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《天文研究与技术》2020,(3)
双折射滤光器是太阳观测中的重要设备,其中的双折射晶体的折射率对温度变化非常敏感,光学设计要求滤光器温度控制系统的稳定精度达到0.01℃以内,才能保证滤光器精确稳定地工作。太阳望远镜中双折射滤光器构型复杂,使用环境恶劣,其高精度温控一直是国际公认的核心技术。针对全日面太阳望远镜滤光器的温控问题,设计了基于积分分离PI加前馈的复合温控系统,实现了对滤光器的高精度恒温控制。系统使用24位AD实现高精度温度采集,采用数字滤波算法提高测温精确度;积分分离PI结合环境温度作为参数的前馈控制的复合控制方法,输出脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation, PWM)控制策略,实现对滤光器高精度温控。相比原有的滤光器温控系统,本系统在保持原有温控精度的前提下,大大简化了系统设计。结果表明,当设定温度为42.216℃时,在实验室中,温控精度达到±0.001℃。该温控系统已经在怀柔观测基地投入使用,最大温度波动0.007 5℃,控制效果准确稳定,获得大量高质量科学数据。 相似文献
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氢原子钟辅助电子学系统已稳定工作多年,但是与目前的先进技术相比,原来的设计理念已显陈旧,同时暴露出外围电路庞杂、故障点比较多、问题查找困难等诸多问题;运用ARM+FPGA模式对电路进行了改进,其中运用12 bit高精度模数转换芯片实现参数采样,数字化设计改进氢原子钟智能温度控制系统,采用直接数字式频率合成器(Direct Digital Synthesizer,DDS)技术设计产生综合器频率信号,简化设计实现氢原子钟的通信功能;从测试结果来看,提高了参数的采样精度,数字化的智能温控模式实现了温度的自动化智能调整,直接式频率合成器技术简化了设计电路,基于i Coupler磁隔离技术的隔离型RS-232接口收发器设计提高了接口的稳定性;从整体设计来看,大大简化了设计电路,提高了系统性能及可靠性。 相似文献
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高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,平均海拔4 410 m。激光标定系统是LHAASO的广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列(Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov Telescope Array, WFCTA)的组成部分之一,用于标定广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列接收的光子数的绝对增益。激光标定系统中的激光能量测量系统由能量探头(Energy sensor)、能量计(Energy meter)和温控系统3部分组成,主要用于精确测量发射向广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列视场内的脉冲激光束的能量。主要对能量探头进行了相对标定和性能研究,并设计开发了保温系统来保证能量探头在环境恶劣的高海拔地区正常工作。通过能量探头之间的相对标定,可以提高激光能量测量的准确性。能量探头的性能测试结果表明,在以能量探头中心为圆心、直径为8 mm的圆形区域内,其不均匀度小于1.5%。激光束的入射角对能量探头测量激光脉冲能量几乎没有影响,但是垂直入射时能量探头反射的激光会损坏激光器,因此需要避免激光束垂直入射能量探头。... 相似文献
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为了满足1.2 m望远镜天文成像系统对科学目标的观测,设计了一个基于STM32控制的可调恒温滤光片转轮盒。转轮盒内有3个转轮,在各自电机驱动下可配合转动,实现最多15个滤光片的自动切换。为确保滤光片的稳定工作波长,转轮盒内置基于PID温控算法的保温系统,以保持转轮盒内部在设定的温度。上位机可通过串口与电控盒进行指令通信,并由电控盒直接驱动转轮电机及加热保温。整个系统结构紧凑,电控安全性好,单片机程序功能完备。最后测试证明该转轮盒在低温-25℃时能正常工作,在恒温模式下能使温度保持在目标温度±1℃以内,长时间工作时性能稳定,切换一次滤光片的用时在10 s以内。 相似文献
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“星系对”研究的飞速进展,得益于光谱红移巡天和多波段图像观测。选择的星系对数目不断增多,数据准确度和完备性不断提高,促进了与星系对相关的课题研究。首先介绍了星系对的选择情况,包括目前已选择的星系对数目和选择判据在实际应用过程中的改进和发展情况;讨论了数据的完备性对星系对选择和研究的影响,不同波段星系对选择的优缺点;其次概述了目前在星系对方面的研究课题;最后是对星系对研究的展望。 相似文献
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C. Varotsos 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1988,40(3):315-317
We have used temperature data obtained from radiosondes and rocketsondes for the time interval 1965–1981 to estimate the interconnection of mean-annual temperature fluctuations at the various layers from the surface to the lower mesosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. Profiles of coefficients of correlation of the mean-annual temperature at each layer with mean-annual temperature at higher layers are shown for locations in the low, middle, and high latitudes. It is suggested that the mean-annual temperature variations at high latitudes of the troposphere are related with mean-annual temperature variations of the high latitudes of the lower stratosphere. Also, the mean-annual temperature variations at the high latitudes of the lower stratosphere are connected with mean-annual temperature variations at the high latitudes of the upper stratosphere. Furthermore, the mean-annual temperature variations of the upper stratosphere have an impressive correlation with mean-annual temperature variations of the lower mesosphere for whole northern hemisphere. 相似文献
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Scott T. Kay Leila C. Powell rew R. Liddle Peter A. Thomas 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,386(4):2110-2114
The relativistic Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect offers a method, independent of X-ray, for measuring the temperature of the intracluster medium (ICM) in the hottest systems. Here, using N -body/hydrodynamic simulations of three galaxy clusters, we compare the two quantities for a non-radiative ICM, and for one that is subject both to radiative cooling and to strong energy feedback from galaxies. Our study has yielded two interesting results. First, in all cases, the SZ temperature is hotter than the X-ray temperature and is within 10 per cent of the virial temperature of the cluster. Secondly, the mean SZ temperature is less affected by cooling and feedback than the X-ray temperature. Both these results can be explained by the SZ temperature being less sensitive to the distribution of cool gas associated with cluster substructure. A comparison of the SZ and X-ray temperatures (measured for a sample of hot clusters) would therefore yield interesting constraints on the thermodynamic structure of the intracluster gas. 相似文献
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We performed 2D numerical simulations of oscillatory tidal flexing to study the interrelationship between tidal dissipation (calculated using the Maxwell model) and a heterogeneous temperature structure in Europa’s ice shell. Our 2D simulations show that, if the temperature is spatially uniform, the tidal dissipation rate peaks when the Maxwell time is close to the tidal period, consistent with previous studies. The tidal dissipation rate in a convective plume encased in a different background temperature depends on both the plume and background temperature. At a fixed background temperature, the dissipation increases strongly with plume temperature at low temperatures, peaks, and then decreases with temperature near the melting point when a melting-temperature viscosity of 1013 Pa s is used; however, the peak occurs at significantly higher temperature in this heterogeneous case than in a homogeneous medium for equivalent rheology. For constant plume temperature, the dissipation rate in a plume decreases as the surrounding temperature increases; plumes that are warmer than their surroundings can exhibit enhanced heating not only relative to their surroundings but relative to the Maxwell-model prediction for a homogeneous medium at the plume temperature. These results have important implications for thermal feedbacks in Europa’s ice shell.To self-consistently determine how convection interacts with tidal heating that is correctly calculated from the time-evolving heterogeneous temperature field, we coupled viscoelastic simulations of oscillatory tidal flexing (using Tekton) to long-term simulations of the convective evolution (using ConMan). Our simulations show that the tidal dissipation rate resulting from heterogeneous temperature can have a strong impact on thermal convection in Europa’s ice shell. Temperatures within upwelling plumes are greatly enhanced and can reach the melting temperature under plausible tidal-flexing amplitude for Europa. A pre-existing fracture zone (at least 6 km deep) promotes the concentration of tidal dissipation (up to ∼20 times more than that in the surroundings), leading to lithospheric thinning. This supports the idea that spatially variable tidal dissipation could lead locally to high temperatures, partial melting, and play an important role in the formation of ridges, chaos, or other features. 相似文献
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Luca Ciotti Silvia Pellegrini 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(2):902-914
Estimating the temperature and metal abundance of the intracluster and the intragroup media is crucial to determine their global metal content and to determine fundamental cosmological parameters. When a spatially resolved temperature or abundance profile cannot be recovered from observations (e.g. for distant objects), or deprojection is difficult (e.g. due to a significant non-spherical shape), only global average temperature and abundance are derived. After introducing a general technique to build hydrostatic gaseous distributions of prescribed density profile in potential wells of any shape, we compute the global mass-weighted and emission-weighted temperature and abundance for a large set of barotropic equilibria and an observationally motivated abundance gradient. We also compute the spectroscopic-like temperature that is recovered from a single temperature fit of observed spectra. The derived emission-weighted abundance and temperatures are higher by 50 to 100 per cent than the corresponding mass-weighted quantities, with overestimates that increase with the gas mean temperature. Spectroscopic temperatures are intermediate between mass and luminosity-weighted temperatures. Dark matter flattening does not lead to significant differences in the values of the average temperatures or abundances with respect to the corresponding spherical case (except for extreme cases). 相似文献
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R.E. Hartle 《Planetary and Space Science》1973,21(12):2123-2137
Using an exosphere model which includes the effects of rotation and temperature and density variations at the exobase, we determine kinetic temperature and density distributions for planetary exospheres in general and terrestrial O, He and H in particular, the latter being based on empirical models for density and temperature variations at exobase altitudes. We examine the effects of energy flow and confirm Fahr's suggestion that the lateral energy flow at the exobase should be important for the temperature distributions above the base. Considering uniform density and sinusoidal temperature variations at the base, we find that temperatures decrease with altitude above the diurnal temperature maximum Tmax at the base. On the other hand, above the diurnal temperature minimum Tmin at the base, the temperatures increase from the base to peak values (except for low values of mMG/kT0) and then decrease above the peaks, tending to approach the values above Tmax. The corresponding densities near the base, above Tmin, decrease with altitude more rapidly than above Tmax but exhibit considerable increases in their scale heights in the vicinity of their temperature peaks, at which points the densities begin to approach those above Tmax. In the converse case, with uniform base temperature and sinusoidal base density variations, the exospheric density and temperature distributions above the diurnal density maximum Nmax and minimum Nmin at the base result in similar characteristics to those above Tmax and Tmin, respectively. Applying the model to terrestrial O, He and H, we find that multiple exospheric temperatures should occur wherein temperatures above Tmax decrease less rapidly with altitude for increasing species mass. On the other hand, O and He temperatures increase with altitude above Tmin to peak values near 5000 km and then decrease above the peaks while H temperatures decrease with altitude throughout. We also examine the effects of the terrestrial exospheric H temperature distribution on optical depths for Lyman alpha absorption and find that such temperature variation may be important for radiative transfer calculations when the depths are greater than unity and satellite orbits are unimportant. 相似文献
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Geothermal observations from a suite of boreholes in western Utah, USA, combined with meteorologic data at nearby weather stations are used to test the hypothesis that temperatures in the earths subsurface contain an accurate record of recent climate change. The change in air temperature over the last hundred years successfully predicts detailed subsurface temperature profiles to better than ±0.05°C, indicating that ground temperatures tract air temperatures over long periods and that climate change signals are conducted into, and recorded in, the solid earth by the process of heat conduction. We combine borehole temperature data with meteorologic data from the nearest weather station to determine the time averaged difference between surface ground temperature and surface air temperature for borehole-weather station pairs and to infer the long term mean air temperature prior to the observational record. For our western Utah sites the preobservational mean temperature is close to the average surface air temperature for this century suggesting that up to 0.5°C of warming deduced from the last 100 years of weather station data may be attributed to recovery from a cool period at the turn of the century. 相似文献
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The presence of convective and turbulent motions, and the evolution of magnetic fields give rise to existence of temperature fluctuations in stellar atmospheres, active galactic nuclei and other cosmic objects. We observe the time and surface averaged radiation fluxes from these objects. These fluxes depend on both the mean temperature and averaged temperature fluctuations. The usual photosphere models do not take into account the temperature fluctuations and use only the distribution of the mean temperature into surface layers of stars. We investigate how the temperature fluctuations change the spectra in continuum assuming that the degree of fluctuations (the ratio of mean temperature fluctuation to the mean temperature) is small. We suggest the procedure of calculation of continuum spectra, which takes into account the temperature fluctuations. As a first step one uses the usual model of a photosphere without fluctuations. The observed spectrum is presented as a part depending on mean temperature and the additional part proportional to quadratic value of fluctuation degree. It is shown that for some forms of absorption factor the additional part in Wien’s region of spectrum can be evaluated directly from observed spectrum. This part depends on the first and second wavelength derivatives, which can be calculated numerically from the observed spectrum. Our estimates show that the temperature dependence of absorption factors is very important by calculation of continuum spectra corrections. As the examples we present the estimates for a few stars from Pulkovo spectrophotometric catalog and for the Sun. The influence of temperature fluctuations on color indices of observed cosmic objects is also investigated. 相似文献
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《Planetary and Space Science》1987,35(2):241-244
The thermospheric response to the energy input into the polar regions can be studied by monitoring the thermospheric temperature at mid-latitudes using optical techniques. During the course of thermospheric temperature measurements at Albany, New York it was noticed that an increase in the auroral oval radius is followed by an increase in the thennospheric temperature.In order to obtain a possible relationship between the mid-latitude thennospheric temperature and the location of the auroral oval (that is in turn related to the energy input into the polar region), a cross-correlation analysis of temperature measurements and the oval radius was done for time lags from 0 to 75 min, at 15 min intervals. The results show that the correlation coefficient ranged between 0.38 and 0.79 for different time lags, with the best coefficient at a time lag of about 45 min, and that for every 1° change in the radius of the oval, the temperature varies by about 137°. 相似文献
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Marek Wolf Petr Harmanec Josip Kleczek Pavel Mayer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1987,134(1):205-208
Geographical, seasonal, and day-to-day variations in the vertical distributions of atmospheric density and temperature must be considered in the design and operation of reentry vehicles. This work is part of a continuing effort to compile, analyze, and present information on the distribution of the atmospheric temperature in a form suitable for use in the design and operation of aerospace vehicles. We have used temperature data obtained from rockets which are mostly based on the datasonde system throughout the decade 1969–1978. Profiles and the individual arrays of coefficients of correlation of the temperature at 20 km with temperature at higher altitudes up to 60 km are shown for each season for locations in the low, middle, and high latitudes. 相似文献