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1.
湖南洞庭湖区土壤酸化及其对土壤质量的影响 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
酸雨沉降引起的土壤酸化是当前全球最大的环境问题之一,湖南洞庭湖地区是中国土壤酸化非常严重的地区之一。随着土壤的酸化,Cd和Pb等有害元素的水溶态和交换态含量上升,特别是土壤在碱性至弱酸性范围内,Cd的生物活性急剧提高,给农作物安全生产带来了危害。土壤酸化还造成K、Na、Ca、Mg等盐基离子大量淋失,有益元素有效态含量也急剧减少,土壤肥力下降,养分贫瘠,土壤质量下降。针对土壤酸化带来的种种影响,提出了建议:提高能源利用率;增施有机肥,提高土壤缓冲能力;改进施肥结构;适量施用石灰、白云石粉,调整土壤pH值。 相似文献
2.
宜兴地区土壤pH值的分布特征及时空变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对宜兴地区2004、2009和2015年的土壤地球化学调查数据进行分析,土壤pH值变化于3.53~8.86之间,其中酸性和强酸性土壤主要分布在低山丘陵砂岩地层分布区,微碱性土壤主要分布在石灰岩地层分布区,平原区土壤以微酸性为主,反映了成土母质、地形地貌对土壤pH值的影响。对比研究表明,过去6年间宜兴地区有49.77%的土地pH值处在下降之中,有23.53%的土地pH值处在上升之中,只有26.70%的土地pH值基本没有变化。由于工业化发展对环境的改变,本区土壤酸化受酸雨沉降影响明显。在成土作用、酸雨沉降、农耕等多因素的长期影响下,平原区表层土壤要比底层土壤pH值低1.2左右,表层土壤酸化主要发生在耕作层,深度在30 cm左右,底层土壤基本为中性。总体来看,宜兴地区10多年来表层土壤呈酸化趋势,如果没有相应的措施,继续下降的可能性很大。 相似文献
3.
碳酸盐岩的H2CO3溶蚀产生岩溶碳汇,占整个岩石风化碳汇的 94%。西南岩溶区硫酸型酸雨严重,硫酸型酸雨广泛参与碳酸盐岩的溶蚀。H2SO4参与的碳酸盐岩风化是一个大气CO2净释放过程,具有减汇作用巨大。另一方面,岩溶区石灰土壤和地下水具有较高的pH值及盐基饱和度,对H+有巨大的缓冲作用,大气酸沉降在碳酸盐岩地区可能并不会造成地下水的HCO3-和pH降低;相反,较高浓度的SO42-所产生的盐效应和SO2-4与各种阳离子形成的离子对会增大方解石、白云石溶解度,可增强H2CO3对碳酸盐的溶蚀,这可能会使岩溶作用产生更大的碳汇效应。因此,硫酸型酸雨参与碳酸盐岩风化的减汇效应不仅可能被高估,硫酸型酸雨还可能增强碳酸盐岩的H2CO3溶蚀,具有增加岩溶碳汇效应的作用。应结合石灰土壤对大气酸沉降的缓冲容量和阈值及大气酸沉降的H+与土壤中盐基离子的交换量,并综合考虑盐效应、离子对作用、同离子效应,客观评价硫酸型酸雨流经石灰土壤层后对碳酸盐岩溶蚀吸收大气/土壤CO2的影响 相似文献
4.
模拟酸雨对阳离子在土体内迁移的影响 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
利用室内模拟酸雨的土柱实验,研究了在红壤表土施用钾肥后酸雨对不同土层交换性阳离子迁移的影响.结果表明,在不同土体深度,表土直接受酸沉降的淋溶,也是最容易发生酸化的土层, pH 2.5酸雨淋溶后,表土 pH值下降到 3.5～ 4.2,这是铝的缓冲范围,且土壤交换性 H 和 Al3 含量的增加显示出土壤对酸沉降的缓冲效率和缓冲能力的急剧减弱; pH 4.5酸雨淋溶后, A和 B层土壤 pH值上升了 0.3～ 0.5,其机理与的专性吸附释放 OH-有关;表土施用钾肥后, K 交换土壤表面的 H 和 Al3 ,引起土壤交换性 H 和 Al3 向下迁移;不同 pH值的酸性降雨引起土壤中交换性阳离子向下迁移和淋失的程度也有明显的差异, pH 2.5酸雨淋溶后土壤溶液中钾的含量高于 pH 4.5酸雨淋溶的,但交换性钾含量低于后者; pH 2.5和 pH 4.5酸雨淋溶后交换性钙的淋失量分别占原土的 50%～ 70%和 20%～ 40%,这表明酸雨淋洗会导致养分库的损耗,造成土壤养分贫瘠. 相似文献
5.
石灰土盐基离子迁移对模拟酸雨的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示酸雨条件下石灰土盐基离子迁移特征及其缓冲性能,对石灰土进行了室内模拟酸雨淋溶试验,探讨酸雨酸度、土层厚度、土表覆被对石灰土酸化/石灰土抗酸性以及盐基离子迁移的影响。结果表明:（1）在pH=3.5、4.5、5.5的酸雨淋溶下,石灰土盐基离子迁移量差异不显著,对酸雨具有极强的缓冲能力。期间,Ca2+与Mg2+释放呈显著线性相关。（2）土壤厚度对石灰土抗酸性有极显著影响,土壤越厚,对酸雨的抗性越大,反之越小。（3）土厚比1∶2.5∶5的石灰土盐基离子淋失状况为K+淋失量1∶1.43∶2.06,Ca2+淋失量为1∶1.63∶3.13,Mg2+淋失量为1∶1.64∶3.15,表明土厚的增加能大大降低酸雨对盐基的淋溶。（4）石灰土土表覆盖不同,其盐基离子迁移淋溶量差异明显,但并不对土壤酸化效应产生显著影响。 相似文献
6.
江西鄱阳湖地区土壤酸化与人为源氮的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
江西鄱阳湖地区是我国土壤酸化严重的地区之一,对比研究区多目标区域地球化学调查与第二次土壤普查资料发现,研究区土壤酸化趋势严重,强酸性土壤占研究区面积比例由58.22%上升到78.44%;赣江、抚河水系入湖区和饶河流域表层土壤酸化明显。研究区因施肥、大气干湿沉降和灌溉输入到农田的氮素分别为123.84 kg.hm-.2a-1、74.13 kg.hm-.2a-1、11.02 kg.hm-.2a-1。研究区因人为氮带入农田的H+为18.67 kmol.hm-.2a-1。化肥氮是引起土壤酸化的主控因素,氮沉降也是影响土壤酸化的主要因素之一。土壤pH与氮含量呈较差负相关,说明土壤中的有机氮对土壤酸化作用有限,增施有机肥和复合肥,适当减少氮肥,特别是铵态氮肥的比例,可以补充盐基物质的相对不足,达到缓解土壤酸化的作用。土壤pH与钙含量呈极显著正相关,适量增施含钙物质可以有效地防止表层土壤酸度降低。 相似文献
7.
近期越来越多的研究显示硫酸、硝酸等外源酸会参与碳酸盐岩溶蚀, 但酸雨在碳酸盐岩溶蚀中的作用与碳循环的关系并不明确, 严重制约了我国岩溶碳汇效应的准确评估。本研究选择在酸雨强度大、频率高、岩溶发育典型的桂林丫吉岩溶泉野外科研实验场开展研究, 对不同地貌部位土壤和丰水期(4月)、平水期(9月)降雨后土壤水进行分层取样测试。结果显示: 土壤的pH范围为5.55~7.81, 平均值为6.76±0.61, 变异系数为9.11%, 土壤水的pH范围为6.69~7.89, 平均值为7.21±0.31, 变异系数为4.43%, 两者均接近中性和中性以上, 并呈现出随深度增加而不断增大的趋势性变化规律, 土壤pH主要受土壤有机质分解产酸的控制, 土壤水pH主要受石灰土富钙偏碱的地球化学背景影响, 酸雨对两者的影响较小。土壤阳离子交换量范围为302~ 423 mmol(+)/kg, 位于酸沉降不敏感区的土壤范围内, 土壤对酸雨来源的H+具有较好的缓冲能力。土壤水中碱性离子(Ca2++Mg2+)所占比例范围为23.66%~25.0%, 平均值为24.25%±0.33%, 变异系数为1.36%, 含量稳定; 酸性离子(SO2– 4+NO– 3)所占比例范围为2.47%~18.94%, 平均值为7.69%±5.09%, 变异系数为66.28%, 随着深度增加, 土壤水中酸性离子浓度逐渐降低; 土壤pH值呈碱性, 可以认为, 酸雨成分并没有穿透土壤层进入岩溶含水层, 没有产生减碳汇效应。前期的研究由于没有考虑石灰土壤层对酸雨的缓冲作用, 高估了酸雨的减汇效应。 相似文献
8.
安徽淮北平原农田土壤酸碱度特征及酸化趋势研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过在安徽淮北平原系统采集农田耕层土壤和深层土壤样品,分析土壤pH值及相关指标,研究该区不同成土母质、土壤类型的土壤酸碱度及空间分布特征。将研究区耕层土壤的pH值分别与深层土壤的pH值、20世纪80年代安徽省第二次土壤普查耕层土壤的pH值进行对比,从空间和时间上分析土壤酸碱度特征及酸化趋势。结果表明:研究区耕层土壤酸化趋势明显,酸性土壤占全区土壤总面积的63.38%; 晚更新世黄土性古河湖相沉积物耕层土壤酸化明显,土壤以酸性为主; 全新世近代黄泛冲积物耕层土壤酸化不明显,土壤以碱性为主。相对于深层土壤,66.51%的耕层土壤呈酸化; 相对于20世纪80年代耕层土壤,62.55%的耕层土壤呈酸化。土壤酸化程度主要与地质背景及长期大量使用化肥有关。 相似文献
9.
10.
土壤中重金属元素Pb、Cd地球化学行为影响因素研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
通过研究湖南洞庭湖地区水稻土中Pb、Cd与土壤有机质、粘粒和pH值的关系,结果表明,(1)土壤中有机质含量与Cd、Pb有着显著的正相关性,土壤中有机质含量增加可明显降低Cd和Pb的离子态和可交换态含量。(2)随着粘粒含量增加,Pb和Cd离子可交换态占全量的比值略有增加,这说明粘粒表面吸附的Pb和Cd容易进入植物体中,对生态系统安全具有危害的组分。(3)Cd离子交换态与土壤pH值呈显著相关关系,土壤酸化使Cd的离子交换态比例上升,可直接导致农作物中Cd含量增加,防止土壤酸化是控制Cd对生态系统危害的有效途径;Pb的离子交换态与全量的比值与pH值具有显著的相关性,对于Pb污染严重的土壤,保持土壤pH值在弱酸性至弱碱性范围,防止土壤酸化和盐碱化,可以降低Pb危害。土壤有机质含量、pH值等是控制重金属元素地球化学行为的重要因素之一。 相似文献
11.
为了解粤北岩溶区土壤酸化的空间分异特征,选择华南酸雨区的岩溶槽谷地貌和峰丛洼地地貌土壤为研究对象,对土壤pH数据进行空间插值预测,采用参数最优地理探测器分析岩溶槽谷地貌与峰丛洼地地貌中土壤酸化的空间特征及关键驱动力。结果表明:（1）区内土壤pH范围为4.62~8.19,主要以弱酸性（5.5≤pH <6.5）和酸性（4.5≤pH<5.5）为主。在不同地貌类型中,pH<6.5的土壤样品占比顺序为:岩溶槽谷（61.0%）< 峰丛洼地（69.2%）<非岩溶区（75.0%）;（2）岩溶区小生境复杂多样,在酸雨影响下,成土母质可能是研究区内控制土壤pH的关键因子,而土壤pH空间分异格局可能是多因子共同作用的结果;（3）坡度对土壤pH空间分异的影响仅次于成土母质,表现为土壤pH随坡度的增加而升高,且其与成土母质的交互作用对研究区内土壤pH空间分异的解释力最大。区内土壤酸化防治建议:（1）根据成土母质和坡度因子进行分区分类,并在岩溶槽谷和非岩溶区内设定土壤酸化重点监测区,进行精准防治;（2）除了对酸雨的防控外,还应该重视诸如氮肥使用、工业和矿业活动等外源性因素对土壤的影响。 相似文献
12.
土壤重金属元素地球化学行为是目前国内外研究的热点。研究显示重金属元素地球化学行为与土壤理化性质有密切关系。本文选择河北平原农田为研究区,采集了325个根系土样品,测定了Pb、Hg有效态含量,并探讨了影响其地球化学行为的主要因素。研究表明:(1)Pb、Hg水溶态和离子交换态与土壤p H值呈显著负相关关系,土壤酸化使Pb、Hg有效性增加,直接导致农作物中Pb、Hg含量增加,保持土壤p H值在弱酸性至弱碱性范围,防止土壤酸化,可以降低重金属危害。(2)土壤中有机质含量与Pb、Hg全量呈显著的正相关性,但与水溶态和离子交换态呈负相关。所以土壤中有机质的增加可以降低Pb、Hg元素水溶态和离子交换态含量。(3)随着土壤黏粒的增加,Pb、Hg水溶态和离子交换态含量降低,说明黏粒可以吸附一定量的重金属离子,与重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为存在一定关系。土壤p H值、有机质、黏粒是控制重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为的重要因素。 相似文献
13.
One soil-layer and two soil-layer model structures within the model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC) were calibrated to 3 sites from the United Kingdom (UK) Acid Waters Monitoring Network. Catchment soil properties were segregated into two layers based on their hydrologic characteristics as defined by the hydrology of soil types (HOST) classification. Both model structures produced similar results for surface waters and soils. In general, simulated historic pH and acid neutralising capacity were slightly lower for the two-box structure. Similarly, weighted base saturation for both structures were comparable. Although both structures are highly consistent, the two-box simulations reflect the vertical differentiation in acid sensitivity, with the upper layers showing greater response to changes in acid deposition. The HOST classification appears to be a robust methodology to segregate soils and estimate flow-routing, providing a consistent methodology for application of the two-box protocol across the UK. The approach provides improved resolution for soils by representing their natural horizonation (acid-sensitive upper layers and higher-weathering lower layers), and a more appropriate tool for the integrated assessment of land use and climate impacts on catchments. 相似文献
14.
Acid rain has long been a great concern because of environmental and ecological problems; however, the effect of acid rain on soil acidification, loss of rare earth elements (REEs) via the leaching process, and transformation are rarely reported in rare earth mining areas. Through a simulated acid rain leaching experience, the effect of acid rain was studied on soil acidification and REEs leaching loss. The results showed that the tested soil had certain buffering capacity against nearly neutral rainwater. However, simulated acid rain of low and very low pH (pH ≤ 3.5) had a greater impact on soil acidification. After eluviating by simulated acid rain of pH 3.5 for 36 h, the pH of tailings, garden soil, paddy soil, and alluvial soil decreased by 20.41, 32.03, 13.60, 16.88, and 15.83 %, respectively, from the original values. For simulated acid rain of pH 2.5, it was 31.89, 44.76, 31.26, 29.87, and 29.15 %, respectively. After simulated acid rain eluviations of low and very low pH (pH ≤ 3.5), the order of the leaching rate of REEs in the tested soil was as follows: garden soil > tailings > paddy soil > alluvial soil. For nearly neutral rainwater (pH 4.5 simulated acid rain and pH 5.6 deionized water), the order was tailings > garden soil > paddy soil > alluvial soil. For simulated acid rain of the same pH, the leaching amounts of REEs in tailings and garden soil were higher than those in paddy soil and alluvial soil. After leaching by low and very low pH-simulated acid rain (pH ≤ 3.5), the peak value of the leaching amount of REEs in all tested soil appeared at 2 h, and then gradually reduced and reached a stable leaching state 20 h after leaching. On leaching by simulated acid rain of pH 2.5, the maximum REEs contents of leachate in tailings, garden soil, paddy soil, and alluvial soil were 156.35, 145.82, 99.88, and 85.97 mg/L, respectively. For pH 3.5 of simulated acid rain, it was 130.49, 110.49, 80.57, and 62.73 mg/L, respectively. On leaching by simulated acid rain of pH 4.5, the maximum contents of REEs in the leachate were 53.46 and 29.82 mg/L, respectively, which were observed after leaching for 6 h in tailings and garden soil that became stable 12 h after leaching. The contents of leached REEs in paddy soil and alluvial soil were always in a lower and stable state. After eluviations with deionized water of pH 5.6, the contents of leached REEs in other soils were lower, except for the slight fluctuations in tailings. The maximum content in the leachate of REEs was in the water-soluble and exchangeable fraction. When bound to carbonate fractions, REEs were not detected in the leachate. REEs bound to iron-manganese (Fe–Mn) oxides fraction and to organic matter fraction in the leachate possibly came from the tested soil or from the REEs transformation during the migration process. The content of residual fraction REEs in the leachate was very low. 相似文献
15.
《Applied Geochemistry》1997,12(2):225-228
In this paper the main results of an experimental acidification of 5 Galician soils are presented. The acid input caused decrease in pH and mobilization of Al and some heavy metals. Owing to the great differences in the soils studied, the type of metal released and its concentrations in solution varied greatly. pH and metal content of the soils were the factors most influencing metal mobilization. The acid input greatly enhanced the mobilization of Al in the most acidic soils, particularly those developed from mica schist or shale. Large increases in Mn were observed in the soils developed from serpentinite and mica schist. The greatest Zn increase took place in soils derived from granulite and shale. Nickel increased only in the soil developed on serpentinite. Mobilization of Cu and Pb did not occur in any soil. 相似文献
16.
Impact of nitrogenous fertiliser-induced proton release on cultivated soils with contrasting carbonate contents: A column experiment 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Laure Gandois 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(5):1185-2690
An experimental study was carried out in order to evaluate the impact of nitrogen fertiliser-induced acidification in carbonated soils. Undisturbed soil columns containing different carbonate content were sampled in the field. Fertiliser spreading was simulated by NH4Cl addition on top of the soil column. Soil solution composition (mainly nitrate and base cations) was studied at the soil column’s base. Nitrification occurred to a different extent depending on soil type. Higher nitrification rates were observed in calcareous soils. In all the soil types, strong correlations between leached base cation and nitrate concentrations were observed. Regression coefficients between base cations, nitrate and chloride were used to determine the dominant processes occurring following NH4Cl spreading. In non-carbonated soils, nitrogen nitrification induced base cation leaching and soil acidification. In carbonated soils, no change of soil pH was observed. However, fertilisers induced a huge cation leaching. Carbonate mineral weathering led to the release of base cations, which replenished the soil exchangeable complex. Carbonated mineral weathering buffered acidification. Since direct weathering might have occurred without atmospheric CO2 consumption, the use of nitrogen fertiliser on carbonated soil induces a change in the cation and carbon budgets. When the results of these experiments are extrapolated on a global scale to the surface of fertilised areas lying on carbonate, carbonated reactions with N fertilisers would imply an additional flux of 5.7 × 1012 mol yr−1 of Ca + Mg. The modifications of weathering reactions in cultivated catchments and the ability of nitrogen fertilisers to significantly modify the CO2 budget should be included in carbon global cycle assessment. 相似文献
17.
苏南地区是我国重要的粮食产区之一,其耕地土壤的酸碱度特征直接影响着土地品质和粮食质量。本文通过调查
2010年以来苏南农耕土壤pH空间分布特征,发现苏南土壤pH呈现西酸东碱格局,这与自然条件和人为改造行为密切相
关。近30年来苏南土壤pH时空变化在2003年前后呈现两种模式：总体上,1980年至2003年期间,土壤发生酸化和碱化的
地区与1980年至2010年来的总变化特征基本一致,而2003年至2010年近10年来部分地区土壤酸碱变化趋势出现逆转,以
镇江句容地区的先碱化后酸化和苏州无锡地区的先酸化后碱化最为典型。本文分析认为,地区间土地利用格局和利用方式
的时空差异所导致的缓冲物质的增减更替,是造成苏南土壤pH时空变化区域差异的主要驱动力 相似文献
18.
阿特拉津是一种典型的环境激素, 铁氧化物是土壤矿物质的主要成分之一, 研究铁氧化物对阿特拉津的吸附行为有助于深入了解环境激素在环境中的行为.在研究阿特拉津的污染土壤与铁氧化物的混合物对阿特拉津吸附与解吸作用机理的基础上, 通过采用不同配比的土壤与铁氧化物的混合物对农药阿特拉津进行解吸行为过程的模拟, 并改变解吸时间、温度、pH值等因素, 研究影响解吸行为的主要因素.结果表明: 温度、pH值、铁氧化物与土壤的不同配比等因素均会对阿特拉津的解吸作用产生不同程度的影响.混合物对阿特拉津的解吸一般在4h左右便可达到动态平衡, 酸性或碱性环境以及适当的温度条件均会在一定程度上增强解吸作用, 且发现混合物比原土壤的解吸效果更明显. 相似文献