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1.
Viviana Castelli 《地学学报》1993,5(5):496-502
The assessment of seismicity in many areas of Italy hinges on poorly known earthquakes listed by the seismic catalogue on the grounds of single, poor quality data taken from seismological compilations which, in most cases, did not adopt a consistently critical outlook in processing their miscellaneous information. Starting from such datasets it was easy to misunderstand, lose and duplicate evidence and events. This study was initiated to see whether better results might be attained by a more careful reprocessing of the same data already gathered by compilations. Six important, but poorly known, earthquakes were listed by the Italian catalogue in the selected time-window (1292–1294): according to the results of the study one of them is to be back-dated by a century, three others should be reduced to one, another can be confirmed and the last one is a fake. The author is indebted to Paola Albini, Romano Camassi, Magda Minoli, Laura Mucci and Massimiliano Stucchi for moral and material support. 相似文献
2.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2007,48(6):505-522
The first catalogue of active regional faults of Cuba is presented. The seismotectonic map of Cuba is a base for studying the seismicity in this region. Of the 30 faults studied, only twelve are active. The main seismotectonic structure is the Bartlett-Cayman fault system, which borders the eastern and southeastern seismotectonic units in this region. Approximately 70% of Cuban seismicity is concentrated here. The Cauto-Nipe, Cochinos and Nortecubana faults border other seismotectonic units. The Nortecubana fault is the only one associated with a tsunami. All the faults are segmented. The faults described are related to the current tectonic stress regime of the Northern Caribbean. All the available information (maps, sections and profiles, photos, geological and neotectonic data on seismicity and focal mechanisms) is supported by a GIS. 相似文献
3.
Cellular automata are simple mathematical idealizations of natural systems and they supply useful models for many investigations in natural science. Examples include sandpile models, forest fire models, and slider block models used in seismology. In the present paper, they have been used for establishing temporal relations between the energy releases of the seismic events that occurred in neighboring parts of the crust. The catalogue is divided into time intervals, and the region is divided into cells which are declared active or inactive by means of a threshold energy release criterion. Thus, a pattern of active and inactive cells which evolves over time is determined. A stochastic cellular automaton is constructed starting with these patterns, in order to simulate their spatio-temporal evolution, by supposing a Moore's neighborhood interaction between the cells. The best model is chosen by maximizing the mutual information between the past and the future states. Finally, a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map is given for the different energy releases considered. The method has been applied to the Greece catalogue from 1900 to 1999. The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for energies corresponding to m = 4 and m = 5 are close to the real seismicity after the data in that area, and they correspond to a background seismicity in the whole area. This background seismicity seems to cover the whole area in periods of around 25–50 years. The optimum cell size is in agreement with other studies; for m > 6 the optimum area increases according to the threshold of clear spatial resolution, and the active cells are not so clustered. The results are coherent with other hazard studies in the zone and with the seismicity recorded after the data set, as well as provide an interaction model which points out the large scale nature of the earthquake occurrence. 相似文献
4.
Nath Sankar Kumar Mandal Suman Das Adhikari Manik Maiti Soumya Kanti 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(3):1787-1810
Seismicity analysis is very much pertinent for Indian subcontinent and its adjoining region which is seismically active including many great earthquakes associated with collision and subduction tectonics in the northern, north-eastern part of the subcontinent and in the Andaman and Nicobar Island. An earthquake catalogue has been generated for South Asia covering the period 1900–2014 by compiling the records of earthquake occurrences from International Seismological Center, Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT), US Geological Survey, India Meteorological Department and published literature. The uniform magnitude scaling in moment magnitude M W,GCMT is achieved through connecting relationships between different magnitude types. These relationships are derived by orthogonal standard regression analysis on available data pairs. The derived relationships have been compared with the existing equations already reported by others. The catalogue is subsequently subjected to a seismicity declustering algorithm to identify the foreshocks, main-shocks and aftershocks. The catalogue thus compiled is envisaged to be a useful resource for seismotectonic and seismic hazard studies in the region.
相似文献5.
A new revised earthquake catalogue for Eastern Algeria [22°N-38°N–4°E-9.5°E], from 419 to 2008, has been compiled as a starting
point for a catalogue dealing with the whole country. The re-evaluation is based on a critical method, and formal criteria
are adopted in the parameterization of the earthquake catalogue. Two digital versions are produced: (a) a basic version, presented
here, including all the compiled data, the authors of each quoted parameter and the quality rank of the macroseismic information;
(b) a second version, obtained after removing doubtful events and parameters, is produced in order to carry out statistical
analyses. The newly compiled earthquake catalogue provides a more reliable picture of the seismicity in Eastern Algeria than
the previous ones as shown by the comparison of the recent catalogues over the common territory and time span. This catalogue
can be easily updated and adapted to the needs of the user. 相似文献
6.
Regional seismicity (i.e. that averaged over large enough areas over long enough periods of time) has a size–frequency relationship, the Gutenberg–Richter law, which differs from that found for some seismic faults, the Characteristic Earthquake relationship. But all seismicity comes in the end from active faults, so the question arises of how one seismicity pattern could emerge from the other. The recently introduced Minimalist Model of Vázquez‐Prada et al. of characteristic earthquakes provides a simple representation of the seismicity originating from a single fault. Here, we show that a Characteristic Earthquake relationship together with a fractal distribution of fault lengths can accurately describe the total seismicity produced in a region. The resulting earthquake catalogue accounts for the addition of both all the characteristic and all the non‐characteristic events triggered in the faults. The global accumulated size–frequency relationship strongly depends on the fault length fractal exponent and, for fractal exponents close to 2, correctly describes a Gutenberg–Richter distribution with a b exponent compatible with real seismicity. 相似文献
7.
Markus Bth 《Tectonophysics》1983,95(3-4)
On the basis of a newly published, revised earthquake catalogue for the Greek area, a study is made of its seismicity in terms of earthquake frequency and energy as functions of space, time and magnitude. In addition, attempts are made to estimate the maximum possible magnitudes as functions of space. The study is essentially a methodological experiment, with tectonophysical and engineering results. 相似文献
8.
分析了全球、环太平洋地震带(P系)和低纬度环球剪切带(E系)的地震活动特征, 并运用小波变换技术对地震活动周期成分进行了定量研究, 结果表明: (1)全球地震活动存在45.5 a和32.0 a的显著周期成分, P系为45.5 a, E系为30.9 a和47.5 a; (2)全球及两大构造系7.0级以上地震频度均显示30.0 a左右的周期特征, 但地震频度与全球8.5级以上特大地震活动是不同步的, 不能作为判定地震活跃期与平静期的依据, 频度变化可能反映全球尺度的某种活动对地震产生的影响; (3)全球地震具有50.0 a尺度的活跃期与平静期; 当前全球地震活动处于2004年开始的以8.5级以上地震活动为特点的大释放阶段, 这种状态还将持续数年; E系处于Mw≥7.8大震活跃期的尾声, 而2010年智利Mw=8.8地震可能标志着P系开始进入大释放阶段. 相似文献
9.
Markus Bth 《Tectonophysics》1975,27(4):353-379
The seismicity of the East African Rift system within the region bounded by latitudes 2°N and 12°S and longitudes 28°E and 40°E has been studied as far as all available instrumentally based material permits. An earthquake catalogue is presented and the data contained therein are used for tectonophysical investigations, including frequency—magnitude relations and time and space distribution of the seismicity within the region. In addition, earthquake engineering aspects are discussed. 相似文献
10.
The deep seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea is analysed using data from a new instrumental catalogue of the seismicity of the Italian area. We use algorithms for the determination of absolute and relative hypocentral locations and for the evaluation of the geometry and coherence of the state of stress within the subducting slab. The structure of the Benioff zone, although simpler than previously indicated, reveals anomalous traits both in the seismicity distribution and in the stress geometry, confirming that standard subduction models cannot be applied in the Tyrrhenian region. The velocity anomaly and the location of few isolated events indicate that the subducted slabs extend to the north along the Apenninic chain approximately to the latitude of the Irpinia region, in Central Italy (? 42°N). 相似文献
11.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(4):101399
The Pamir-Hindu Kush region at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibet orogen is one of the most active regions on the globe with strong seismicity and deformation and provides a window to evaluate continental collision linked to two intra-continental subduction zones with different polarities. The seismicity and seismic tomography data show a steep northward subducting slab beneath the Hindu Kush and southward subducting slab under the Pamir. Here, we collect seismic catalogue with 3988 earthquake events to compute seismicity images and waveform data from 926 earthquake events to invert focal mechanism solutions and stress field with a view to characterize the subducting slabs under the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. Our results define two distinct seismic zones: a steep one beneath the Hindu Kush and a broad one beneath the Pamir. Deep and intermediate-depth earthquakes are mainly distributed in the Hindu Kush region which is controlled by thrust faulting, whereas the Pamir is dominated by strike-slip stress regime with shallow and intermediate-depth earthquakes. The area where the maximum principal stress axis is vertical in the southern Pamir corresponds to the location of a high-conductivity low-velocity region that contributes to the seismogenic processes in this region. We interpret the two distinct seismic zones to represent a double-sided subduction system where the Hindu Kush zone represents the northward subduction of the Indian plate, and the Pamir zone shows southward subduction of the Eurasian plate. A transition fault is inferred in the region between the Hindu Kush and the Pamir which regulates the opposing directions of motion of the Indian and Eurasian plates. 相似文献
12.
The Himalayas has experienced varying rates of earthquake occurrence in the past in its seismo-tectonically distinguished segments which may be attributed to different physical processes of accumulation of stress and its release, and due diligence is required for its inclusion for working out the seismic hazard. The present paper intends to revisit the various earthquake occurrence models applied to Himalayas and examines it in the light of recent damaging earthquakes in Himalayan belt. Due to discordant seismicity of Himalayas, three types of regions have been considered to estimate larger return period events. The regions selected are (1) the North-West Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt which is seismically very active, (2) the Garhwal Himalaya which has never experienced large earthquake although sufficient stress exists and (3) the Nepal region which is very seismically active region due to unlocked rupture and frequently experienced large earthquake events. The seismicity parameters have been revisited using two earthquake recurrence models namely constant seismicity and constant moment release. For constant moment release model, the strain rates have been derived from global strain rate model and are converted into seismic moment of earthquake events considering the geometry of the finite source and the rates being consumed fully by the contemporary seismicity. Probability of earthquake occurrence with time has been estimated for each region using both models and compared assuming Poissonian distribution. The results show that seismicity for North-West region is observed to be relatively less when estimated using constant seismicity model which implies that either the occupied accumulated stress is not being unconfined in the form of earthquakes or the compiled earthquake catalogue is insufficient. Similar trend has been observed for seismic gap area but with lesser difference reported from both methods. However, for the Nepal region, the estimated seismicity by the two methods has been found to be relatively less when estimated using constant moment release model which implies that in the Nepal region, accumulated strain is releasing in the form of large earthquake occurrence event. The partial release in second event of May 2015 of similar size shows that the physical process is trying to release the energy with large earthquake event. If it would have been in other regions like that of seismic gap region, the fault may not have released the energy and may be inviting even bigger event in future. It is, therefore, necessary to look into the seismicity from strain rates also for its due interpretation in terms of predicting the seismic hazard in various segments of Himalayas. 相似文献
13.
Vertical and horizontal variations of the frequency of crustal earthquakes (h ≤ 35 km) that have occurred in and around Turkey
are analyzed, using data from the Global Hypocenter Data Base and the IRIS data for the period 1964–1998. Fits of various
magnitude scales to the observations have been used to construct a homogeneous catalogue. Depth distribution of the parameters
derived from the Gutenberg–Richter relationship reveals that there is a depth dependence in the a- and b-values of the frequency
distribution. It is observed that unknown focal depths (0, 10, 33 km) are dominant in the total seismicity reported, and give
rise to substantial changes to the vertical distribution of these parameters. It is also observed that the parameters of either
a or b alone may not be used as a measure of regional seismicity of the study area in which high and low seismic activity
observed over short distances. In contrast, distribution of modal (a/b) values provides detailed images of the local areas
presented by high and low seismic zones. This study presents evidence that low b-values are associated with major strike-slip
faults, particularly exhibiting high apparent stresses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
The Tarutung Basin is located at a right step-over in the northern central segment of the dextral strike-slip Sumatran Fault System (SFS). Details of the fault structure along the Tarutung Basin are derived from the relocations of seismicity as well as from focal mechanism and structural geology. The seismicity distribution derived by a 3D inversion for hypocenter relocation is clustered according to a fault-like seismicity distribution. The seismicity is relocated with a double-difference technique (HYPODD) involving the waveform cross-correlations. We used 46,904 and 3191 arrival differences obtained from catalogue data and cross-correlation analysis, respectively. Focal mechanisms of events were analyzed by applying a grid search method (HASH code). Although there is no significant shift of the hypocenters (10.8 m in average) and centroids (167 m in average), the application of the double difference relocation sharpens the earthquake distribution. The earthquake lineation reflects the fault system, the extensional duplex fault system, and the negative flower structure within the Tarutung Basin. The focal mechanisms of events at the edge of the basin are dominantly of strike-slip type representing the dextral strike-slip Sumatran Fault System. The almost north–south striking normal fault events along extensional zones beneath the basin correlate with the maximum principal stress direction which is the direction of the Indo-Australian plate motion. The extensional zones form an en-echelon pattern indicated by the presence of strike-slip faults striking NE–SW to NW–SE events. The detailed characteristics of the fault system derived from the seismological study are also corroborated by structural geology at the surface. 相似文献
15.
《Tectonophysics》1987,140(1):81-91
The shallow seismicity in the Italian region is dependent on the lithospheric and, especially, on the crustal structure. The major contribution to the definition of crustal features as well as of their lateral variations, which, in this area, are very large, has been given, so far, by the profiles of deep seismic soundings (wide-angle reflection). It has been found that the shape of the velocity-depth functions is a good indicator of the crustal type.This study illustrates the comparison of the velocity functions with the depth distribution of seismic foci. The analysis was done in active seismic zones, where the hypocentral depth is known with fair accuracy; both the events contained in the general catalogue of Italian earthquakes and the micro-earthquakes were used.The chosen zones are located in different geological settings. It has been found that different shapes of the velocity-depth curve correspond to different depths of the most active seismic layer. The role of velocity inversions seems particularly meaningful to mark the transition from the brittle to the ductile regime when the strongest seismicity is in the upper crust. When the lower crust or the upper mantle appears to be the source of the main seismicity, different shapes of the velocity functions are observed. Finally, a further different type of velocity distribution is obtained in zones of high geothermal flow, where only very shallow and low magnitude events are recorded. 相似文献
16.
Using the materials from the catalogue of seismic events in the Siberian region, we estimated the impact of man’s activity on natural seismicity. Local man’s intervention into natural processes has been studied by the examples of commercial explosions during the quarry mineral mining in the Kuznetsk Basin and the exploitation of the railroad site along the shore of Lake Baikal. Seismic emission is shown to change with time under the impact of powerful monochromatic vibrators on the environment. 相似文献
17.
Xianfeng Yao Xiao Hu Lixin Yi Xinxiang Zeng Linus Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(24):826
In the region of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, there has been occurrence of several frequent earthquakes of moderate intensity since reservoir impounding occurred in 2003. These earthquakes are generally believed to be induced by reservoir impoundment and water-level variations. Usually, the geo-stress will change, when natural earthquakes occur. Following this principle, this paper adopted the rate and state theory to simulate and estimate Coulomb stress changes in the TGR region and obtained the pattern of Coulomb stress changes with time and the event sequence as well as the distribution of Coulomb stress changes in space. First, the TGR regional catalogue was analyzed and processed, leading to quantification of the magnitude of completeness and all of the parameters that are used in the stress–seismicity inversion process, including the reference seismicity rates, characteristic relaxation time, fault constitutive parameters, and stress rates. Second, the temporal evolution of the stress changes in different time windows was computed and analyzed, and it was found that there is an association between the Coulomb stress changes and rates of increase in the cumulative number of earthquakes. In addition, the earthquake occurred in November 2008 (M S = 4.1) was analyzed and attempted to simulate the distribution of stress changes in space through the stress–seismicity inversion model. The results proved that the modeled area coincides with the historical area of earthquakes that occurred after 2008. Finally, a prediction was made about the earthquake productivity rates after 2015, which showed a declining earthquake rate over time that ultimately returned to the background seismicity. This result is essentially in agreement with Omori’s law. To conclude, it is rational to use the stress-inversion method to analyze the relationship between induced earthquake seismicity and local stress changes as well as to simulate the area of earthquake occurrence and productivity rates of reservoir-induced earthquakes. 相似文献
18.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the seismic hazard at the Esfarayen-Bojnurd railway using the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) method. This method was carried out based on a recent data set to take into account the historic seismicity and updated instrumental seismicity. A homogenous earthquake catalogue was compiled and a proposed seismic sources model was presented. Attenuation equations that recently recommended by experts and developed based upon earthquake data obtained from tectonic environments similar to those in and around the studied area were weighted and used for assessment of seismic hazard in the frame of logic tree approach. Considering a grid of 1.2 × 1.2 km covering the study area, ground acceleration for every node was calculated. Hazard maps at bedrock conditions were produced for peak ground acceleration, in addition to return periods of 74, 475 and 2475 years. 相似文献
19.
Th. De Crook 《Natural Hazards》1989,2(3-4):349-362
From the earthquake catalogue of the region of interest 2–8°E, 49–52°N, only events with intensity > 3 are considered. The fore/aftershocks and the induced seismicity are removed. The completeness and other properties of the remaining data set are investigated. The seismic data, as well as the geological, tectonic, and other geophysical data of the area are used for the determination of the seismotectonic zones. For each zone, the cumulative intensity-frequency relation (taking into account the completeness of the catalogue), the attenuation depending on the direction, the upper bound of intensity and the average depth are calculated. When the seismic activity is changing within a zone, this zone is divided into subzones with an almost constant activity and a b value equal to the value of the whole zone. When necessary for each subzone, a different attenuation coefficient can be used, to take into account more regional effects. Then the seismic hazard is assessed with the modified McGuire program. Annual probability versus intensity for several sites and hazard intensity and probability maps are calculated. Finally, an error discussion of the whole procedure for one test site is given. 相似文献
20.
Quantification of seismic activity is one of the most challenging problems faced by earthquake engineers in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Currently, this problem has been attempted using empirical approaches which are based on the regional earthquake recurrence relations from the available earthquake catalogue. However, at a specified site of engineering interest, these empirical models are associated with large number of uncertainties due to lack of sufficient data. Due to these uncertainties, engineers need to develop mechanistic models to quantify seismic activity. A wide range of techniques for modeling continental plates provides useful insights on the mechanics of plates and their seismic activity. Among the different continental plates, the Indian plate experiences diffused seismicity. In India, although Himalaya is regarded as a plate boundary and active region, the seismicity database indicates that there are other regions in the Indian shield reporting sporadic seismic activity. It is expected that mechanistic models of Indian plate, based on finite element method, simulate stress fields that quantify the seismic potential of active regions in India. This article explores the development of a finite element model for Indian plate by observing the simulated stress field for various boundary conditions, geological and rheological conditions. The study observes that the magnitude and direction of stresses in the plate is sensitive to these conditions. The numerical analysis of the models shows that the simulated stress field represents the active seismic zones in India. 相似文献