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1.
通过对电源系统SPD几种常见的组合方式用8/20μs电流进行冲击试验,测出每种组合的残压和通流以及冲击前后的静态参数,通过试验并对试验数据进行分析发现:常见的电源系统SPD组合方式中两压敏电阻并联时的通流最大、残压最小,而压敏电阻串联时的残压最大、通流最小;采用多个压敏电阻并联适用于暂态过电流较大的保护场合;压敏电阻与气体放电管串联时,残压稍高,通流量增大,无漏电流,但反应时间变长,适用对SPD响应时间要求不太高的电路中;压敏电阻漏电流随着冲击电压的增大不断升高,所以应定期检测,及时更换。 相似文献
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根据气体放电管和瞬态抑制二极管的保护特性,合理选择退耦元件参数,实现多级SPD间的能量配合,并结合光纤的保护性能设计RS-232接口的保护电路.最后利用雷电冲击试验平台LST-6kV/3 kA、ICGS冲击平台以及DF1641C函数发生器对保护电路进行实验,以验证设计的方案.实验结果表明:在加上保护器件后,通信端口的抗雷电过压能力得到了很大的提高,并且加入该保护电路以后基本不会对原电路产生插入损耗. 相似文献
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氧化锌压敏电阻(MOV)和热脱离保护装置是限压型电涌保护器(SPD)的核心部件,直接决定SPD的安全性能。深入分析这2个部件的失效模式,总结出部件设计需要考虑的参数因子十分必要。本文通过试验研究了MOV在最大持续工作电压Uc下工作温度升高、冲击电流过大及暂态过电压3种情况下的故障模式,并在MOV故障模式下对热脱离保护装置进行性能试验,得出提高限压型SPD安全性的措施:(1)选择匹配的MOV(包括通流能力和残压、高温稳定性、过大冲击电流下工频耐受能力、暂态过电压耐受能力);(2)设计可靠的热脱离保护装置(包括材料属性、取热点位置、脱扣距离、脱扣力及其焊接工艺、增加内置式过电流保护装置等)。 相似文献
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针对如何准确诊断ZnO压敏电阻老化的问题,提出了一种新的诊断方法——回复电压法,通过对ZnO压敏电阻试样进行不同程度的冲击老化试验,并采用多种诊断方法对试样在冲击前后的老化状态进行测量,发现回复电压法同传统的压敏电压以及放电残压变化率法所得的结论相吻合,且回复电压法的主要参数回复电压最大值以及中心时间常数在冲击后呈现下降趋势,这与SEM电镜扫描试验得出的压敏电阻晶粒平均尺寸下降,电导率上升的结论相一致,进一步证明了回复电压法诊断的及时有效性,这对提高ZnO压敏电阻的老化诊断准确度具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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<正>1引言压敏电阻是一种以氧化锌(ZnO)为主要成分的金属氧化物半导体非线性电阻,由于其具有非线性特性好、通流容量大、常态泄漏电流小等优点,被广泛应用于雷电防护[1-3]。压敏电阻在遭受雷击后,其静态参数和外观均可能发生不同程度的损坏,通过实验室模拟真实雷电环境中氧化锌压敏电阻的工作状态,研究氧化性压敏电阻在雷电冲击下的破坏机理,对氧化锌压敏电阻的防雷性能和安全性能的改进尤为重要。目前,对ZnO压敏电阻的研究主要采用8/20 相似文献
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针对组合型电涌保护器(SPD)中主要防雷元件之间的能量配合问题,依据IEC 62305-4与GB 50343—2010的规定要求,通过对气体放电管(GDT)、金属氧化物压敏电阻(MOV)、瞬态抑制二极管(TVS)进行理论概述,再对这3种常见的防雷元器件进行并联组合后,分别进行多次冲击实验,发现不同的防雷元件的合理并联配合使用对于提高SPD整体的响应速度,缩短动作过程时间,提高SPD的通流容量与限压水平具有明显的效果.实验结论对于组合型SPD的设计具有一定的实际参考价值. 相似文献
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文章根据线性链老化、肖特基势垒理论,采用交流热稳定冲击实验,主要分析了金属氧化物压敏电阻在单、多脉冲进行测验的情形下,泄漏电流、压敏电压变化的特征。结果表明:利用金属氧化物压敏电阻进行单、多脉冲进行实验,在实验次数不断增多的情况下,会产生老化;工频电流作用下的金属氧化物压敏电阻,其抗雷电能力和稳定性都会受到不同程度的影响。 相似文献
9.
两级雷击电涌保护器配合的过电流和过电压变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对电气系统受两级雷击电涌保护器（surge protective divice,SPD）配合保护下的过电流和过电压变化特性的分析研究,建立过电压两级保护线路的瞬态Kirchhoff方程组,对各SPD、级间电缆（或解耦器）和负载的端电压、电流进行模拟计算,绘制时序波形图,获得两级SPD（首级为火花间隙、次级为压敏电阻）配合保护下的雷击过电流的分流特性和负载过电压变化特性,为雷击过电压过电流的多级保护提供理论分析方法,可供电气系统多级雷电防护工程设计参考。 相似文献
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针对电源类电涌保护器的试验可进行分类,电源保护器的测试方法除了有规范的要求外,还有许多具体的问题需要研究解决。针对SPD测试中出现的问题进行分析,主要围绕M OV电阻片的漏电流与相关测试所出现的现象进行讨论,对击穿、闪络、燃烧问题进行研究,归纳了现今电涌保护器最常出现的问题。 相似文献
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退耦电感是限压型浪涌保护器(SPD)级联配合核心元件, 对于限压型SPD能级匹配具有重要影响。针对退耦电感与限压型SPD能级匹配问题, 基于行波传输理论建立多级限压型SPD能量匹配模型, 并结合更接近自然雷击的10个8/20μs多脉冲试验进行研究, 试验结果可知: 恒定波阻抗下, 增大SPD线路间退耦电感值, 可有效减缓雷电瞬态过电压上升速率。SPD并联时, 氧化锌压敏电阻压敏电压对前后级分流比影响较小, 与残压值呈正相关关系。SPD级联电感值越大, 前级SPD泄流越多, 后级SPD箝压水平越高, 能级匹配效果越好。当出现磁饱和时, 前级SPD泄流显著降低, 后级SPD的泄流显著增加, 为避免出现该现象, 实际装设SPD时, 级间选装的退耦电感值在合理范围内应稍大于理论电感值。 相似文献
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M. R. Ramesh Kumar Syam Sankar Chris Reason 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,110(1-2):209-227
Inter-annual variability in the formation of the mini warm pool [sea-surface temperature (SST)>30°C] over the south eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) and its role in the formation of the monsoon onset vortex (MOV) has been examined using two independent SST data sets. The role of SST, convection, integrated columnar water vapour and the low-level jet in the setting up of the monsoon onset over Kerala (MOK) is examined. It is found that the MOV which forms over the SEAS region upsets the delicate balance between convection, buildup of moisture and strengthening and deepening of the westerlies over the SEAS that is needed for the setting up of the MOK. Thus, the formation over the SEAS of an MOV is not necessarily conducive for MOK. Furthermore, it is shown that a mini warm pool over the southeastern Arabian Sea is not a sufficient condition for the formation of an MOV because such a warm pool is present over this region during most of the years, but an MOV does not necessarily form over there. 相似文献
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金属氧化物避雷器(MOV)对电子设备和网络系统提供有效防雷保护的同时也出现了因MOV失效所导致的诸多问题,其中最严重的是导致起火、爆炸。分析了MOV起火的原因,阐述了温度保险丝的工作原理,提出运用温度保险丝对MOV进行过热保护,防止MOV起火的观点。为检测温度保险丝的性能,设计了温度保险丝的过电流耐受冲击试验、限制电压试验和热稳定性试验。试验结果表明:使用温度保险丝作为电涌保护器内置脱扣装置时,能够耐受雷电流的冲击;压敏电压的变化率在10%以内,限制电压仅上升2.2%,说明温度保险丝并不会影响MOV的限压性能;在MOV过热时,温度保险丝能迅速熔断,切断MOV与主电路的连接,从而保护系统安全。还对温度保险丝和低温焊锡的脱扣性能进行比较,将二者的脱扣温度与断开时间进行了分析,当脱扣时的温度小于130℃时,温度保险丝较低温焊锡动作及时,具有一定的优越性。 相似文献
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This article gives a detailed account of part of the modelling that was carried out for the assessment of the EU's proposed energy and climate targets for 2030. Using the macro-econometric simulation model, E3ME, and drawing on results from the PRIMES energy systems model, it shows that a 40% reduction in GHG emissions (compared to 1990 levels) could lead to an increase in employment of up to 0.7 million jobs in Europe. Furthermore, if the same GHG reduction target was combined with targets for renewables and energy efficiency, the net increase in jobs could be as high as 1.2 million. Both results are in contrast to the standard findings from computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, reflecting the different underlying assumptions (e.g. labour supply) to the modelling approach. Additional sensitivity testing shows that the ways in which the energy efficiency and renewable measures are funded are important factors in determining overall economic impact.Policy relevanceIn recent years there has been much debate as to whether the European Union should have a single GHG reduction target or a set of targets that also cover renewables and energy efficiency. This paper elaborates on part of the modelling that was carried out for the official assessment of the European Union's proposed energy and climate targets for 2030. Using an empirical, model-based approach, it compares a scenario where there is a single 40% GHG reduction target to a scenario that also includes a 30% renewables target and stricter energy efficiency standards. The model results show that the large investment stimulus needed to meet the combined targets leads to higher levels of GDP and employment. This suggests that there could be medium-term economic and social benefits to including all three targets in the future energy and climate package. 相似文献
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为了验证电涌保护器(SPD)的热稳定性能,需要按IEC61643.1进行以电流分档的热稳定性试验,研究中发现：1)热稳定测试中实验室环境下无法模拟真实环境下氧化锌压敏电阻的老化劣化效果,热稳定试验模拟真实环境的充分性有待考量;2)不同参考电压的压敏电阻对电压的敏感程度不一样,当交流电压从640 V变化到680 V时,导通时间变化68.3%,电流变化了289.6%;3)标准要求的电流±10%误差,很大程度上受设备灵敏度的限制而达不到要求.在现有电涌保护器热稳定测试技术的基础上,发现并分析了以电流分档进行的热稳定试验对实际情况模拟的不足之处,这对提高电涌保护器的热稳定测试技术有一定的工程价值. 相似文献
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利用呼和浩特市1962—2007年逐日气温以及采暖期供热部门提供的相关参数,运用数理统计等分析方法,参照采暖供热等相关规范,综合分析了呼和浩特市采暖变化特征以及气候变暖对采暖能耗的影响。结果表明:随着气候变暖,呼和浩特市采暖期比实际采暖期缩短30d,尤其是在1988年气温发生突变之后,采暖期缩短趋势更加明显。采暖期能耗的高低与采暖度日和采暖期长度关系极为密切。近46年呼和浩特市采暖度日与采暖期长度均呈现显著下降趋势,说明呼和浩特市冬季寒冷程度减弱,寒冷期变短,如果采取措施可以有效降低采暖能耗。呼和浩特市采暖需求偏多年份88%以上出现在20世纪60—70年代,而约有85%的偏少年份出现在20世纪90年代至21世纪初期。 相似文献
19.
Dominique Finon 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):130-145
The mainstream community of energy experts is not aware of the long-term impacts that carbon policies directly concerned with promoting the development of low-carbon technologies produce on the electricity market regime. Long-term market coordination should be replaced by public coordination with long-term arrangements. The current market coordination makes carbon pricing ineffective in orienting investors towards capital-intensive low-carbon technologies. Fossil fuel generation technologies are preferred because their investment risks are much lower in the market regime, even with a high but unstable carbon price. Thus, in order to avoid delaying investment that is aimed at the decarbonization of the electricity system, a number of new market arrangements that lower the investment risk of low-carbon technologies and provide output-based subsidization have or are being selected by governments. As the use of low-carbon equipment to produce electricity develops, long-term market coordination for other technologies (e.g. peaking units, combined cycle gas turbine) will fade away because they alter the market price setting. Thus it is likely that, in the future, public coordination and planning will replace the decisions of market players not only for low-carbon technologies but also for every other type of capacity development. Policy relevance The development of renewables as promoted by both feed-in tariffs and green certificate obligations, which answer to different market failures, is well known. Similar long-term arrangements, which both subsidize and de-risk low-carbon investments for every small-sized and large-sized technology, shift learning costs and risks onto consumers. Energy experts and regulators have ignored that the expansion and generalization of these arrangements are changing the coordination function of the electricity markets. Apart from those in the UK, they are still unaware of the impacts that such technology-focused policies produce on the electricity market regime. The transition from market coordination to public coordination, which is inconsistent with the market principles of European electricity legislation, and long-term contracting is inevitable and should be anticipated. 相似文献
20.
电气系统中电涌保护器的雷电流能量配合设计 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
分析了电涌保护器(SPD)使用中所涉及到的雷电流能量配合设计。首先分析了单级SPD与被保护设备之间的配合,使用最大振荡距离和耦合距离的计算公式来测算配合的成功性;其次分析了多级SPD之间的配合,着重分析了两级SPD(开关型和限压型组合)的配合,并采用瞬态级间电压降微分方程作为能量配合中所必须遵循的关系式,以及用不同雷电流波形来计算解耦合器的大小,最后提出一个可行的SPD能量配合设计基本步骤。 相似文献