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地面冻结数模型及其在青藏高原的应用 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
地面冻结数模型可用于分析、模拟和预测多年冻土的分布, 在高纬冻土地区有比较成功的应用. 然而Nelson提出的地面冻结数模型并不具备明显的物理意义, 往往被归入经验统计范畴. 从Stefan公式出发, 重新推导并详细讨论了地面冻结数模型, 使冻结数F=0.5作为多年冻土与季节冻土的分界线具备明确的物理意义. 重新推导后的模型增加了一个影响冻土形成和发展过程的并取决于岩土冻融性质的因子E, 原Nelson地面冻结数模型可作为E=1时的特例给出. 根据青藏高原实测地面温度资料, 针对不同的E值, 分别模拟了青藏高原的冻土分布情况. 对比分析表明, 处在多年冻土南北界附近的土壤性质较明显影响了多年冻土在这些区域的分布情况, 通过对参数E的调参, 可以更好地模拟多年冻土的真实分布情况. 相似文献
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爆破荷载作用下岩体振动特征的数值模拟 总被引：41，自引：2，他引：39
根据福建牛头山水电站地基岩体爆破开挖监测,运用离散元方法模拟了节理岩体距爆源不同距离处质点的振动速度和频率的变化特征,由此确定岩体质点最大振动速度和振动主频随爆源距离的衰减规律,并得到了距爆源一定距离处质点最大振动速度和振动主频与爆破药量的关系。数值模拟与现场实测的结果表明,用离散元软件UDEC计算得到的岩体振动特征和衰减规律与现场监测结果是基本符合的,误差在工程应用的允许范围之内,因此UDEC用于对岩体动态响应的数值模拟是适合的。 相似文献
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寒区有隔热层的圆形隧道温度场解析解 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
在多年冻土地区修建隧道,会影响到多年冻土的热稳定性,目前一般采用在隧道衬砌中设置隔热层的方法来防止冻土嗣岩融化.根据隧道现场实测的气温资料,考虑正弦曲线规律变化的对流换热边界条件,建立了一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及围岩4层结构的圆形隧道热传导方程.运用微分方程求解方法和贝塞尔特征函数的正交和展开定理,对4个热传导方程进行了求解,得到隧道一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及同岩4层结构温度场的解析解,将计算结果与现场实测结果进行比较,吻合良好.计算结果还表明,在衬砌中铺设厚5 cm、导热系数为0.03 W·m-1·℃-1的隔热层可以保证风火山隧道围岩不发生季节性融化.该解析解可用于验证其它数值方法的计算结果,也便于工程设计人员和施工人员对同类寒区隧道进行温度场的计算,因而具有一定的工程应用价值. 相似文献
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基于年平均地温的青藏高原冻土分布制图及应用 总被引：42，自引：22，他引：20
年平均地温是指多年冻土年较差为零的深度处的地温,是冻土分带划分的主要指标之一.利用青藏公路沿线钻孔实测年平均地温数据,进行回归统计分析,获取年平均地温与纬度、高程的关系,并基于该结果,结合TOPO30高程数据模拟得到整个青藏高原范围上的年平均地温分布.以年平均地温0.5℃作为多年冻土与季节冻土的界限,对比分析模拟图与青藏高原冻土图,除个别区域有较明显的差异,模拟结果图较好地体现了青藏高原冻土的分布情况.利用模拟结果,根据青藏高原多年冻土分带指标及寒区工程多年冻土区划指标,对青藏高原多年冻土分布进行了分带划分,并统计各分带面积;根据简化的冻土厚度计算公式,计算了青藏高原多年冻土的厚度分布.最后,利用数值预测方法的结果,在气候年增温0.04℃的背景下,对高原未来冻土分布进行了预测. 相似文献
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为探究精密仪器厂房防微振结构设计方法,本文分别通过现场实测和数值模拟方法对苏州某高科技电子工业厂区一单层轻钢结构厂房微振动水平进行了评价和分析。对该厂区进行场地环境振动实测,对比了厂房建成前后地坪振动特性;利用ANSYS软件建立了厂房有限元模型,分析了Rayleigh阻尼和底板厚度对厂房振动特性的影响。研究结果表明:厂房建成后底板振动满足振动限值要求;厂房的桩筏基础有明显的减振效果,但对不同方向和频段地面的振动影响有所差异;阻尼比和底板厚度对结构主频影响较小,而对振幅影响较大,阻尼比在1~3 Hz和10~50 Hz的频段内对振幅影响较大,底板厚度在50 Hz以下对振幅影响较大。因此,在厂房防微振设计时,适当增加底板厚度和阻尼可减小中低频振动,从而达到较好的减振效果。 相似文献
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微差爆破模拟天然地震的数值分析与效果评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
微差爆破可以创造出与天然地震相类似的振动环境。为了更好地对爆破模拟天然地震进行研究和评价,在LS-DYNA软件框架内,建立了适合于爆炸荷载作用下土体动力分析的实用模型,对原位土体场地爆破地震动试验进行了全尺寸数值模拟,并将模拟结果与现场实测数据进行比较分析,验证数值计算的准确性。计算结果表明,模拟得到的场地质点加速度-时程与实测数据比较吻合,因此,可以预先利用数值手段为试验方案设计提供指导;同时,数值模拟还总结了现场试验中未得到的场地压力变化规律和振动规律,分析了爆破地震动与天然地震的异同,丰富了爆破地震动的研究,表明利用爆破手段能够近似地模拟天然地震,为微差爆破模拟天然地震的研究工作提供了经济、简便而实用的方法。 相似文献
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多年冻土问题是青藏铁路建设面临的主要工程地质问题,2001年开始,随着铁路路基、桥梁等构筑物的建设施工,多年冻土环境发生了变化,从而影响到多年冻土的工程稳定性.通过对青藏铁路建设期间历年来寒季暖季的冻害现场调查,在2002年寒季调查中发现多年冻土区的路基出现裂缝;2003年寒季调查发现冰椎、冰幔、混凝土剥蚀、沙害等;2004年又发现边坡渗水、涵洞积冰等冻害;2005年寒季调查发现新生病害较少.通过现场分析和及时治理,逐步提出了多年冻土区的补强措施,制定了主动保护措施为主、被动保护措施为辅的综合性解决方案.在设计方面,增加了对多年冻土的认识,及时将调查情况反馈到设计中去,调整设计思路,转变设计理念,实现青藏铁路的动态设计理念. 相似文献
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The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the largest permafrost region at low latitude in the world. Climate warming may lead to permafrost
temperature rise, ground ice thawing and permafrost degradation, thus inducing thermal hazards. In this paper, the ARCGIS
method is used to calculate the changes of ground ice content and active layer thickness under different climate scenarios
on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, in the coming decades, thus providing the basis for hazards zonation. The method proposed by
Nelson in 2002 was used for hazards zonation after revision, which was based on the changes of active layer thickness and
ground ice content. The study shows that permafrost exhibits different degrees of degradation in the different climate scenarios.
The thawing of ground ice and the change from low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost were the main permafrost degradation
modes. This process, accompanied with thinning permafrost, increases the active layer thickness and the northward movement
of the permafrost southern boundary. By 2099, the permafrost area decreases by 46.2, 16.01 and 8.5% under scenarios A2, A1B
and B1, respectively. The greatest danger zones are located mainly to the south of the West Kunlun Mountains, the middle of
the Qingnan Valley, the southern piedmont of the Gangdise and Nyainqentanglha Mountains and some regions in the southern piedmont
of the Himalayas. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau permafrost region is in the low-risk category. Climate warming exacerbates the
development of thermal hazards. In 2099, the permafrost region is mainly in the middle-risk category, and only a small portion
is in the low-risk category. 相似文献
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Wang Zengru Yang Guojing Yi Shuhua Wu Zhen Guan Jianyue He Xiaobo Ye Baisheng 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(3):985-991
The effects of the depth of the active layer of permafrost on aboveground vegetation in semi-arid and semi-humid regions of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were studied. The depth of active permafrost was measured and aboveground vegetation recorded. Differences in correspondence between permafrost depth and aboveground vegetation in semi-arid and semi-humid regions were analyzed. Vegetation cover and biomass were well correlated with permafrost depth in both semi-arid and semi-humid regions, but the correlation coefficient in the semi-arid region was larger than in the semi-humid region. With the increase in permafrost depth, vegetation cover and biomass decreased in both regions. Species richness and diversity decreased with increasing depth of permafrost in the semi-arid region. In the semi-humid region, these at first increased and then decreased as permafrost depth increased. It seems likely that vegetation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau will degenerate to different degrees due to permafrost depth increasing as a result of climatic warming. The influence would be especially remarkable in the semi-arid region. 相似文献
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Investigating internal structure of permafrost using conventional methods and ground-penetrating radar at Honhor basin, Mongolia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Tonghua Wu Qinxue Wang Lin Zhao Erji Du Wu Wang Ochirbat Batkhishig Dorjgotov Battogtokh Masataka Watanabe 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(7):1869-1876
A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted at the end of August 2009 in the suburb region of Ulaanbaatar, Honhor basin, Mongolia, in combination with conventional methods such as borehole drilling and measurement of ground temperatures. The interface of frozen and unfrozen sediment was distinctly resolved in the interpreted GPR images, verified by the borehole drilling records and 6-month measurement of ground temperatures. The location of the permafrost table was assessed to be at the depth of 2?C4?m in the study region. A conspicuous ice-saturated soil layer (massive ground ice) was detected in the interpreted GPR images with a thickness of 2?C5?m. The GPR investigation results were consistent with the borehole drilling records and ground temperatures observation. The borehole logs and ground temperatures profile in the borehole indicates that permafrost at Honhor basin is characterized by high ground temperature and high ice content, which implies that ongoing climatic warming would have great influence on permafrost dynamics. The research results are of great importance to further assess permafrost dynamics to climatic change in the boundary of discontinuous and sporadic permafrost regions in Mongolia in the future. 相似文献
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Mapping vertical profile of discontinuous permafrost with ground penetrating radar at Nalaikh depression,Mongolia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tonghua Wu Qinxue Wang Masataka Watanabe Ji Chen Dorjgotov Battogtokh 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(8):1577-1583
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become an important geophysical tool which can provide a wealth of interpretive information
about the vertical profile of discontinuous permafrost. A GPR investigation was conducted in October 2006 at the Nalaikh site
at the southern boundary of the Siberian discontinuous permafrost region in Mongolia. GPR data were collected along four 100-m-long
profiles to identify the location of the permafrost body, which included an in situ drilling borehole and analysis of temperature
observations and soil water content measurements from boreholes. The GPR interpretation results indicated that the thickness
of discontinuous permafrost at the study site was only 1.9–3.0 m and the permafrost is vulnerable to climate change. The soil
temperature and soil water content data demonstrate the precision of GPR image interpretation. This case demonstrated that
GPR is well suited for mapping the internal structure of discontinuous permafrost with relatively low soil water content. 相似文献
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基于长期、连续的地温观测数据,对位于共和至玉树高等级公路沿线、平均海拔为4 260 m且处于高温冻土区的片块石路基温度、热状态、冻融循环过程和冻土人为上限及变化速率等进行了分析,研究了沥青混凝土和水泥混凝土路面对片块石路基下伏多年冻土的影响,以期对其适用性进行评价。研究发现,沥青混凝土路面的铺设使路基吸收了较多的热量,促使下伏多年冻土升温,导致多年冻土快速退化。观测期内,高温冻土地区沥青混凝土路面下片块石路基中心冻土退化速率为33.5 cm/a,几乎是天然地基的5倍。而且路基阴阳坡效应严重,阳坡路肩冻土退化速率为33.0 cm/a,明显大于阴坡路肩 （22.0 cm/a）。与沥青混凝土路面相比,水泥混凝土路面较高的热反射率、较小的热辐射吸收率,有利于抬升冻土上限或减缓冻土退化速率。但在观测期间,发现处于高温冻土区的高等级公路片块石路基在沥青混凝土路面下融化盘面积增长速率为12.24 m2/a,而在水泥混凝土路面下为9.28 m2/a,即融化盘面积以不同程度的速率始终在增大。因此,单纯的片块石层的存在和路面类型的改变,并未彻底解决高温冻土区高等级公路路基热平衡问题,建议增加补强措施或采用复合路基结构来应对其热稳定性问题。 相似文献
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多年冻土南界附近青藏铁路路基下的冻土退化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2006-2012年青藏铁路多年冻土区唐古拉山南侧安多断面地温监测资料,分析了多年冻土南界附近路基下多年冻土的退化过程及其影响因素.结果表明：该监测断面天然场地多年冻土退化表现为多年冻土天然上限下降与多年冻土地温升高,观测期内多年冻土天然上限下降0.29 m,下降速率为4 cm·a-1;路基下10 m处多年冻土温度升高0.03℃,升温速率为0.004℃·a-1.该监测断面路基左路肩下多年冻土退化表现为多年冻土人为上限下降、多年冻土地温升高、多年冻土下限抬升以及多年冻土厚度减少.观测期内多年冻土人为上限下降0.41 m,下降速率为6 cm·a-1;路基下10 m处多年冻土地温升高0.06℃,升温速率为0.009℃·a-1;多年冻土下限抬升0.50 m,抬升速率为7 cm·a-1;多年冻土厚度减少0.90 m,减少速率为13 cm·a-1.工程作用是导致路基下多年冻土退化的主要原因,气温升温与局地因素中的冻结层上水发育促进了这一退化过程.路基下融化夹层的出现,导致多年冻土垂向上由衔接型变为不衔接型. 相似文献
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Groundwater in China’s permafrost region is vital for humans and cold-climate ecosystems. Permafrost responses to global warming have significantly changed the spatio-temporal patterns and distribution of properties associated with the groundwater system. The main areas of current and past studies on permafrost hydrogeology in China include four aspects: groundwater distribution and dynamics in permafrost regions, interplay between groundwater and permafrost, the impact of permafrost degradation on groundwater, and the regional effect of groundwater changes on the environment in permafrost regions. Over the last 10 years, the development and use of coupled heat-transport and groundwater models have focused on the hydrogeology of permafrost, and on groundwater development and distribution in permafrost regions. Progress in groundwater-related research on issues surrounding permafrost regions of China are comprehensively summarized and discussed in this review paper, which should provide a theoretical basis for further study of the groundwater system and its effects on the ecological environment under climate change. 相似文献
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Observed depths to the base of the ice-bearing permafrost (!BPF) as determined from geophysical well-log and survey information in the Mackenzie Delta and offshore Beaufort Sea continental shelf show significant variation. Depths range from over 700m beneath the northeastern portion of Richards Island and the adjacent offshore region to the north, to less than 100m in the modern Mackenzie Delta and offshore Mackenzie Bay regions. Along the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, permafrost thicknesses exceed 600m but tend to thin to less than 100m in a southeasterly direction. The wide variation in the thickness and distribution of permafrost is due in part to differences in the subsurface deltaic lithologies and to the complexity of the past surface temperature history, exhibited, for example, by fluctuations of the mean annual ground temperature. Geological cross-sections showing variation in the Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous deltaic sequences indicate a good correlation with the permafrost distribution. In particular, where the sand and gravel units of the Iperk and Kugmallit Sequences predominate, permafrost is thick owing to the high thermal conductivities of the ice-rich sediments. Conversely, where the low thermal conductivity shales and mudstones of the Richards Sequence are present, permafrost is accordingly thinner. Numerical models of permafrost aggradation in the Mackenzie Delta region suggest that Early and Late Wisconsinan surface temperatures were of the order ?18°C. A mid-Wisconsinan rise in temperature to approximately ?8°C, similar to mean surface temperature today, is also indicated. This proposed palaeoclimate is sufficient to account for the observed maximum permafrost thicknesses in the region. 相似文献
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Xiaodong Wu Lin Zhao Tonghua Wu Ji Chen Qiangqiang Pang Erji Du Hongbing Fang Zhiwei Wang Yonghua Zhao Yongjian Ding 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(3):865-870
A large volume of underground gas in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has been identified. Although many studies were performed to investigate the soil organic carbon dynamics and Earth degassing in volcanic areas, this is the first report of a large amount of non-volcanic CO2 contained in permafrost. The gas was mostly CO2 (81.76 vol. %) and nitrogen (14.59 vol. %). The gas composition and the evidence from carbon stable isotope values (?23.9 ‰, PDB) suggested that the gases possibly had a deep origin. The gas emissions may be triggered by permafrost degradation, which means mitigation of the barrier effect of permafrost for the gas. In addition, plate tectonic processes may also lead to gas emissions, as the tectonic activity is strong in the area. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to the underground gases in the study of global change and permafrost degradation. 相似文献