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1.
The thermal structure of Archean and Proterozoic lithospheric terranes in southern Africa during the Mesozoic was evaluated by thermobarometry of mantle peridotite xenoliths erupted in alkaline magmas between 180 and 60 Ma. For cratonic xenoliths, the presence of a 150–200 °C isobaric temperature range at 5–6 GPa confirms original interpretations of a conductive geotherm, which is perturbed at depth, and therefore does not record steady state lithospheric mantle structure.
Xenoliths from both Archean and Proterozoic terranes record conductive limb temperatures characteristic of a “cratonic” geotherm (40 mW m−2), indicating cooling of Proterozoic mantle following the last major tectonothermal event in the region at 1 Ga and the probability of thick off-craton lithosphere capable of hosting diamond. This inference is supported by U–Pb thermochronology of lower crustal xenoliths [Schmitz and Bowring, 2003. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 144, 592–618].
The entire region then suffered a protracted regional heating event in the Mesozoic, affecting both mantle and lower crust. In the mantle, the event is recorded at 150 Ma to the southeast of the craton, propagating to the west by 108–74 Ma, the craton interior by 85–90 Ma and the far southwest and northwest by 65–70 Ma. The heating penetrated to shallower levels in the off-craton areas than on the craton, and is more apparent on the southern margin of the craton than in its western interior. The focus and spatial progression mimic inferred patterns of plume activity and supercontinent breakup 30–100 Ma earlier and are probably connected.
Contrasting thermal profiles from Archean and Proterozoic mantle result from penetration to shallower levels of the Proterozoic lithosphere by heat transporting magmas. Extent of penetration is related not to original lithospheric thickness, but to its more fertile character and the presence of structurally weak zones of old tectonism. The present day distribution of surface heat flow in southern Africa is related to this dynamic event and is not a direct reflection of the pre-existing lithospheric architecture. 相似文献
2.
The Siberian lithosphere traverse: mantle terranes and the assembly of the Siberian Craton 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
W. L. Griffin C. G. Ryan F. V. Kaminsky Suzanne Y. O''Reilly L. M. Natapov T. T. Win P. D. Kinny I. P. Ilupin 《Tectonophysics》1999,310(1-4):1-35
The kimberlite fields scattered across the NE part of the Siberian Craton have been used to map the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), as it existed during Devonian to Late Jurassic time, along a 1000-km traverse NE–SW across the Archean Magan and Anabar provinces and into the Proterozoic Olenek Province. 4100 garnets and 260 chromites from 65 kimberlites have been analysed by electron probe (major elements) and proton microprobe (trace elements). These data, and radiometric ages on the kimberlites, have been used to estimate the position of the local (paleo)geotherm and the thickness of the lithosphere, and to map the detailed distribution of specific rock types and mantle processes in space and time. A low geotherm, corresponding approximately to the 35 mW/m2 conductive model of Pollack and Chapman [Tectonophysics 38, 279–296, 1977], characterised the Devonian lithosphere beneath the Magan and Anabar crustal provinces. The Devonian geotherm beneath the northern part of the area was higher, rising to near a 40 mW/m2 conductive model. Areas intruded by Mesozoic kimberlites are generally characterised by this higher, but still ‘cratonic' geotherm. Lithosphere thickness at the time of kimberlite intrusion varied from ca. 190 to ca. 240 km beneath the Archean Magan and Anabar provinces, but was less (150–180 km) beneath the Proterozoic Olenek Province already in Devonian time. Thinner Devonian lithosphere (140 km) in parts of this area may be related to Riphean rifting. Near the northern end of the traverse, differences in geotherm, lithosphere thickness and composition between the Devonian Toluopka area and the nearby Mesozoic kimberlite fields suggest thinning of the lithosphere by ca. 50–60 km, related to Devonian rifting and Triassic magmatism. A major conclusion of this study is that the crustal terrane boundaries defined by geological mapping and geophysical data (extended from outcrops in the Anabar Shield) represent major lithospheric sutures, which continue through the upper mantle and juxtapose lithospheric domains that differ significantly in composition and rock-type distribution between 100 and 250 km depth. The presence of significant proportions of harzburgitic and depleted lherzolitic garnets beneath the Magan and Anabar provinces is concordant with their Archean surface geology. The lack of harzburgitic garnets, and the chemistry of the lherzolitic garnets, beneath most of the other fields are consistent with the Proterozoic surface rocks. Mantle sections for different terranes within the Archean portion of the craton show pronounced differences in bulk composition, rock-type distribution, metasomatic overprint and lithospheric thickness. These observations suggest that individual crustal terranes, of both Archean and Proterozoic age, had developed their own lithospheric roots, and that these differences were preserved during the Proterozoic assembly of the craton. Data from kimberlite fields near the main Archean–Proterozoic suture (the Billyakh Shear Zone) suggest that reworking and mixing of Archean and Proterozoic mantle was limited to a zone less than 100 km wide. 相似文献
3.
Andrew A. Nyblade 《Lithos》1999,48(1-4):81-91
Studies of heat flow from Precambrian terrains have demonstrated three empirical relationships; a temporal relationship between heat flow and tectonic age, a spatial pattern between heat flow and the proximity of Archean cratons, and a temporal relationship between heat flow and the age of lithosphere stabilization. In the first relationship, heat flow is inversely related to tectonic age. The second pattern is characterized by low heat flow from Archean cratons and Proterozoic terrains adjacent to cratonic margins (pericratonic terrains), and higher heat flow from Proterozoic terrains that are more than a few hundred kilometers from a craton. In the third pattern, heat flow decreases as the age of stabilization of the lithosphere increases. A number of interpretations of Precambrian heat flow have been offered to explain one or more of these relationships. The simple cooling of a thermal boundary layer predicts essentially no change in heat flow in terrains older than 1.5 Ga, and therefore does not likely provide a comprehensive framework for the interpretation of Precambrian heat flow. By contrast, two other interpretations, (1) thicker lithosphere beneath Archean terrains than beneath Proterozoic terrains, and (2) greater heat production in Proterozoic crust than in Archean crust, when combined with the special structural configuration of sutures, can both contribute to the spatial and temporal heat flow distributions. Xenolith thermobarometry constraints on lithospheric temperatures, however, limit the contribution of age-dependent crustal heat production, and therefore at least part of the heat flow distributions derive from variations in lithosphere thickness. 相似文献
4.
U-Pb isotopic thermochronometry of rutile, apatite and titanite from kimberlite-borne lower crustal granulite xenoliths has been used to constrain the thermal evolution of Archean cratonic and Proterozoic off-craton continental lithosphere beneath southern Africa. The relatively low closure temperature of the U-Pb rutile thermochronometer (~400-450 °C) allows its use as a particularly sensitive recorder of the establishment of "cratonic" lithospheric geotherms, as well as subsequent thermal perturbations to the lithosphere. Contrasting lower crustal thermal histories are revealed between intracratonic and craton margin regions. Discordant Proterozoic (1.8 to 1.0 Ga) rutile ages in Archean (2.9 to 2.7 Ga) granulites from within the craton are indicative of isotopic resetting by marginal orogenic thermal perturbations influencing the deep crust of the cratonic nucleus. In Proterozoic (1.1 to 1.0 Ga) granulite xenoliths from the craton-bounding orogenic belts, rutiles define discordia arrays with Neoproterozoic (0.8 to 0.6 Ga) upper intercepts and lower intercepts equivalent to Mesozoic exhumation upon kimberlite entrainment. In combination with coexisting titanite and apatite dates, these results are interpreted as a record of postorogenic cooling at an integrated rate of approximately 1 °C/Ma, and subsequent variable Pb loss in the apatite and rutile systems during a Mesozoic thermal perturbation to the deep lithosphere. Closure of the rutile thermochronometer signals temperatures of °C in the lower crust during attainment of cratonic lithospheric conductive geotherms, and such closure in the examined portions of the "off-craton" Proterozoic domains of southern Africa indicates that their lithospheric thermal profiles were essentially cratonic from the Neoproterozoic through to the Late Jurassic. These results suggest similar lithospheric thickness and potential for diamond stability beneath both Proterozoic and Archean domains of southern Africa. Subsequent partial resetting of U-Pb rutile and apatite systematics in the cratonic margin lower crust records a transient Mesozoic thermal modification of the lithosphere, and modeling of the diffusive Pb loss from lower crustal rutile constrains the temperature and duration of Mesozoic heating to °C for ka. This result indicates that the thermal perturbation is not simply a kimberlite-related magmatic phenomenon, but is rather a more protracted manifestation of lithospheric heating, likely related to mantle upwelling and rifting of Gondwana during the Late Jurassic to Cretaceous. The manifestation of this thermal pulse in the lower crust is spatially and temporally correlated with anomalously elevated and/or kinked Cretaceous mantle paleogeotherms, and evidence for metasomatic modification in cratonic mantle peridotite suites. It is argued that most of the geographic differences in lithospheric thermal structure inferred from mantle xenolith thermobarometry are likewise due to the heterogeneous propagation of this broad upper mantle thermal anomaly. The differential manifestation of heating between cratonic margin and cratonic interior indicates the importance of advective heat transport along pre-existing lithosphere-scale discontinuities. Within this model, kimberlite magmatism was a similarly complex, space- and time-dependent response to Late Mesozoic lithospheric thermal perturbation. 相似文献
5.
New values of surface heat flow are reported for 13 deep borehole locations in the Northeast German Basin (NEGB) ranging from 68 to 91 mW m− 2 with a mean of 77 ± 3 mW m− 2. The values are derived from continuous temperature logs, measured thermal conductivity, and log-derived radiogenic heat production. The heat-flow values are supposed free of effects from surface palaeoclimatic temperature variations, from regional as well as local fluid flow and from thermal refraction in the vicinity of salt structures and thus represent unperturbed crustal heat flow. Two-D numerical lithospheric thermal models are developed for a 500 km section along the DEKORP-BASIN 9601 deep seismic line across the basin with a north-eastward extension across the Tornquist Zone. A detailed conceptual model of crustal structure and composition, thermal conductivity, and heat production distribution is developed. Different boundary conditions for the thickness of thermal lithosphere were used to fit surface heat flow. The best fit is achieved with a thickness of thermal lithosphere of about 75 km beneath the NEGB. This estimate is corroborated by seismological studies and somewhat less than typical for stabilized Phanerozoic lithosphere. Modelled Moho temperatures in the basin are about 800 °C; heat flow from the mantle is about 35 to 40 mW m− 2. In the southernmost part of the section, beneath the Harz Mountains, higher Moho temperatures up to 900 to 1000 °C are shown. While the relatively high level of surface heat flow in the NEGB obviously is of longer wave length and related to lithosphere thickness, changes in crustal structure and composition are responsible for short-wave-length anomalies. 相似文献
6.
The thermal and mechanical structures of the southern part of the Precambrian Indian Shield have been estimated using available heat flow data and shear stress profiles from olivine rheology. These and other geological, geochronological and geophysical data including deep seismic studies (DSS) profiles of Proterozoic Cuddapah basin on South Indian Shield, are utilized to examine thermal models for the evolution of Precambrian intracratonic, platform basins on the Archean lithosphere of Indian Shield. Evidence of mantle perturbations and cycles of thermal events are documented to be important in the Cuddapah basin's evolution. Haxby et al.'s (1976) thermal model has been shown to explain the Cuddapah basin's flexuring and magnitude of subsidence. 相似文献
7.
Based on temperature measurements in three boreholes (one specially drilled for the purpose) and thermal conductivity determinations, heat flow density values were determined for three sites in the Archaean Hyderabad granitic batholith. A mean heat flow density value of 40± 1 (s.d.) mW m−2 has been obtained. The heat generation in its rocks (5.57 μW m−3) is significantly higher than in average crustal rocks. It has been proposed that the Hyderabad batholith has a layered structure with a thin ( ≈ 1 km) surface layer of high radioactivity. These results together with the already reported data have been used to estimate the conductive steady-state temperature within and at the base of the crust of the Southern Indian Shield, yielding values of the same order as found in the Western Australian Shield. 相似文献
8.
On the role of heat flow, lithosphere thickness and lithosphere density on gravitational potential stresses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gravitational potential stresses (GPSt) are known to play a first-order role in the state of stress of the Earth's lithosphere. Previous studies focussed mainly on crust elevation and structure and little attention has been paid to modelling GPSt using realistic lithospheric structures. The aim of the present contribution is to quantify gravitational potential energies and stresses associated with stable lithospheric domains. In order to model realistic lithosphere structures, a wide variety of data are considered: surface heat flow, chemical depletion of mantle lithosphere, crustal thickness and elevation. A numerical method is presented which involves classical steady-state heat equations to derive lithosphere thickness, geotherm and density distribution, but additionally requires the studied lithosphere to be isostatically compensated at its base. The impact of varying surface and crustal heat flow, topography, Moho depth and crust density on the signs and magnitudes of predicted GPSt is systematically explored. In clear contrast with what is assumed in most previous studies, modelling results show that the density structure of the mantle lithosphere has a significant impact on the value of the predicted GPSt, in particular in the case of thick lithospheres. Using independent information from the literature, the method was applied to get insights in the state of stress of continental domains with contrasting tectono-thermal ages. The modelling results suggest that in the absence of tectonic stresses Phanerozoic and Proterozoic lithospheres are spontaneously submitted to compression whereas Archean lithospheres are in a neutral to slightly tensile stress state. These findings are in general in good agreement with global stress measurements and observed geoid undulations. 相似文献
9.
放射性生热率是岩石热物性参数之一,也是研究岩石圈热结构和构造热演化的重要参数。针对南海海盆区缺少岩石生热率资料的实际情况,本文通过整理和分析IODP349航次中的测井资料,测试钻井岩心样品的主要放射性生热元素,通过计算得出:玄武岩样品的生热率平均值为0.28±0.07μW/m~3,沉积碎屑岩样品的生热率为1.21±0.34μW/m~3,以及3个钻井的地热流值。获得以下认识:(1)本次研究的沉积碎屑岩样品生热率与中国东南沿海的同类岩石样品的生热率值相近,而洋壳中的基性火山岩生热率明显低于大陆碱性玄武岩。(2)用新资料计算南海西南次海盆段的岩石圈热结构得出其热岩石圈厚度约为39~42 km,平均壳幔热流比值为2.4%,说明西南次海盆岩石圈薄,海底热流主要受深部的地幔热源控制。(3)U1431D和U1433A钻井的热流密度值与附近探针热流密度值相近;而U1431C的热流密度值明显偏小,属于受地下水热循环影响所致。 相似文献
10.
济阳坳陷地幔热流和深部温度 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
济阳坳陷深部地热状况对于分析岩石圈深部结构特征、探索该盆地形成和演化的地球动力学过程具有重要意义.依据济阳坳陷最新的钻探资料和深部地球物理探测结果, 按沉积盖层、上、中、下地壳4层结构, 建立了分别代表该区凹陷部位和凸起及斜坡带上的2种地壳结构模型.通过多道能谱分析, 测试了区内4 3块岩心样品的放射性元素U、Th、40K含量, 统计得出了济阳坳陷沉积盖层的平均生热率为(1.40±0.26) μW/m3.在研究大地热流分布的基础上, 结合济阳坳陷地壳各岩层放射性生热率, 采用“剥层”法, 从地表开始, 由浅到深逐步扣除各层段所提供的热量, 得到了济阳坳陷的地幔热流.并且采用相似的方法, 利用一维稳态热传导方程, 分析了地壳上地幔顶部的温度状况.结果表明, 济阳坳陷的地幔热流约为38.4~39.2 mW/m2, 占整个地表总热流量的5 8%;地幔顶部温度约为602~636℃.与世界上其他各类地质构造单元相比, 济阳坳陷无论是地幔热流值或其与地表热流之比值都是比较高的, 其深部地热状态具有介于稳定地区和构造活动区之间的特点. 相似文献
11.
依据236口井共2 706组的静温数据以及25口井的系统测温数据,分析计算了渤海盆地地温梯度及大地热流;建立地壳分层结构模型,利用回剥法计算现今地幔热流、深部温度以及岩石圈厚度;在此基础上,利用地球动力学方法恢复本区热流演化史。结果表明：渤海盆地背景地温梯度为322 ℃/km,热流值为648 mW/m2;盆地现今热岩石圈厚度在61~69 km之间,地幔热流占地表热流的比例在60%左右,属于“热幔冷壳”型岩石圈热结构,盆地地壳底部或莫霍面温度变动在548~749 ℃之间;热流演化的特征与盆地的构造演化背景吻合,新生代以来盆地经历了3期岩石圈减薄并加热的过程,在东营组沉积末期热流达到最高(70~83 mW/m2）,这期间盆地内产出多期碱性玄武岩,表明盆地经历了波及地幔的裂谷过程,随后进入热沉降期,热流逐渐降低,盆地向坳陷型转变。 相似文献
12.
Steven B. Shirey Jeffrey W. Harris Stephen H. Richardson Matthew Fouch David E. James Pierre Cartigny Peter Deines Fanus Viljoen 《Lithos》2003,71(2-4):243-258
The Archean lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal–Zimbabwe craton of Southern Africa shows ±1% variations in seismic P-wave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field (150–250 km) that correlate regionally with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. Seismically slower mantle trends from the mantle below Swaziland to that below southeastern Botswana, roughly following the surface outcrop pattern of the Bushveld-Molopo Farms Complex. Seismically slower mantle also is evident under the southwestern side of the Zimbabwe craton below crust metamorphosed around 2 Ga. Individual eclogitic sulfide inclusions in diamonds from the Kimberley area kimberlites, Koffiefontein, Orapa, and Jwaneng have Re–Os isotopic ages that range from circa 2.9 Ga to the Proterozoic and show little correspondence with these lithospheric variations. However, silicate inclusions in diamonds and their host diamond compositions for the above kimberlites, Finsch, Jagersfontein, Roberts Victor, Premier, Venetia, and Letlhakane do show some regional relationship to the seismic velocity of the lithosphere. Mantle lithosphere with slower P-wave velocity correlates with a greater proportion of eclogitic versus peridotitic silicate inclusions in diamond, a greater incidence of younger Sm–Nd ages of silicate inclusions, a greater proportion of diamonds with lighter C isotopic composition, and a lower percentage of low-N diamonds whereas the converse is true for diamonds from higher velocity mantle. The oldest formation ages of diamonds indicate that the mantle keels which became continental nuclei were created by middle Archean (3.2–3.3 Ga) mantle depletion events with high degrees of melting and early harzburgite formation. The predominance of sulfide inclusions that are eclogitic in the 2.9 Ga age population links late Archean (2.9 Ga) subduction-accretion events involving an oceanic lithosphere component to craton stabilization. These events resulted in a widely distributed younger Archean generation of eclogitic diamonds in the lithospheric mantle. Subsequent Proterozoic tectonic and magmatic events altered the composition of the continental lithosphere and added new lherzolitic and eclogitic diamonds to the already extensive Archean diamond suite. 相似文献
13.
A. A. Shchipansky 《Geotectonics》2012,46(2):122-141
The diamond-bearing mantle keels underlying Archean cratons are a unique phenomenon of Early Precambrian geology. The common
stable assemblage of the Archean TTG early continental crust and underlying subcontinental lithospheric mantle clearly shows
their coupled tectogenesis, which was not repeated in younger geological epochs. One of the least studied aspects of this
phenomenon is concerned with the eclogitic xenoliths carried up by kimberlite pipes together with mantle-derived nodules.
The eclogitic xenoliths reveal evidence for their subduction-related origin, but the Archean crustal counterparts of such
xenoliths remained unknown for a long time, and the question of their crustal source and relationships to the formation of
early continental crust remained open. The Archean crustal eclogites recently found in the Belomorian Belt of the Baltic Shield
are compared in this paper with eclogitic xenoliths from kimberlites in the context of the formation of both Archean subcontinental
lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and early continental crust. The crustal eclogites from the Belomorian Belt are identical in mineral
and chemical compositions to the eclogite nodules (group B), including their diamond-bearing varieties. The eclogite protoliths
are comparable in composition with the primary melts of the Meso- and Neoarchean oceanic crust, which was formed at a potential
temperature of the upper mantle which exceeded its present-day temperature by 150–250 K. The reconstructed pathways of the
Archean oceanic crust plunging in the upper mantle suggest that the Archean mantle was hotter than in the modern convergence
settings. The proposed geodynamic model assumes coupled formation of the Archean diamond-bearing SCLM and growth of early
continental crust as a phenomenon related to the specific geodynamics of that time controlled by a higher terrestrial heat
flow. 相似文献
14.
南华北盆地群岩石圈热-流变结构 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
结合南华北盆地群现代地温场资料和深部地震测深资料及岩石热物性参数,对南华北盆地群的热结构进行了研究。结果表明：南华北盆地群平均热流值为53.7 mW/m2,地幔热流为30～34 mW/m2,莫霍面温度为500～550℃,热岩石圈厚度为110～130 km。在此基础上,进行了岩石圈流变模拟,探讨了研究区的岩石圈流变特征及其地球动力学意义。南华北盆地群岩石圈强度为（7.6~23.3）×1012 N/m,具有显著的 “三明治”结构。上地壳表现为脆性变形,中、下地壳为韧性的流动变形。这一分层变形机制决定了南华北盆地群的成盆演化动力学过程。 相似文献
15.
大陆地幔研究现状 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本文主要介绍大陆地幔岩石圈的年龄、大陆地幔演化和地幔流体等三个近年来引人注目的问题。地幔捕虏体的年龄范围２００～３４００Ｍａ，一般认为它可以代表地幔的年龄。澳大利亚二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的Ｐｂ－ｐｂ年龄为２０００～２５００Ｍａ，南非Ｖｉｃｔｏｒ岩管的捕虏体为１７００～２４００Ｍａ。橄榄岩型金刚石的石榴石包裹体Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ年龄为３２００～３３００Ｍａ，榴辉岩型金刚石的年龄为１２００～１５００Ｍａ。这些数值可与橄榄岩及榴辉岩捕虏体的全岩年龄数据相对应。太古代岩石圈地幔以南非为代表，经历了从地壳物质提取的亏损过程到与软流圈反应和与深部热点物质作用的富集过程。以美国西部为代表的元古代岩石圈地幔则经历了元古－显生宙的俯冲作用、地体增生过程以及与热点反应的作用。以澳大利亚东部为代表的显生宙岩石圈地幔经历了元古代的部分熔融、显生宙的俯冲或与ＤＵＰＡＬ的反应以及具ＤＭＭ特征的软流圈的上隆。钾质熔体、碳酸盐熔体、Ｈ＿２、ＣＨ＿４、Ｎ＿２Ｏ、Ｎ、ＣＯ、ＣＯ＿２、Ｓ、Ｆ、Ｃｌ等都是地幔流体的主要组分，它们的类型与所处的深度和氧逸度有关。 相似文献
16.
Geochemical compositions of lower crustal and lithospheric mantle xenoliths found in alkali basaltic lavas from the Harrat Ash Shamah volcanic field in southern Syria place constraints on the formation of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in northern Arabia. Compositions of lower crustal granulites are compatible with a cumulate formation from mafic melts and indicate that they are not genetically related to their host rocks. Instead, their depletion in Nb relative to other incompatible elements points to an origin in a Neoproterozoic subduction zone as recorded by an average depleted mantle Sm–Nd model age of 630 Ma.Lithospheric spinel peridotites typically represent relatively low degree (< 10%) partial melting residues of spinel lherzolite with primitive mantle compositions as indicated by major and trace element modelling of clinopyroxene and spinel. The primary compositions of the xenoliths were subsequently altered by metasomatic reactions with low degree silicate melts and possibly carbonatites. Because host lavas lack these signatures any recent reaction of the lherzolites with their host magma can be ruled out. Sm–Nd data of clinopyroxene from Arabian lithospheric mantle lherzolites yield an average age of 640 Ma suggesting that the lithosphere was not replaced since its formation and supporting a common origin of the Arabian lower crustal and lithospheric mantle sections.The new data along with published Arabian mantle xenolith compositions are consistent with a model in which the lithospheric precursor was depleted oceanic lithosphere that was overprinted by metasomatic processes related to subduction and arc accretion during the generation of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The less refractory nature of the northern Arabian lithosphere as indicated by higher Al, Na and lower Si and Mg contents of clinopyroxenes compared to the more depleted nature of the south Arabian lithospheric mantle, and the comparable low extent of melt extraction suggest that the northern Arabian lithosphere formed in a continental arc system, whereas the lithosphere in the southern part of Arabia appears to be of oceanic arc origin. 相似文献
17.
Xenolith evidence for polybaric melting and stratification of the upper mantle beneath South China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Mantle xenoliths from Hainan and Qilin, South China have been studied to constrain the nature of the upper mantle and mantle processes beneath a continental margin. The extremely low Ti (160–245 ppm) contents in clinopyroxenes from some spinel lherzolites, indicative of high degrees of partial melting are inconsistent with the relatively high clinopyroxene modes (7.4–13%) in these samples. This inconsistency could be due to polybaric melting that started in the garnet stability field, then, after the breakdown of garnet to pyroxene and spinel, continued in the spinel stability field. Polybaric melting, due to adiabatic decompression of upwelling mantle, would leave a residual mantle in which the degree of depletion decreases with depth. The predicted stratified lithospheric mantle is evidenced by the negative correlation between the forsterite content in olivine and the equilibration temperature, proportional to the depth in the lithosphere from which the xenolith was derived. The lower part of the lithospheric mantle beneath South China consists predominantly of fertile and moderately depleted peridotites, which are either devoid of LREE enrichment, or show the trace element signature of incipient metasomatism, and plot within the Phanerozoic mantle domain. In contrast, the upper part of the mantle contains harzburgite and cpx-poor lherzolite, which are strongly affected by metasomatism of melt/fluid of highly variable composition. The anomalously high orthopyroxene mode (up to 47%) makes some of these refractory samples compositionally similar to the Proterozoic/Archean mantle. Their low equilibrium temperature (800–900 °C) points to the presence of old lithospheric relicts in the uppermost mantle beneath South China. Such lithosphere architecture may have resulted from partial replacement of Archean–Proterozoic lithosphere by asthenosphere that rose adiabatically subsequent to lithospheric thinning during the Cenozoic. 相似文献
18.
Hong-Fu Zhang Steven L. Goldstein Xin-Hua Zhou Min Sun Jian-Ping Zheng Yue Cai 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(3):271-293
The ages of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China and South China cratons are less well-constrained than
the overlying crust. We report Re–Os isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths entrained in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic
basalts from eastern China. Peridotite xenoliths from the Fuxian and Mengyin Paleozoic diamondiferous kimberlites in the North
China Craton give Archean Re depletion ages of 2.6–3.2 Ga and melt depletion ages of 2.9–3.4 Ga. No obvious differences in
Re and Os abundances, Os isotopic ratios and model ages are observed between spinel-facies and garnet-facies peridotites from
both kimberlite localities. The Re–Os isotopic data, together with the PGE concentrations, demonstrate that beneath the Archean
continental crust of the eastern North China Craton, Archean lithospheric mantle of spinel- to diamond-facies existed without
apparent compositional stratification during the Paleozoic. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalt-borne peridotite and pyroxenite
xenoliths, on the other hand, show geochemical features indicating metasomatic enrichment, along with a large range of the
Re–Os isotopic model ages from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. These features indicate that lithospheric transformation or refertilization
through melt-peridotite interaction could be the primary mechanism for compositional changes during the Phanerozoic, rather
than delamination or thermal-mechanical erosion, despite the potential of these latter processes to play an important role
for the loss of garnet-facies mantle. A fresh garnet lherzolite xenolith from the Yangtze Block has a Re depletion age of
∼1.04 Ga, much younger than overlying Archean crustal rocks but the same Re depletion ages as spinel lherzolite xenoliths
from adjacent Mesozoic basalts, indicating Neoproterozoic resetting of the Re–Os system in the South China Craton. 相似文献
19.
The relative importance of the contribution of the lower crust and of the lithospheric mantle to the total strength of the continental lithosphere is assessed systematically for realistic ranges of layer thickness, composition, and temperature. Results are presented as relative strength maps, giving the ratio of the lower crust to upper mantle contribution in terms of crustal thickness and surface heat flow. The lithosphere shows a “jelly sandwich” rheological layering for low surface heat flow, thin to average crustal thickness, and felsic or wet mafic lower crustal compositions. On the other hand, most of the total strength resides in the seismogenic crust in regions of high surface heat flow, crust of any thickness, and dry mafic lower crustal composition. 相似文献
20.
Collisional and accretionary processes have been recognized in several Precambrian orogens, but the formation of intracontinental (ensialic) orogens has remained elusive. The recognition that modern orogenic belts (as, for example, the mountain belts of central Asia) may form in response to far-field stresses transmitted to the interior of continental plates removed much of the objection against Proterozoic intracontinental deformation. However, the causes responsible for the localization of contractional deformation are still uncertain. Due to the strong dependence of lithosphere rheology on temperature, lithospheric thermal weakening prior to contraction must be a required condition. Studies of dioritic rocks from Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, and Damara belt, southern Africa, indicate that they are derived from ancient, incompatible elements-enriched subcontinental lithosphere. The concentrations of the heat-producing elements K (0.6 wt %), U (0.02–0.2 ppm) and Th (0.15–1.5 ppm) estimated for this source allow calculations of heat production between 0.09 and 0.25 mW m−3. These high values of heat generation may cause increases in temperature of several tens to three hundred degrees Celsius with respect to cratonic mantle lithosphere, leading to great reductions in lithosphere strength. Consequently, continental domains underlain by hot and weak continental mantle may thicken under the action of relatively feeble tectonic forces. High rheological contrasts between these domains and adjacent stiff and cold blocks provide an explanation for formation of intracontinental orogens. 相似文献