反环流的上升支同其下原有的弱锋前的上滑爬升气流发生耦合,造成上滑气流加强,低层锋面坡度变陡,冷暖对比明显,引起大气低层锋生。 相似文献
6.
地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究 I：冷锋、均匀地转流 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
文中利用一个包含地形、边界层摩擦作用的二层锋面简化模型 ,讨论了地形、边界层对冷锋锋面结构、环流的动力学影响作用问题。冷锋的倾斜主要与冷锋暖区的地转流分布、锋面移动速度、锋面与地形的相对位置有关。当冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,其坡度减小 ,位于背风坡时 ,其坡度增大。在静止冷锋存在两类不同的环流系 ,即位于大气低层、地面锋附近的反时针环流系和远离地面锋的顺时针环流系。静止冷锋位于背风坡 ,其冷域中的这支闭合环流增强 ,范围增大 ,而位于冷锋界面上的环流转向点沿锋面上移 ,暖域中沿锋面的暖空气运动范围变大。当静止冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,结果相反。冷锋移动较慢时 ,其冷域远离地面锋的这支顺时针环流主体可被地形完全阻塞在迎风坡。当静止冷锋移离地形时 ,由于地形作用可在锋面暖域、地形下游形成一个背风槽。地形对锋区的垂直运动影响主要通过地形与边界层共同作用 ,改变锋区流场辐合辐散的分布及地形强迫抬升两条途径实现。由于边界层摩擦的辐合作用 ,在地面冷锋的前缘可形成一支范围较窄、强度较大的上升运动带 ,当冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,其强度增强 ,当冷锋位于背风坡时 ,其强度减弱。当冷锋位于背风坡时 ,在暖区沿锋面上升的暖空气运动范围增大 ,可以出现沿锋面相间隔的多个上升区 相似文献
7.
Mellissa C. MacKellar Hamish A. McGowan Stuart R. Phinn Joshua S. Soderholm 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(2):319-340
Over warm, shallow coral reefs the surface radiation and energy fluxes differ from those of the open ocean and result in modification to the marine atmospheric boundary layer via the development of convective internal boundary layers. The complex interrelationships between the surface energy balance and boundary-layer characteristics influence local weather (wind, temperature, humidity) and hydrodynamics (water temperature and currents), as well as larger scale processes, including cloud field properties and precipitation. The nature of these inter-relationships has not been accurately described for coral reef environments. This study presents the first measurements of the surface energy balance, radiation budget and boundary layer thermodynamics made over a coral reef using an eddy-covariance system and radiosonde aerological profiling of the lower atmosphere. Results show that changes in surface properties and the associated energetics across the ocean-reef boundary resulted in modification to the marine atmospheric boundary layer during the Austral winter and summer. Internal convective boundary layers developed within the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the reef and were found to be deeper in the summer, yet more unstable during the winter when cold and drier flow from the mainland enhances heat and moisture fluxes to the atmosphere. A mixed layer was identified in the marine atmospheric boundary layer varying from 375 to 1,200 m above the surface, and was deeper during the summer, particularly under stable anticyclonic conditions. Significant cloud cover and at times rain resulted in the development of a stable stratified atmosphere over the reef. Our findings show that, for Heron Reef, a lagoonal platform reef, there was a horizontal discontinuity in surface energy fluxes across the ocean-reef boundary, which modified the marine atmospheric boundary layer. 相似文献
8.
A mesoscale 3D numerical model is described, with which detailed calculations have been made of turbulence and wind characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), as well as cloud particle size distribution, longwave and solar radiation fluxes and flux divergences, and atmosphere-ocean heat exchange. Based on numerical experiments simulating winter conditions of the Newfoundland energy-active zone of the ocean (EAZO), atmosphere-ocean energy exchange is investigated. It is shown that the basic mechanisms for the EAZO formation involve the following processes: (i) at the hydrological front between cold and warm ocean currents, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat grow significantly; (ii) at this front, in a particular synoptic situation, overcast low-level cloudiness forms, screening solar radiation so that in winter, the radiation budget at the front is reduced, and the radiative flux into the ocean is less than the energy release to the atmosphere; (iii) frequent occurrence of such synoptic situations with cloudiness decreases the oceanic enthalpy and creates negative SST anomalies. The transport of these anomalies by currents to the western coasts of the continents causes anomalies of weather and climate. 相似文献
9.
The formation mechanism of a cold sea-fog case observed over the Yellow Sea near the western coastal area of the Korean Peninsula is investigated using numerical simulation with a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with a three-dimensional regional model. The simulation was carried out using both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches; both approaches produced sea fog in a manner consistent with observation. For the selected cold sea-fog case, the model results suggested the following: as warm and moist air flows over a cold sea surface, the lower part of the air column is modified by the turbulent exchange of heat and moisture and the diurnal variation in radiation. The modified boundary-layer structure represents a typical stable thermally internal boundary layer. Within the stable thermally internal boundary layer, the air temperature is decreased by radiative cooling and turbulent heat exchange but the moisture loss due to the downward vapour flux in the lowest part of the air column is compensated by moisture advection and therefore the dewpoint temperature does not decrease as rapidly as does the air temperature. Eventually water vapour saturation is achieved and the cold sea fog forms in the thermal internal boundary layer. 相似文献
10.
对2003年2月10日至11日发生在南京的一次寒潮降温降雨(雪)的主要影响系统，如阻塞高压、高空槽、横槽、中低层暖式切变线、地面冷锋以及地面暖低压倒槽等进行了描述和分析，并对某些物理量进行了分析。分析得出：这次寒潮降温降雨(雪)天气是在高空500hPa乌拉尔山阻塞高压崩溃、巴尔喀什湖至准噶尔盆地的横槽转竖，冷空气从西北路径东移南下，中低层冷槽与暖式切变线接合以及地面冷锋切入暖低压倒槽等天气系统的作用下发生的，并归纳出此类天气预报的指示系统，对于做好寒潮天气预报具有指导作用。 相似文献
11.
12.
Arctic outbreaks over the Canadian Western Plains during the late spring period frequently take the form of a cold east-northeasterly flow over a warmer, sloping surface. A mesoscale numerical model is developed in an attempt to simulate such circulations. Following Lavoie (1972) the atmospheric structure of the cold air mass is represented by three layers: a constant flux layer in contact with the earth's surface, a well-mixed planetary boundary layer capped by an inversion, and a deep stratum of overlying stable air. Averaging the set of governing primitive equations through the depth of the mixed layer yields predictive equations for the horizontal wind components, potential temperature, specific humidity, and the height of the inversion. Time-dependent calculations are limited to this layer by parameterizing the interactions between the mixed layer and both the underlying and overlying layers. Precipitation from limited convective clouds, and latent heat within the layer are included in terms of mesoscale variables.A 47.6-km by 47.6-km grid mesh of 1369 points covering the Canadian Prairie Provinces is used to represent the variables. The governing equations are solved numerically with terrain influences, surface roughness, temperature variations, and moisture fluxes allowed to perturb the mixed layer from its initial conditions until resultant mesoscale boundary-layer weather patterns evolve.The mean spring topographic precipitation pattern is successfully reproduced by the simulated late spring upslope flow with limited convective precipitation. Mesoscale planetary boundary-layer weather patterns appear to exert a dominant control over the location and intensity of perturbations in the spring precipitation pattern. The elimination of surface heating significantly reduces the area and intensity of precipitation. A case study based on observed initial conditions showed that the model could reproduce a persistent limited convective precipitation pattern maintained by upslope flow and that a low-level trough exerts a marked influence on the location and the intensity of the precipitation. 相似文献
13.
利用常规观测资料、自动站、T639客观分析资料,结合天气学原理和天气动力学诊断分析方法,对2012年12月20-23日巴音郭楞蒙古自治州（以下简称巴州）的寒潮天气过程的成因和降雪天气特征进行分析,并给出巴州降雪天气概念模型。结果表明：这次寒潮降雪过程是北欧阻塞高压向东南衰退,导致脊前横槽转成竖槽东南移,高空冷空气南压至40°N附近,造成巴州强降温、强降雪等寒潮天气,降雪阶段关键影响系统是700 hPa上的冷暖切变和风场辐合,水汽主要源自中低层西北方的经向和低层东南方的纬向输送;后续的冷凝降雪和阴雪阶段天气局地特征明显,水汽源自850 hPa至近地层局地的垂直输送。 相似文献
14.
Michael Frech 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(1):41-68
The impact of mesoscale moisture variability on the vertical energy transfer through a pre-frontal boundary layer is studied with NOPEX aircraft data. The moisture variability relates to a cold front that passed the area 2 1/2 hours after the observations. We find a density front ahead of the cold front. The large vertical divergence of the turbulent moisture flux in the surface layer is partly related to this moisture variability. Large scale horizontal advection contributes to the observed vertical turbulent flux divergence. The estimated horizontal mesoscale advection term in the budget of sensible heat and moisture is on average small but locally it can be large. This term acts to re-distribute moisture in the boundary layer and leads to sub-grid variations of relative humidity, which is an important quantity for boundary-layer cloud models. The distinct spatial variations of specific humidity are mainly related to synoptic forcing and not to heterogeneity in the surface energy balance. 相似文献
15.
利用美国国家环境预报中心NCEP 1971\_2000年1月及2008年1月的再分析值高度、 温度和风的气候平均场, 以及国家气象中心要素库中的2008年1月8日～2月6日08：00～08：00 24 h降水和冻雨实况等实测资料, 对2008年初我国南方的持续冰冻过程的异常成因做了分析。结果表明, 在稳定的高空环流形势下, 来自极地的冷空气和来自南支槽前暖湿气流及东海、 南海的偏东气流交绥于我国大陆东南部, 加之稳定的滇黔静止锋、 华南静止锋和近地面冷高压前东北冷平流, 多因素综合导致了这场罕见持续冰冻天气; 冻雨出现在冷暖空气交界的锋区附近, 偏在能量锋区低值一侧。对流层中低层为西南暖湿气流, 强逆温层是冻雨天气突出的垂直特征, 贵州西部以没有融化层的“单层结构”为主, 贵州中部“单层结构”和“二层结构”均存在; 湖南省西部冻雨垂直结构表现为“单层结构”和“二层结构”, 以“二层结构”居多, 东南部郴州的冻雨垂直结构主要为“三层结构”和“二层结构”。逆温层之下湿度很大, 逆温层之上湿度迅速减小, 干\, 暖空气有利于稳定层结, 抑制低层湿空气向上扩散, 对南方阴雨天气和冻雨天气的维持起了不可忽视的作用。 相似文献
16.
A case study of aircraft measurements in the vicinity of a warm front over the North Sea is presented. Measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide and meteorological parameters were recorded at several altitudes behind a dissipating warm front by the U.K. Met. Office's C130 aircraft, operated by the Meteorological Research Flight on 3rd October 1997. The aim of the study was to investigate the composition of the warm conveyor belt (WCB), the main air flow associated with mid-latitude cyclones, which has the potential to transport boundary layer air containing ozone and its precursors into the free troposphere.Three distinct air masses were identified by changes in the parameters measured. Trajectory analyses together with synoptic charts showed that these air masses corresponded to a WCB and air ahead and behind it, and that the WCB consisted of marine air from the boundary layer and lower free-troposphere. The WCB was clearly identifiable as a distinct chemical air mass that retained its integrity even after the warm front began to dissipate; it contained lower ozone than the surrounding free tropospheric air due to its remote marine origin. 相似文献
17.
地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究Ⅰ:冷锋、均匀地转流 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
文中利用一个包含地形、边界层摩擦作用的二层锋面简化模型,讨论了地形、边界层对冷锋锋面结构、环流的动力学影响作用问题.冷锋的倾斜主要与冷锋暖区的地转流分布、锋面移动速度、锋面与地形的相对位置有关.当冷锋位于迎风坡时,其坡度减小,位于背风坡时,其坡度增大.在静止冷锋存在两类不同的环流系,即位于大气低层、地面锋附近的反时针环流系和远离地面锋的顺时针环流系.静止冷锋位于背风坡,其冷域中的这支闭合环流增强,范围增大,而位于冷锋界面上的环流转向点沿锋面上移,暖域中沿锋面的暖空气运动范围变大.当静止冷锋位于迎风坡时,结果相反.冷锋移动较慢时,其冷域远离地面锋的这支顺时针环流主体可被地形完全阻塞在迎风坡.当静止冷锋移离地形时,由于地形作用可在锋面暖域、地形下游形成一个背风槽.地形对锋区的垂直运动影响主要通过地形与边界层共同作用,改变锋区流场辐合辐散的分布及地形强迫抬升两条途径实现.由于边界层摩擦的辐合作用,在地面冷锋的前缘可形成一支范围较窄、强度较大的上升运动带,当冷锋位于迎风坡时,其强度增强,当冷锋位于背风坡时,其强度减弱.当冷锋位于背风坡时,在暖区沿锋面上升的暖空气运动范围增大,可以出现沿锋面相间隔的多个上升区. 相似文献
18.
切变线冷区和暖区暴雨落区分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用常规、自动气象站、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料（1°×1°,逐6h）和WRF模式逐小时资料,对2010年6月30日—7月2日山东省暴雨过程的落区进行了分析.结果表明：本次暴雨过程具有暖区暴雨和冷区暴雨两种特征.暖区暴雨强度强、范围广、落区集中,位于925 hPa经向切变线右侧或者低涡的东南象限“人”字型切变线内、暖温度脊后部、地面低压前部南风区内;冷区暴雨区强度弱、范围小、落区分散,位于925 hPa经向切变线左侧、冷温度槽前、地面低压后部北风区内.冷区和暖区暴雨均位于大气可降水量大于70 kg/m^2的区域、低空急流顶端的左侧.低空急流与强降水同时开始或者低空急流提前1h开始,降水强度最大时段出现在850 hPa风速跃增后1～3h.只有冷区暴雨时,冷空气较弱,冷锋伸展高度较低,暴雨区位于冷锋后部θse锋区前沿、θse暖脊脊线顶点、强上升运动中心.冷区与暖区暴雨共存时,冷暖空气势力均比只有冷区暴雨时强,冷锋伸展高度较高,冷区与暖区暴雨均位于强上升运动中心南侧1个纬距内风速辐合处.只有暖区暴雨时,冷空气较强,冷锋伸展高度较高,暴雨区位于冷锋前1个纬距内、θse暖脊脊线与地面交点、上升运动中心.低层向北倾斜锋区的南北跨度与中层向南倾斜锋区的南北跨度的差值大小,直接影响上升运动的强度和暴雨区的分布. 相似文献
19.
地表通量输送对飑线过程影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
使用水平分辨率20km的RSM-RANAL再分析资料和WRF模式,对2004年7月12日影响上海地区的一次飑线过程进行分析和数值模拟,结果表明:(1)雷暴发生区域的西北侧约300km处有一冷锋,地面风场辐合;中低层为一致西南急流,雷暴发生区域上空300hPa位于西风急流右后侧辐散区中;地面存在明显的温度梯度。(2)雷暴发生前浙皖交界山区处的CAPE增至1000J/kg,CIN减至30J/kg以下;杭州湾附近的CAPE值大于2000J/kg。这些地方之后均有强对流单体生成,并成为飑线的一部分。(3)WRF模式对这次飑线过程的主要特征模拟较好,包括地面风场和飑线的结构。(4)敏感性试验指出陆面过程对本次飑线过程的形成发展起了重要作用。一方面通过潜热通量输送增大边界层湿度;另一方面通过感热通量输送改变了边界层的层结结构,使得低层辐合(或抬升)比较容易释放不稳定。在强对流天气的预报中地表条件不可忽略。 相似文献
20.
Surface energy balance,parameterizations of boundary-layer heights and the application of resistance laws near an Antarctic Ice Shelf front 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A study of the surface energy balance with turbulent fluxes obtained by the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and a comparison with results for resistance laws are presented for the strong baroclinic conditions in the vicinity of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf front. The data are taken from a field experiment in the Antarctic summer season 1983/84. For the first time in the coastal Antarctic region, this data set comprises synchronous energy balance measurements over the polynya and the ice shelf together with soundings of the boundary layer, yielding vertical profiles of the wind velocity and temperature over the ice shelf, at the ice shelf front and over the polynya.Over the ice shelf, the radiation balance is the largest component of the energy fluxes and is mainly compensated by the subsurface energy flux and the turbulent heat flux in the daily mean. Over the polynya, turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat lead to large energy losses of the water surface in the night-time and in situations of very low air temperatures.Different parameterizations for boundary-layer height are compared using tethered sonde and energy balance measurements. With the height of the inversion base over the polynya and the height of the critical bulk Richardson number over the ice shelf, external parameters for the application of resistance laws were determined. The comparison of turbulent surface fluxes obtained by the energy balance measurements and by the resistance laws shows good agreement for the convective conditions over the polynya. For the stably stratified boundary layer over the ice shelf with small amounts of the turbulent heat flux, the deviation is large for the case of a cold air outflow with a superposed inertial oscillation. 相似文献